Underground Parts Research Articles

Nitrogen application in pod zone improves yield and quality of two peanut cultivars by modulating nitrogen accumulation and metabolism

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) represents one of the most important oil and cash crops world-widely. Unlike many other legumes, peanuts absorb nitrogen through their underground pods. Despite this unique feature, the relationship between yield and nitrogen uptake within the pod zone remains poorly understood. In our pot experiment, we divided the underground peanut part into two zones—pod and root—and investigated the physiological and agronomic traits of two peanut cultivars, SH11 (large seeds, LS) and HY23 (small seeds, SS), at 10 (S1), 20 (S2), and 30 (S3) days after gynophores penetrated the soil, with nitrogen application in the pod zone. Results indicated that nitrogen application increased pod yield, kernel protein content, and nitrogen accumulation in plants. For both LS and SS peanut cultivars, optimal nitrogen content was 60 kg·hm− 2, leading to maximum yield. LS cultivar exhibited higher yield and nitrogen accumulation increases than SS cultivar. Nitrogen application up-regulated the expression of nitrogen metabolism-related genes in the pod, including nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), ATP binding cassette (ABC), and nitrate transporter (NRT2). Additionally, nitrogen application increased enzyme activity in the pod, including NR, GS, and GOGAT, consistent with gene expression levels. These nitrogen metabolism traits exhibited higher up-regulations in the large-seeded cultivar than in the small-seeded one and showed a significant correlation with yield in the large-seeded cultivar at S2 and S3. Our findings offer a scientific basis for the judicious application and efficient utilization of nitrogen fertilization in peanuts, laying the groundwork for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of peanut nitrogen utilization.

Effects of Clipping Intensity on the Physiology of Dicranopteris pedata and Its Interroot Soil in the Rare-Earth-Mining Area in Southern China

Clipping is crucial during phytoremediation. However, research into the effects of clipping intensity on the physiology of Dicranopteris pedata (D. pedata) and its interroot soil in the rare-earth-mining area in southern China is lacking. A clipping experiment was conducted to verify the phytoremediation effect of D. pedata. The physiology of D. pedata, such as biomass, antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll, and rare-earth elements (REEs), were determined after clipping. And the microbial community diversity and soil enzyme activities in the interroot soil of D. pedata were investigated. The phytoremediation efficiency was determined at the end of the experiment. The results showed that the compensatory growth effect of D. pedata was stronger with increasing clipping intensity. There was no significant difference in the α diversity of interroot soil microorganisms of D. pedata at different clipping intensities, but β diversity analysis showed that the clipping treatment group deviated from the control group. Only urease activity decreased among the interroot soil enzymes in D. pedata after clipping, while the soil catalase and sucrase were less responsive to clipping. The REEs accumulated by D. pedata were dominated by light REEs in the aboveground part of the plant, while the amounts of light and heavy rare-earth elements accumulated in the underground part of the plant were similar. The phytoextraction of REEs gradually increased with increasing clipping intensity. It was concluded that 100% clipping once a year is the most appropriate when considering D. pedata’s phytoremediation potential and soil system. The time it takes for 100% clipping of D. pedata to reduce the soil TREEs (total rare-earth elements), LREEs (light rare-earth elements), and HREEs (heavy rare-earth elements) to below-average soil REE concentration in China was estimated to be 25.54 years, 19.56 years, and 65.43 years, respectively, which was significantly lower than that for other clipping intensities and the control group. It is concluded that clipping D. pedata is an effective way to promote phytoextraction efficiency in the southern rare-earth-mining areas. The soil can still support the resumption of D. pedata growth after high-intensity clipping.

Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria Alleviating Microplastic and Heavy Metal Combined Pollution Stress in Sorghum

Microplastics can become potential transport carriers of other environmental pollutants (such as heavy metals), so the combined pollution of microplastics and heavy metals has attracted increasing attention from researchers. To explore the mechanism of plant growth-promoting bacteria VY-1 alleviating the combined pollution stress of heavy metals and microplastics in sorghum, the effects of inoculation on biomass and accumulation of heavy metals in sorghum were analyzed using a hydroponics experiment, and the effects of inoculation on gene expression in sorghum were analyzed via transcriptomics. The results showed that the combined pollution of polyethylene (PE) and cadmium (Cd) decreased the dry weight of above-ground and underground parts by 17.04% and 10.36%, respectively, compared with that under the single Cd pollution, which showed that the combined toxicity effect of the combined pollution on plant growth was enhanced. The inoculation of plant growth-promoting bacteria VY-1 could alleviate the toxicity of Cd-PE combined pollution and increase the length of aboveground and underground parts by 33.83% and 73.21% and the dry weight by 56.64% and 33.44%, respectively. Transcriptome sequencing showed that 904 genes were up-regulated after inoculation with VY-1. Inoculation with growth-promoting bacteria VY-1 could up-regulate the expression of several genes in the auxin, abscisic acid, flavonoid synthesis, and lignin biosynthesis pathways, which promoted the response ability of sorghum under Cd-PE combined pollution stress and improved its resistance. The above results indicated that plant growth-promoting bacteria could alleviate the stress of heavy metal and microplastic combined pollution by regulating plant gene expression, which provided a reference for plant-microbial joint remediation of heavy metal and microplastic combined pollution.

Underground Parts of Some Medicinally Important Plant Species Useful for Cure of Gynaecological Disorders

Underground Parts of Some Medicinally Important Plant Species Useful for Cure of Gynaecological Disorders

Anthropogenic impact on soil and vegetation in Turkistan region: Chemical composition and heavy metal contamination

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the anthropogenic impact on the soil and vegetation cover of the landscapes of the Turkistan region (southern part of Kazakhstan), and to investigate the chemical composition of elements and pollutants. The current state of landscapes with patterns of distribution of chemical elements and the influence of anthropogenic activity have been revealed. Quantitative indicators of the content of chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, potassium, calcium, titanium, iron, lead, arsenic, copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, thallium, manganese, and strontium) were studied based on soil samples. The levels of concentration of chemical elements of vegetation cover, aboveground and underground parts (carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron and copper) were assessed. The results of the chemical analysis of the soil cover revealed an excess of the maximum permissible concentration of chemical elements (lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, and chromium), while elevated levels of insoluble ash were observed in plants.

Monitoring the filling of the landfill using the results of aerial photography

The important task of landfill current residual capacity assessment was solved in this work. The modern methods of high-precision three-dimensional reconstruction were used by the results of unmanned aerial vehicle survey, equipped with a global navigation satellite system receiver. The main stages of work were combining the project and field survey data into one coordinate and height system, reconstruction of designed underground and above-ground parts of landfill, project and actual model comparison, the calculation. As a result, the estimation of the landfill residual capacity becomes possible, which allows to develop recommendations for further landfill operation. The proposed approach allows rapid and high-quality active monitoring of the engineered facility. Photogrammetric processing of the results of low-altitude aerial photography makes it possible to obtain objective data on the current actual state of the landfills, to carry out competent and valid management of the landfill functioning. Such studies can significantly extend the landfill’s lifetime, minimize the negative impact on the environment and predict the attainment of projected capacity much more accurately.

Improving the efficiency of seed production of heterotic cucumber hybrids in protected soil

Increasing the efficiency of seed production of heterotic cucumber hybrids is the most important task of protected soil vegetable growing. In recent years, modern heterotic cucumber hybrids have almost completely replaced conventional varieties due to higher economically valuable traits. The article presents experimental data on the study of biological and morphological features of cucumber baselines for the production of heterotic hybrids, as well as new agrotechnological methods of growing seedlings, which reduce the economic costs of obtaining pure cucumber lines. As a result of studying the initial maternal lines, it was found that for the development of the aboveground and underground parts of the plant, it is necessary to use ℓ-80 and ℓ-154 to successfully obtain seeds. To get more male flowers when growing seedlings of maternal lines, it is necessary to sow 2 seeds in each pot at a distance of 2-3 cm. In the course of research, a unique method for obtaining male flowers has been developed by changing the density of the standing of the mother cucumber plants (application for patent of the Russian Federation No. 2023131502 dated 11/28/2023).

