Uneducated Adults Research Articles

Socioeconomic Barriers to Care for Pediatric Airways Utilizing Geographic Information Systems.

Geographic information systems (GIS) provide a unique set of tools to spatially analyze health care and identify patterns of health outcomes to help optimize delivery. Our goal is to create maps of pediatric tracheostomy patients using GIS to assess socioeconomic and other factors that impact postoperative care after discharge to home. A retrospective study was performed on patients (≤21 years old) who underwent tracheostomy at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. Using GIS, we geocoded patient addresses and conducted spatial analyses of the relationship between patients and access to health care providers as well as vulnerable population factors including poverty, educational attainment, and single-parent households. A total of 156 patients were included. Patients initially discharged to transitional care (108/156, 69.2%) had significantly higher likelihood of presenting to the ED regardless of socioeconomic status (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03-5.05; p = 0.042). There was no relationship between ED visit rate and median household income, poverty level, and percentage of uneducated adults (p = 0.490; p = 0.424; p = 0.752). Median distance to the tertiary care pediatric hospital was significantly longer for patients with no ED visit (median = 61.28 miles; SD = 50.90) compared with those with an ED visit (median = 37.75 miles; SD = 35.92) (p = 0.002). The application of GIS could provide geo-localized data to better understand the healthcare barriers to access for children with tracheostomies. This study uniquely integrates medical record data with socioeconomic factors and social determinants of health. 4 Laryngoscope, 134:1919-1925, 2024.

Patterns of Physical Activity Among Adults in Southern Nigeria

Background: Adequate physical activity enhances sound health, while inactivity often leads to adverse health conditions that undermine the overall quality of life. Objective: To assess the pattern of physical activity (PA), including domains, sub-types and levels among adults in two states in Southern Nigeria. Methods: In a descriptive, cross-sectional study, the International PA Questionnaire was used to obtain information from 1320 adults aged 20 to 64. Activity scores, reported in metabolic equivalents (METs), in minutes/week (METs-minutes/week), were computed for work-related, domestic/garden-related, transport-related, leisure time-related PA (LTPA) domains, and activity sub-types – walking, vigorous-intensity and moderate-intensity PA. Results: The median values for total, work-related, domestic/garden-related, transport-related and LTPA were 4306.0 METs-minutes/week, 1510.0 METs-minutes/week, 915.0 METs-minutes/week, 396.0 METs-minutes/week and 0.0 METs-minutes/week, respectively. Walking, vigorous-intensity and moderate-intensity activity scores were 726.0 METs-minutes/week, 240.0 METs-minutes/week and 1800.0 METs-minutes/week, respectively. About 9.6%, 29.7% and 60.7% of adults had low, moderate and high PA levels, respectively. Following bivariate analyses, physical activity levels differed significantly between urban and rural settings (p = 0.043) and educational levels (p = 0.001). In logistic regression, males with secondary education had a higher likelihood of attaining higher PA levels (AOR = 4.12; CI: 1.36, 12.43; p = 0.012), while females with tertiary education were less likely to attain higher PA levels (AOR = 0.12; CI: 0.01, 0.94; p = 0.044) when compared with uneducated adults. Conclusion: Transport-related and leisure time-related PAs were low in this study. Physical activity in all domains should be promoted to ensure maximum health benefits.

Prevalence and Socio-demographic Correlates of Dental Phobia in Pakistani Adult Population

