Undesirable Effects Research Articles

Selective Trimmed Average: A Resilient Federated Learning Algorithm With Deterministic Guarantees on the Optimality Approximation.

The federated learning (FL) paradigm aims to distribute the computational burden of the training process among several computation units, usually called agents or workers, while preserving private local training datasets. This is generally achieved by resorting to a server-worker architecture where agents iteratively update local models and communicate local parameters to a server that aggregates and returns them to the agents. However, the presence of adversarial agents, which may intentionally exchange malicious parameters or may have corrupted local datasets, can jeopardize the FL process. Therefore, we propose selective trimmed average (SETA), which is a resilient algorithm to cope with the undesirable effects of a number of misbehaving agents in the global model. SETA is based on properly filtering and combining the exchanged parameters. We mathematically prove that the proposed algorithm is resilient against data and local model poisoning attacks. Most resilient methods presented so far in the literature assume that a trusted server is in hand. In contrast, our algorithm works both in server-worker and shared memory architectures, where the latter excludes the necessity of a trusted server. The theoretical findings are corroborated through numerical results on MNIST dataset and on multiclass weather dataset (MWD).

Exploring the In-Vitro anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties of pomelo fruit extract in goat meat: A promising alternative for preservative and health benefits

This study investigates the potential nutritional benefits of pomelo fruit (Citrus maxima) and its application in preserving complex food matrices, focusing on its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The in vitro antioxidant activities of pomelo fruit extract (PFE) was evaluated using various assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, H2O2 scavenging, reducing power, and total phenolic content analysis. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of PFE was assessed against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella Typhi. The study further examined the preservation quality of minced goat meat during refrigeration storage (4 ± 1 ºC) for 15 days by treating it with varying concentrations (0.1 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 3 %, and 5 %) of PFE (15 % v/w). Changes in physico-chemical and microbial properties were analyzed. The results revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of PFE with increase in concentrations. Moreover, the addition of PFE (up to 5 %) effectively reduced pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), peroxide levels, free fatty acids, and microbial load (total plate count and coliform count) in goat meat (P < 0.05) during refrigeration storage. Importantly, the sensory quality of the meat remained unaffected by the addition of PFE (up to 1 %). These findings highlight the abundant presence of antioxidants and antimicrobials in PFE, suggesting its potential as a natural preservative for complex meat matrices. The study demonstrates that the undesirable effects of prolonged storage on goat meat quality can be mitigated by incorporating PFE (up to 1 %), without compromising sensory attributes.

Conservative versus Invasive Approaches in Temporomandibular Disc Displacement: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) frequently cause orofacial pain and dysfunction, with treatment options spanning from conservative therapies to invasive surgical procedures. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze and compare the efficacy and safety profiles of conservative, minimally invasive interventions and surgical procedures in patients diagnosed with TMDs and disc displacement. Following PRISMA recommendations, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCT). Data were synthesized in a table and evaluated through the Cochrane risk of bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. Thirty-eight RCTs, most with moderate RoB, were selected. Conservative approaches, including physical therapy and occlusal devices, led to an improvement in symptoms and function. Pharmacological treatments demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain and improving function; however, they can have undesirable side effects. Minimally invasive and invasive treatments also demonstrated efficacy, although most trials did not show their superiority to conservative treatments. The primary approach to TMDs should be a conservative, multimodal treatment plan tailored to patient complaints and characteristics. Treatment goals should focus on symptom control and functional recovery. Surgical treatment should be reserved for cases with a precise diagnosis and a clear etiology.

Age at first sexual intercourse, age at menarche, and age at menopause: a mendelian randomization study on lung cancer risk.