The content of phenolic compounds Allium gunibicum Miscz. ex Grossh

The article presents the results of the study of the total content of phenolic compounds in the aboveground and underground parts of A. gunibicum, which grows in the areas of mid-mountain limestone Dagestan. Samples from introduced and natural populations were studied using spectrophotometric methods. The variability of the content of flavonoids and anthocyanins was revealed depending on the studied part of the plants and the place of collection of raw materials. In plants from natural habitats, the content of flavonoids and anthocyanins is higher than in samples grown under culture conditions. The obtained results indicate the dependence of the accumulation of these compounds on the environmental factors of the place of growth of the samples, and can be used to solve a number of problems of the chemotaxonomic direction.

Effects of two substrates at different phosphorus levels on morphology and physiology of Dianthus barbatus Linn.

Dianthus barbatus linn. is widely used in gardens, mainly as flower beds and flower borders. The effects of different gradients of P on the growth and root morphology of Dianthus barbatus were studied to explore its morphological and physiological responses and adaptive strategies. Hence, this study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for D. barbatus production. Two soil substrates, namely loess and vegetable soil, and five phosphorus concentration gradients were set; no phosphorus application was used as the control. The morphology and physiology of D. barbatus were also investigated. Low-to-medium- and low-phosphorus treatments promoted the growth of D. barbatus in the above and underground parts of the plants grown on both substrates. Chlorophyll content, flower quantity, and acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil were significantly increased in the H1 and H2 treatments of loess and in the C4 treatment of vegetable soil. Thus, D. barbatus seems to reduce the damage caused by phosphorus stress by increasing chlorophyll content and root acid phosphatase activity. The latter was significantly higher in vegetable soil than in loess. Vegetable soil was more conducive to D. barbatus growth than loess.

The impact of non-environmental factors on the chemical variation of Radix Scrophulariae

Radix Scrophulariae is a commonly used Chinese herb derived from the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoesis Hemsl. (S. ningpoensis). It is difficult to accurately estimate the dosage of Chinese medicinal materials used in the prescription because of the chemical variation caused by various factors. To analyze the non-environmental factors affecting the chemical variation of Radix Scrophulariae, we planted nine different cultivated varieties of S. ningpoensis in the same plantation. Based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, we found that the materials from the cultivated varieties could be divided into two groups, the Zhejiang group, and the southwest China group. The genetic distance based on molecular data between the two groups was above 0.3882, and the Euclidean distance based on chemical data between the two groups was above 5.312. The correlation analysis between the genetic distance matrix based on SRAP and the Euclidean distance matrix based on 18 HPLC peaks of the whole underground part revealed that the genetic differentiation and chemical variation were positively related, r = 0.7196 (p < 0.05). The genetic background, different part of the roots and the different development of the roots are the three non-environmental factors causing the chemical variation. The coefficient of variation (C.V) of chemical composition of Radix Scrophulariae with different genetic background reached to 93.62 %, the C.V of the chemical composition of Radix Scrophulariae derived from the same variety reached to 64.21 %, the C.V of the chemical composition of Radix Scrophulariae derived from the middle part of the roots of S. ningpoensis from the same variety reached to 45.55 %. The C.V of chemical composition of Radix Scrophulairae produced in the same plantation could be controlled to 38.43 % by using the same variety of roots with the approximate mass derived from the middle part of the roots under 20 g. Our findings provided insights to decrease the chemical variation of Chinese medicinal materials by controlling non-environmental factors.