Background: Dental anxiety is a barrier to seeking dental treatment. Anxiety aggravates the pain and fear of the dental procedure. Dentists all over the world report dental anxiety and non-compliance toward dental procedures by their Patients. Objective: To find out the prevalence of dental anxiety in adults living in Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to find out the prevalence of dental anxiety in adults. 1000 participants (Females 919, Males 81) with the age range of 18 to 60 years (M 32.18 SD 11.16) were selected. A modified dental Anxiety Scale along with a demographic Performa was given to the Participants. The participants were assessed in an individual setting. Results: the results of the study revealed that 4% of the participants fall under the mild category of dental phobia. 11 % had a moderate dental phobia, whereas 19 % of the participants had a high level of dental phobia. However, the majority of the participants suffer from severe levels of dental phobia i.e., 67%. The results of the Mann Whitney U analysis carried out showed that dental phobia was higher in females as compared to males (***p<.001). The results of one-way ANOVA showed that dental phobia was higher in uneducated adults as compared to educated adults (***p<.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the alarming prevalence rates of dental phobia that needs the attention of dental care providers to take preventative measures. The role of socio-demographic variables has implications for the timely assessment and management of dental phobia. Keywords: Dental phobia, Prevalence, Socio-demographic variables, Dental care (MeSH)

Comparison of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Educated and Uneducated Adults Regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Karachi, Pakistan.

BackgroundDespite the high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Pakistan, no prior work has been done to specifically highlight the importance of education as a social vaccine against HIV. Therefore, our study focuses on differences in knowledge and practices regarding HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among educated and uneducated adults.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was carried out in which data was collected from all over Karachi. An individual was designated as educated if he had received education above primary school level. Individuals who had studied till primary school or less were considered uneducated. The questionnaire was split into four sections that assessed respondents' demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HIV/AIDS. Chi square test was used as the primary statistical test.ResultsOut of the 446 adult participants, 235 (52.7%) were educated and 211 (47.3%) were uneducated. Educated participants were significantly more likely to have heard about HIV (183 vs. 39, p < 0.001) and had better knowledge about the symptoms of HIV/AIDS (p < 0.001). Among the participants who knew about AIDS, a greater percentage of uneducated (n = 28, 53%) than educated individuals (n = 68, 37%) believed that people suffering from AIDS should be isolated (p = o.o16) and that HIV can spread through water (40% vs 20% respectively, p < 0.001). Both educated (n = 49, 27%) and uneducated (n = 46, 89%) adults believed that awareness would help prevent the spread of HIV (p = 0.978) and were willing to educate their children about it (p = 0.696).ConclusionOur study revealed a gap in the knowledge about HIV/AIDS between educated and uneducated adults. There is an urgent need for awareness programs that especially reach out to the uneducated masses that are otherwise uninformed about HIV and are under high risk of acquiring HIV.

A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed: Preliminary Screening Criteria for Arabic-Speaking Adults, Ages 40 to 80 Years

A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT) color, form, and color-form scales were administered to 90 educated (5-22 years of education) and 45 uneducated (0-2 years of education) healthy, Arabic-speaking adults. Lognormal (In) transformations of time measures (sec.) were used for statistical analyses. There were statistically significant mean differences for the color-form processing-speed measures between middle-aged (ages 40-50) and older (ages 51-80) educated adults and between educated and uneducated adults (ages 40-78). The study developed preliminary criterion cut-off times for color-form naming for screening educated and uneducated Arabic-speaking adults. The normal, slower-than-normal, and atypical/pathological performance ranges were characterized with frequency distributions and standard deviations. Age and education are factors that must be considered in stratifying samples in future studies to develop valid and reliable criteria for cognitive screening of Arabic speakers with the AQT.

A Study of Learners Perception and Attitude towards BA/BSS Program of SSHL of Bangladesh Open University

In the present day open and distance education has become a significant way of the development of higher education. Bangladesh Open University (BOU), the only public institution in Bangladesh offers several formal and non-formal programs from secondary to post graduate level through distance mode. The main objectives of BOU‘s program is to provide flexible and need based education particularly to the rural and disadvantaged groups like woman, agricultural workers, unemployed youths, uneducated adults, on-the-job people etc. The School of Social Science, Humanities and Language (SSHL) at the BOU offers Bachelor of Arts/Bachelor of Social Science (BA/BSS) to create efficient and skilled manpower in the country. The focuses of this paper is to find out learners‘ views and attitude towards BA/BSS program at BOU. In this study, 187 respondents were randomly selected from 15 tutorial centers of 2 Regional Resource centers (RRCs) of BOU. The study showed that 62% learners were male and the mean age of the learners was 34.05 years (minimum 22; maximum 54). More than 50% learners were married and nearly half (47.6%) of them were private employees and 86.6% were Muslims. Amongst them, 72.2% were come from urban areas and residing around 23.08 km from the tutorial centers. Most (72%) of the learners of BA/BSS program stated that the program was as usual but 24.1% expressed that it was difficult to understand but 97.7% learners responded that text materials were up to the mark. Regarding the media programs, 61% of the learners gave their opinion that TV programs were at the level best but they wanted to watch these at the evening or night schedule. It was surprising that 26.2% of the learners had bitter experience with the services of RRCs. Finally, some measures have been proposed to offer effective and more popular educational program through BOU.