There is increasing evidence that sex hormones are involved in the development of lung cancer, but the correlation between the reproductive behavior that changes sex hormone levels and lung cancer is not yet clear. Many previous studies have investigated the association between reproductive factors and lung cancer risk, but the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the potential relationship between age at first sexual intercourse (AFS), age at menarche, and age at menopause, and lung cancer. We performed a MR analysis of the data from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of European ancestry to evaluate the independent effects of three reproductive behaviors on lung cancer overall (LUCA), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We mainly used the inverse-variance weighting method for the MR analysis. Sensitivity was determined by a MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier analysis, a weighted median analysis, a MR-Egger analysis, and a leave-one-out analysis. The MR analysis results revealed that older AFS had a causal relationship with LUCA [odds ratio (OR) =0.6283, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4959-0.7961, P=0.0001), LUAD (OR =0.7042, 95% CI: 0.4967-0.9984, P=0.049), and LUSC (OR =0.6231, 95% CI: 0.4386-0.8853, P=0.0083). Our results revealed a causal relationship between older AFS and a lower risk of lung cancer. Our findings emphasize the importance of providing sex education, as early sexual intercourse may have undesirable effects. In addition, early psychological treatment is also essential.

Targeted Nanocarrier-Based Drug Delivery Strategies for Improving the Therapeutic Efficacy of PARP Inhibitors against Ovarian Cancer.

The current focus of ovarian cancer (OC) research is the improvement of treatment options through maximising drug effectiveness. OC remains the fifth leading cause of cancer-induced mortality in women worldwide. In recent years, nanotechnology has revolutionised drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles may be utilised as carriers in gene therapy or to overcome the problem of drug resistance in tumours by limiting the number of free drugs in circulation and thereby minimising undesired adverse effects. Cell surface receptors, such as human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), folic acid (FA) receptors, CD44 (also referred to as homing cell adhesion molecule, HCAM), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are highly expressed in ovarian cancer cells. Generation of active targeting nanoparticles involves modification with ligands that recognise cell surface receptors and thereby promote internalisation by cancer cells. Several poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) are currently used for the treatment of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOC) or platinum-sensitive relapsed OC. However, PARP resistance and poor drug bioavailability are common challenges, highlighting the urgent need to develop novel, effective strategies for ovarian cancer treatment. This review evaluates the utility of nanoparticles in ovarian cancer therapy, with a specific focus on targeted approaches and the use of PARPi nanocarriers to optimise treatment outcomes.

Reshaping tumor microenvironment by regulating local cytokines expression with a portable smart blue-light controlled device

Cytokines have attracted sustained attention due to their multi-functional cellular response in immunotherapy. However, their application was limited to their short half-time, narrow therapeutic window, and undesired side effects. To address this issue, we developed a portable smart blue-light controlled (PSLC) device based on optogenetic technology. By combining this PSLC device with blue-light controlled gene modules, we successfully achieved the targeted regulation of cytokine expression within the tumor microenvironment. To alter the tumor microenvironment of solid tumors, pro-inflammatory cytokines were selected as blue-light controlled molecules. The results show that blue-light effectively regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines both in vitro and in vivo. This strategy leads to enhanced and activated tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which facilitated to overcome the immunosuppressive microenvironment, resulting in significant tumor shrinkage in tumor-bearing mice. Hence, our study offers a unique strategy for cytokine therapy and a convenient device for animal studies in optogenetic immunotherapy.