The stress-strain state of an underwater offshore gas pipeline and installation of compensators-stops intended to prevent its ascent

The brief information contains information about the surfacing of pipes at the underwater crossing of the Bovanenkovo-Ukhta gas pipeline, laid in the Kara Sea, and describes the design features of the concreted pipes. In the formulation of the problem of the stressstrain state (SSS) of the underwater crossing of an offshore gas pipeline, it is conventionally divided into the middle and extreme parts. In the middle part, the pipe is completely flooded and exposed due to the erosion of soil from it. In the extreme underground parts in which expansion joints are installed, the pipe is not exposed; it remains in the trench, covered with soil during the construction of the pipeline. The problem was solved by the finite element method in displacements. Calculations of the SSS of the gas pipeline section were carried out taking into account the uneven settlement of the foundation soil, different values of operating parameters and the installation of compensator stops of various designs. Using a numerical experiment, critical values of operating parameters were found and the effective operation of compensator stops of various designs was revealed. Keywords: gas pipeline; concreted pipe; soil; bending; deflection; stress; pressure; force; ascent; compensator-stop.

Histochemical analysis of Xanthium strumarium raw materials, growing on the territory of Kazakhstan

Histochemical analysis of medicinal plants and raw materials is designed to study the localization of various chemical substances and metabolic products in their tissues. The article presents the results of a histochemical analysis of leaves, stems, roots and fruits of a promising medicinal plant Xanthium strumarium, the herb of which is used in folk medicine to treat iodine deficiency. Goal. Determination of the features of localization of individual groups of biologically active substances in the aerial and underground organs of Xanthium strumarium, growing on the territory of Kazakhstan. Materials and methods. Materials for the study: cross sections of the stem; cross and superficial sections of leaves; cross sections of the root and the surface preparation of Xanthium strumarium’s fruit. Samples of raw materials were fixed in Strauss-Fleming solution, cross sections were prepared manually, after which histochemical reactions were carried out to locate and identify the following biologically active substances: essential oil, starch, flavonoids, polysaccharides, sesquiterpene lactones and alkaloids. The study of microscopic features, as well as histochemical tests, was carried out according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan using a “Biomed-4” light microscope. Results: By histochemical methods using light microscopy determined the localization of biologically active substances in plant raw materials. The presence of essential oil, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides and sesquiterpene lactones on cross sections of the leaf, stem, root and fruit was established. The accumulation of starch in all organs of the plant has not been established. Conclusion: For the first time, by histochemical tests, the localization of biologically active substances in the tissues of Xanthium strumarium were studied. The results of histochemical studies can be used to confirm the authenticity, identification and standardization of the aerial and underground parts of Xanthium strumarium.

Опыт выращивания посадочного материала Thuja occidentalis ᾽Smaragd᾽ с ЗКС по технологии «Контейнер в контейнере»

In the Russian nursery industry, there are certain standards for planting material developed for all types of plants that dictating clear requirements for nursery products, in case of deviation from which, the competitive-ness of the nursery in the plant market decreases. In order to grow healthy planting material that meets all the required standards, it is necessary to apply modern cultivation technologies that provide all the conditions for the uniform development of the aboveground and underground parts of the plant, without any disease. This article discusses the experience of growing Thuja occidentalis ‘Smaragd’ planting material with a closed root system in containers. Observations on the condition of 180 containerized seedlings on three experimental sites in the nursery - an open area, a shaded area and a "Pot-in-pot" technology area were made. Measurements of substrate temperature in containers throughout the day, biometric indicators of seedlings – plant height, root neck diame-ter, root length and density were analyzed. All the advantages and disadvantages of the "Pot-in-pot" system, dif-ferences from the classical cultivation are shown, and the influence of this method on the physiology and productivity of plants is determined.