Conceptual thinking of uneducated adults

The starting point of this paper is Vygotsky's thesis that the prerequisite of conceptual thinking and concepts in general is the systematic influence upon the child effectuated by his/her inclusion into the process of education. The aim of this work is to examine characteristics of conceptual thinking of people who have not attended school, by which they have been devoid of formative role of education. Four different methods for examination of conceptual development have been used on the sample consisting of seventeen respondents who have not attended school. The results state that the majority of respondents have not demonstrated that they master the concepts on the highest level of development in none of these four methods. However, some respondents in some tests and some individual tasks within the tests show some characteristics of the high level of the conceptual thinking development.

REACH Beyond Tolerance: A Framework for Teaching Children Empathy and Responsibility

The authors describe the REACH Beyond Tolerance program, a schoolwide model for teaching children tolerance, and they argue that most current school curricula do not prepare students to operate effectively within an ethnically and culturally diverse world (J. A. Banks, 1997; D. Gollnick &amp; P. Chinn, 1998).

Uprooting Otherness: The Literacy Campaign in NEP-Era Russia

This book explores the Soviet government's attempt to eradicate adult illiteracy in the Russian Republic in the 1920s. It draws on published and unpublished sources to describe the process of bringing enlightenment to previously uneducated adults. It focuses on how the Communist Party and the Soviet state launched its literacy campaign, how people reacted, and how the campaign and reactions to it illuminate the process of attempting to build a socialist state.

Ecological Approaches to Mental Health Consultation with Teachers on Issues Related to Youth and School Violence

This article argues that ecological issues are at the core of concerns about the violence U.S. students, particularly those in low-income urban communities, are exposed to or experience within or outside of school. Consequently, it suggests that ecological systems theory-based mental health consultation for teachers should be an essential component of school violence prevention services. Further, it outlines a broadframeworkfor generating teacher- and school-based interventions based on empirical data from the youth and school violence literatures, ecological systems theory, and consultee-centered consultation models. It lies within our reach, before the end of the twentieth century, to change the future of disadvantaged children. The children who today are at risk of growing into unskilled, uneducated adults, unable to help their own children to realize the American dream, can, instead, become productive participants in a twentyfirst century America whose aspirations they will share. The cycle of disadvantage that has appeared so intractable can be broken. (Schorr, 1988). Almost every child in my class knows someone who was murdered or shot. I know it gets to them and they can't always think about the lesson or school-but it's hard for me to think about lessons too. I know that most of my kids are on the streets after school and they don't have any place to go and I'm afraid that some of them might get shot or beat up. Some of the kids come in and talk about walking to school by the boarded-up houses and I think.. .thank God they made it to school today. (a third-grade teacher, from an interview with the authors, January 1994) Such contrasting images of hope and despair have haunted many teachers working in American schools in the past few decades. Increasingly, problems related to issues such as child maltreatment, poverty, racism, and family and community violence tend to be systemic and overwhelming in some school settings. Additionally, many of the teachers in these schools are themselves experiencing problems similar to those of their students. Often, these adults neither confide nor consult with their fellow professionals about the violent experiences they and their students share or witness within and outside the school setting. Instead, their intense and profound feelings of hopelessness, frustration, isolation, and anger focus on their students and the problems these youth bring to school. Compounding this situation, most school-based initiatives aimed at eliminating or reducing the incidence and impact of youth and school violence are primarily directed toward students, implemented by nonteaching professionals from outside the school, and not part of the daily functioning of teachers or the school. As such, they often fail to recognize that teachers, principals, and other school personnel must address issues of violence in ongoing, intimate, and complex ways that are frequently overlooked in curricular packages, programs, or auditorium events aimed at addressing this issue.