Ethanolic Extracts of Cupressaceae Species Conifers Provide Rapid Protection against Barium Chloride-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmia.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is responsible for a high percentage of cardiovascular fatalities, with ventricular arrhythmias being the most common cause. Despite numerous clinically available antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs), AADs retain some undesirable arrhythmic effects, and their inappropriate use can lead to severe adverse reactions. The exploration of new therapeutic options against arrhythmias with fewer unreceptive effects is of utmost importance. The ethanolic extracts of seven Cupressaceae species, namely, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Juniperus chinensis (L.) Ant., Sabina chinensis (L.) Ant. cv. Kaizuca, Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Juniperus sabina L., Fokienia hodginsii, and Juniperus chinensis 'Pyramidalis' were investigated for their pharmacological effects on barium chloride (BaCl2)-induced arrhythmia using normal II lead electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements in a mouse model. According to the ECG profiles, pretreatment with C. obtusa, P. orientalis, and J. sabina extracts provoked dose-dependent protection against BaCl2-induced arrhythmia, while pretreatment with the other four species and amiodarone did not exert cardioprotective effects. The treatment effects were confirmed using a rat model. The therapeutic effects of C. obtusa, P. orientalis, and J. sabina extracts on the M2 and M3 receptors but not the M1 receptor were mediated by the inhibition of the M2 receptor blocker (methoctramine tetrahydrochloride), M3 antagonist (4-DAMP), or M1 receptor blocker (pirenzepine dihydrochloride). This first-line evidence illustrates that certain Cupressaceae species possess active antiarrhythmic components. The first line of key findings revealed that active components of certain Cupressaceae species have cardioprotective effects, suggesting that these innovative phytochemicals have promising potential for preventing the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia and reducing sudden cardiac death.

A case study to address the limitation of accident scenario identifications with respect to diverse manual responses

Probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) is a tool for securing the operational safety of nuclear power plants. One unique benefit of PSA is to identify accident scenarios leading to undesirable consequences. Since these accident scenarios result from highly complicated combinations of automatic and manual responses, a huge number of simulations are generally required with a precise thermal-hydraulic (TH) code. Therefore, current PSA typically reduces the number of TH code runs by focusing on limited numbers of safety-critical components with reasonable engineering assumptions. Nevertheless, it has been pointed out that the current catalog of accident scenarios in PSA may be insufficient to some extent. In order to corroborate this claim, in this work, 14,348,907 simulation conditions were randomly generated after combining 79 manual responses identified from the emergency operating procedure of a steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) event in a reference nuclear power plant. Results show that about 14.7 % of the simulations correspond to an undesirable consequence pertaining to the SGTR. Accordingly, in terms of enhancing the quality of PSA results, the results of this study support that it is inevitable to develop a promising way to reduce the amount of computational resources required by large numbers of TH code runs.

Power corrupts and being sure of felt power corrupts even more: Implications for immoral decisions and cheating

AbstractFeeling powerful has been generally associated with cheating. We argue that being sure of felt power strengthens the ability of perceived power to influence cheating and guide immoral decisions. In three different studies, we predicted and found that confidence (measured or manipulated) moderated the impact of felt power (measured or manipulated) on making immoral decisions during the Covid‐19 pandemic and actual cheating behaviour. Results indicated that power predicted cheating especially when participants were sure of their felt power. For those with low confidence, felt power did not affect cheating. Among other implications, these studies specify when and for whom the undesired effects of felt power can emerge and how to undermine them.

Beef production, physicochemical quality, oxidative shelf-life, fatty acid profile and sensory effects of replacing sorghum for maize in finisher diets

Climate change and high demand for maize have prompted the search for climate-smart, energy feedstuffs such as sorghum for use in beef finisher diets. Relative to maize, sorghum has comparable metabolizable energy content and contains more polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phenolic compounds that may enhance beef health value, oxidative shelf-life, and sensory quality. The study investigated the impact of graded sorghum levels replacing maize in beef finisher diets on nutrient utilization, production, physicochemical quality, fatty acid composition, oxidative shelf-life, and sensory quality attributes of beef. Thirty-five, seven-months-old (230 ± 28 kg average initial weight) Angus steers were individually housed in pens and randomly allocated to five pellet diets formulated by replacing white maize in the basal diet (control) with 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/kg DM of sorghum. Diet did not affect (P > 0.05) nutrient intake, digestibility and utilization, growth performance, carcass characteristics, longissimus thoracis (LT) meat physicochemical quality, fatty acid contents and colour coordinates. Metmyoglobin and colour coordinates increased (P ≤ 0.05) with retail display except redness which declined (P ≤ 0.05). Lipid oxidation of LT meat aged for day 1 tended to increase (P ≤ 0.10) with increased dietary substitution of sorghum for maize in beef finishing diets. In addition, antioxidant activity, metallic aroma and liver-like flavour linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05) with sorghum inclusion in the diet. In conclusion, sorghum can fully replace maize in beef finisher diets with neutral effects on beef production, physicochemical quality, health value and colour stability, and somewhat desirable impact on antioxidant activity and myoglobin stability and undesirable effects on aroma and flavour of LT meat.

A Phase 1 Assessment of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine in Healthy Volunteers.

(R,S)-Ketamine (ketamine) is a dissociative anesthetic that also possesses analgesic and antidepressant activity. Undesirable dissociative side effects and misuse potential limit expanded use of ketamine in several mental health disorders despite promising clinical activity and intensifying medical need. (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine (RR-HNK) is a metabolite of ketamine that lacks anesthetic and dissociative activity but maintains antidepressant and analgesic activity in multiple preclinical models. To enable future assessments in selected human indications, we report the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of RR-HNK in a Phase 1 study in healthy volunteers (NCT04711005). A six-level single-ascending dose (SAD) (0.1-4 mg/kg) and a two-level multiple ascending dose (MAD) (1 and 2 mg/kg) study was performed using a 40-minute IV administration emulating the common practice for ketamine administration for depression. Safety assessments showed RR-HNK possessed a minimal adverse event profile and no serious adverse events at all doses examined. Evaluations of dissociation and sedation demonstrated that RR-HNK did not possess anesthetic or dissociative characteristics in the doses examined. RR-HNK PK parameters were measured in both the SAD and MAD studies and exhibited dose-proportional increases in exposure. Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) measurements collected as a PD parameter based on preclinical findings and ketamine's established effect on gamma-power oscillations demonstrated increases of gamma power in some participants at the lower/mid-range doses examined. Cerebrospinal fluid examination confirmed RR-HNK exposure within the central nervous system (CNS). Collectively, these data demonstrate RR-HNK is well tolerated with an acceptable PK profile and promising PD outcomes to support the progression into Phase 2.

Family belief system influences on COVID-19 vaccination decisions among First Nations Australians.

COVID-19 has changed the world in many ways, and while some families were divided by geographical distances and mandatory "stay-at-home" orders during lockdowns, others became fractured owing to decisions about vaccination. This novel exploratory qualitative study questions how family systems and COVID-19 attitudes influenced the vaccine decisions of 10 Australian First Nations individuals. Despite the significance of family in decision making, the advice of respected family members became insignificant when nonvaccination resulted in the undesirable consequences of coercive government mandates. The thematic analysis identifies themes of choice, repeated wrongs of the past, trust, relationships, isolation, and parenting anxiety. It also demonstrates the resiliency of First Nations families, evident in the creative ways family systems adapted during the pandemic. This study has implications for governments and health service planning toward community COVID-19 support systems in a postpandemic context and provides ideas for further research into First Nations service provision during health crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Reducing the undesirable effects of the planar conjugate cam linkage mechanism with multiple clearances

Reducing the undesirable effects of the planar conjugate cam linkage mechanism with multiple clearances

Cr-Coot: Chronological Coot Algorithm-Based Deep Learning Model for Video Demosaicing

Usually, digital cameras comprise sensor arrays enclosed by Color Filter Arrays (CFAs), mosaics of minute color filters. Thus, every pixel sensor usually records limited spectral data regarding relevant pixels. Demosaicing is defined as the procedure of deducing the misplaced data for every pixel, which plays a vital role in recreating high-quality full-color images. Denoising and demosaicing are the major processes in the camera imaging chain for both videos and images. Here, reconstruction errors occur in these points and have undesirable effects on the final outcome, when it is not appropriately managed. The demosaicing process provokes color and spatial correlation of noises, and it is improved by means of imagining a pipeline. This organized noise usually destroys the quality of the image as well as fails to prevent accurate interpretation of an image. During the mitigation of this structured noise on processed data, denoising techniques diminish the texture and information. Therefore, an effectual demosaicing technique is essential for recreating the full-color image from the defective color samples. Thus, in this paper, an effectual video demosaicing model is proposed using an optimized deep learning system. The designed video demosaicing system achieved better performance with a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 59.74 dB, Second Derivative, like Measure of Enhancement (SDME) of 63.51, and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.3660.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ЗОН ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ЗАКИСЛЕНИЯ НА УРАНОВЫХ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯХ КАЗАХСТАНА С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ МЕТОДОВ МАШИННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ

The determination of technological acidification zones in uranium deposits during leaching is necessary for precise control and optimization of the uranium extraction process. Incorrect determination of the technological acidification zone can lead to excessive use of acidic reagents, which not only increases costs, but also can cause undesirable environmental consequences. The paper proposes an approach to solving issues related to the manual determination of zones of technological acidification in uranium deposits in Kazakhstan. The approach includes the study of machine learning algorithms to automate the identification of these critical areas. The use of artificial neural network (ANN) models and the extreme gradient boosting (XGB) model has shown its effectiveness in automating and improving the identification of these important zones during the mining of uranium deposits by underground borehole leaching. Thus, the accuracy of acidification intervals according to the F1-score metric for the ANN model is 0,75, and for the XGB model it is 0,80.

Reduction of Input Torque and Joint Reactions in High-Speed Mechanical Systems with Reciprocating Motion

In high-speed machinery, the variable inertia forces generated by reciprocating masses often introduce undesirable effects, such as a significant increase in the required input torque and joint forces. This paper addresses the challenge of reducing input torque and joint reaction forces in such mechanisms by employing two compression linear springs positioned between the slider and the frame. These springs counterbalance the slider's inertia force, thereby diminishing both the input torque and joint reactions. It is important to note that the elastic forces exerted by these springs remain internal to the mechanical system, preserving the balance of shaking forces and moments of the mechanism on the frame. The analytical framework developed in this study focuses on minimizing the root mean square and maximum values of the inertia force effects. A significant scientific achievement is attaining a given goal through an analytical solution. Notably, this is the first instance where this problem has been formulated and solved using explicit expressions. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is also demonstrated through CAD simulations, showing a substantial reduction in input torque and joint reactions.

Beta-Blockers as an Immunologic and Autonomic Manipulator in Critically Ill Patients: A Review of the Recent Literature.

The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in maintaining body hemostasis through both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Sympathetic overstimulation as a reflex to multiple pathologies, such as septic shock, brain injury, cardiogenic shock, and cardiac arrest, could be harmful and lead to autonomic and immunologic dysfunction. The continuous stimulation of the beta receptors on immune cells has an inhibitory effect on these cells and may lead to immunologic dysfunction through enhancing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-1B IL-1B and tissue necrotizing factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Sympathetic overstimulation-induced autonomic dysfunction may also happen due to adrenergic receptor insensitivity or downregulation. Administering anti-adrenergic medication, such as beta-blockers, is a promising treatment to compensate against the undesired effects of adrenergic surge. Despite many misconceptions about beta-blockers, beta-blockers have shown a promising effect in decreasing mortality in patients with critical illness. In this review, we summarize the recently published articles that have discussed using beta-blockers as a promising treatment to decrease mortality in critically ill patients, such as patients with septic shock, traumatic brain injury, cardiogenic shock, acute decompensated heart failure, and electrical storm. We also discuss the potential pathophysiology of beta-blockers in various types of critical illness. More clinical trials are encouraged to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of beta-blockers in improving mortality among critically ill patients.

Small-volume blood sample collection tubes in adult intensive care units: A rapid practice guideline.