The perceptual reality of tone chroma in early infancy

It has often been advanced that pitch is a two-dimensional perceptual attribute, its two dimensions being: (1) tone height, a perceptual quality monotonically related to frequency; and (2) tone chroma, a quality shared by tones forming an octave interval. However, given that many musically uneducated adults do not seem to perceive tone chroma, this model is controversial. We investigated the sensitivity of three-month-old infants to tone chroma by means of a behavioral habituation-dishabituation procedure. Infants were presented with two successive melodic sequences of pure tones, the second sequence being a distorted version of the first one. The distortion consisted in shifting the frequency of some of the original tones, through a seventh or a ninth for some infants, through an octave for others. In the former case, infants displayed significant novelty reactions. In the latter case, significant novelty reactions were observed when the two sequences differed in melodic contour, but not when they had the same contour. These results suggest that young infants are sensitive to both tone height and tone chroma, and thus that tone chroma perception does not necessitate some form of musical experience.

The handy five food guide

Human beings select food from a vast array of products; so the potential for choosing foods which do not support one's health is high. Food guides categorize the food supply and provide limitations and emphases, such that persons who lack knowledge of food composition and nutrient requirements have this simplified information to assist in their selection of a combination of foods that will support good health. The development of a nutritionally sound food guide is relatively simple when the population to be served is homogeneous with respect to food supply; food preferences; and environmental, economic, and health constraints and objectives. However, the world population is heterogeneous with respect to these considerations; so a guide developed for one group may be meaningless to another. One solution to this problem is the development of a wide variety of food guides, each suitable for use with a specific group. At the other extreme is development of a single, flexible guide that transcends individual and cultural differences. Too many food guides could cause confusion, but a single guide probably would be too vague to be useful for any group. A reasonable compromise, therefore, is to have a few food guides, each developed to meet broad but specific objectives for different target audiences. The purpose of this paper is to present the developmental criteria for the Handy Five Food Guide (Note 1) and some preliminary observations on its usefulness. This guide is intended primarily for use with children or uneducated adults in developing countries. It may also be useful for others who for religious, ecological, or health reasons seek guidance in selecting a nutritionally adequate diet that emphasizes plant foods.

The Teacher's Approach to Biological Misconceptions and Superstitions

I became interested in the general subject of biological misconceptions and superstitions many years ago when I first started teaching. During the first year of teaching and in later years, I was continuously amazed at the questions the students asked-questions which indicated that a large percentage held unfounded beliefs relative to biological subjects. Most teachers of science have doubtless had similar experiences. For the past several years, I have given considerable thought to these matters. My training and experience have been principally in the field of zoology, and consequently, the statemeiits will apply specifically to species included within the animal kingdom. However, readers in other fields know that superstitions and misconceptions occur in all fields of science. I believe that one of the best approaches to this subject would be to consider a few of the most prevalent misconceptions and beliefs relative to animals. This approach will indicate several things: First, it will show that fallacious beliefs are not confined to children and uneducated adults. Some individuals from most age groups and levels of education have misconceptions. Second, this consideration will show that most wrong beliefs about animals have at least a slight basis in fact. This misconception may thus have arisen from a wrong interpretation of an actual happening, or perhaps in some cases from a deliberate exaggeration. Third, this approach will emphasize that many of these stories are believed quite firmly because the individual grew up with the idea. It is well known that there is no opinion harder to change than one which a person has held most of his life. Possibly the story was told by the person's parents, or by someone else in whom the child had absolute confidence. A fourth point which should not be forgotten is that some of the real actions of animals are so peculiar and amazing * Abridgement of an address to a sectional meeting of the Texas State Teachers Association.