This Intensive Care Medicine Rapid Practice Guideline (ICM-RPG) provides an evidence-based recommendation to address the question: in adult patients in intensive care units (ICUs), should we use small-volume or conventional blood collection tubes? We included 23 panelists in 8 countries and assessed and managed financial and intellectual conflicts of interest. Methodological support was provided by the Guidelines in Intensive Care, Development, and Evaluation (GUIDE) group. We conducted a systematic review, including evidence from observational and randomized studies. Using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, we evaluated the certainty of evidence and developed recommendations using the Evidence-to-Decision framework. We identified 8 studies (1 cluster and 2 patient-level randomized trials; 5 observational studies) comparing small-volume to conventional tubes. We had high certainty evidence that small-volume tubes reduce daily and cumulative blood sampling volume; and moderate certainty evidence that they reduce the risk of transfusion and mean number of red blood cell units transfused, but these estimates were limited by imprecision. We had high certainty that small-volume tubes have a similar rate of specimens with insufficient quantity. The panel considered that the desirable effects of small-volume tubes outweigh the undesirable effects, are less wasteful of resources, and are feasible, as demonstrated by successful implementation across multiple countries, although there are upfront implementation costs to validate small-volume tubes on laboratory instrumentation. This ICM-RPG panel made a strong recommendation for the use of small-volume sample collection tubes in adult ICUs based on overall moderate certainty evidence.

Insights into Cis-Amide-Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Selective Purification of CH4 and H2 from Gas Mixtures: A Comparative DFT Study.

Among a plethora of mixtures, the methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) mixture has garnered considerable attention for multiple reasons, especially in the framework of energy production and industrial processes as well as ecological considerations. Despite the fact that the CH4/H2 mixture performs many critical tasks, the presence of other gases, such as carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds like H2S, and water vapor, leads to many undesirable consequences. Thus purification of this mixture from these gases assumes considerable relevance. In the current research, first-principle calculations in the frame of density functional theory are carried out to propose a new functional group for vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) interacting preferentially with polar molecules rather than CH4 and H2 in order to obtain a more efficient methane and hydrogen separations The binding energies associated with the interactions between several chemical groups and target gases were calculated first, and then a functional group formed by a modified ethylene glycol and acetyl amide was selected. This functional group was attached to the CNT edge with an appropriate diameter, and hence the binding energies with the target gases and steric hindrance were evaluated. The binding energy of the most polar molecule (H2O) was found to be more than six times higher than that of H2, indicating a significant enhancement of the nanotube tip's affinity toward polar gases. Thus, this functionalization is beneficial for enhancing the capability of highly packed functionalized VA-CNT membranes to purify CH4/H2 gas mixtures.

Glioma-related epilepsy following low-grade glioma surgery.

Epileptic seizures commonly burden low-grade glioma (LGG) patients and negatively impact quality of life, neurocognition, and general patient health. Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are used to manage seizures but can result in undesired side effects. Our aim was to report our experience in epilepsy in one of the largest case series of LGG patients (reclassified in accordance with the WHO 2021 classification). Furthermore, we evaluate our postoperative seizure frequency difference between LGG patients who use preoperative ASMs and ones with no ASMs. Data were retrospectively collected from Salford Royal Hospital electronic records and Neuro-Oncology database from 2006 to 2022. Descriptive statistics were performed for demographic analysis, while multivariable analysis was used to determine postoperative seizure-free outcomes. In total, 257 operations were performed on 206 patients. Postoperatively, 114 patients suffered from seizures, and approximately 45.2% of patients developed seizures at 3-12 months postsurgery, with the odds higher in patients on preoperative ASMs. There was no evidence to suggest a higher postoperative seizure rate in patients undergoing awake craniotomy versus general anesthetic. The extent of resection (EOR) was inversely related to seizure failure, with gross-total resection showing a statistically significant reduction in seizures in comparison to all other surgical resections. In our experience, there is no evidence to suggest a reduced postoperative seizure outcome when prescribing preoperative ASMs. EOR is an independent prognosticator for postoperative seizure failure with all other variables demonstratingnonsignificance. Overall, a larger study can investigate the role of ASMs in LGG in greater detail.