Appraisal of the Physiological Response of Cakile maritima and Brassica juncea for Tolerating Lanthanum Stress

Rare earth elements were extensively employed for many years to improve plant growth in farming. However, their effect on plant’s behavior relies on their concentration and the plant species. The impact of low doses of lanthanum (La; 1–10 µM) on plant growth, mineral uptake, and the production of secondary metabolites was assessed in two Brassicaceae species (Cakile maritime and Brassica juncea) after 14 days of La exposure. The La accumulation potential was also evaluated. Results showed that both species were able to maintain good dry biomass production under La. C. maritima plants accumulated more La than B. juncea, and a higher accumulation was noticed in the roots (in both plant species). Accordingly to La accumulation in plant tissues, nutrient absorption was affected in C. maritima shoots and roots, whereas no severe effect on nutrient contents was noticed in B. juncea. Phenolic compounds increased in the aerial and underground parts of both species; thus, the accretion was more notorious in shoots of the highest La concentrations. The studied Brassicaceae species showed an ability to survive in a La-contaminated medium. However, according to tolerance index values, C. maritima was found to be more tolerant of La than B. juncea.

Computer modeling of the interaction of the building underground part with the soil foundation during the karst cavity formation on the example of the administrative and business center construction

In restrained urban conditions of Moscow, the accomplishment of complex urban construction projects is complicated by the choice of construction sites, as well as by lack of methods for computer modeling of the interaction of high-rise and unique buildings and structures with the probable formation of karst cavities in the current regulatory documents. The overall profitability of the project is under the great impact of it, therefore a reliable accounting of karts-suffusion processes is a priority issue in designing buildings and structures, especially if it concerns the unique and high-rise ones. The authors analyze the results of the calculations of the forecast assessment of the impact of a karst cavity probable formation on the subsurface parts of building of the administrative and business center construction in flat and spatial formulation. In spatial formulation different positions of the potential karst cavities are considered; their locations were chosen according to standard procedures and were guided by the results of geological and geophysical research. It has been reviewed the formation of arch over a karst cavity in a 2D and 3D formulation in the condition of different location of the karst cavities in plan and by depth of occurrence. It has been made methodological recommendations for determining the predicted bore of the karst cavity, for taking into account the frame stiffness of the aboveground part of the building, for defining the principles of a karst cavity modeling, as well as for the choice of assessment criteria of stability of cover mass above the potential cavity. The discovered differences in the results of 2D and 3D settings permit to make a conclusion that solving the problem in a flat formulation contributes to the overestimation of karst processes danger and, therefore, to the excess in anti-karst measures included in the project.

MECHANISM FOR CREATING A CEMENT COMPOSITE WITH ENHANCED HYDROPHYSICAL AND RADIATION PROTECTION PROPERTIES

In modern conditions, the environmental component of building protective materials is guaranteed by the creation of composites capable of protecting underground and above-ground parts of buildings and structures in flooded areas from the filtration of radiation-contaminated water, industrial wastewater, radon, etc. Therefore, the problem of developing modern, including radiation-protective materials for the construction industry is urgent. Concrete is a good moderator and absorber of fast neutrons and intensively absorbs gamma radiation. Concrete consists of cement, sand and gravel. Cement consists mainly of oxides of various elements (Ca, Si, Al, Fe) and contains light elements. Portland cements, slag Portland cements and alumina cements are used as binders for the preparation of particularly heavy protective concrete. In special concretes, the most effective binder can be a substance that, as a result of hardening, adds a large amount of water (to increase the hydrogen content of the concrete). Such a substance is calcium hydrosulfoaluminate. Recent studies have shown that very effective radiation protection materials are materials in the form of polydisperse systems containing ultrafine particles (UFP) less than 1 micron in size. However, the difficulty is to distribute the ultrafine particles evenly throughout the material volume, which dramatically reduces its protective functions.The work resulted in the development of a cement composite with enhanced hydrophysical and radiation protection properties, which were achieved by, firstly, modifying the cement binder with chemical additives that facilitated the synthesis of crystalline hydrates with a high water content. Secondly, polydisperse systems in the form of ferruginous quartzite were added to the composition, where micron-sized iron particles were embedded in quartzite, which contributed to the uniform distribution of micron-sized iron particles in the volume of the composite. Physicochemical studies of cement stone hydration products were carried out by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal and electron microscopic analyses. The developed composition of fine-grained concrete has high performance and hydrophysical properties, provides protective properties against radiation due to components containing heavy and light atoms, which may allow the use of this material to protect building structures, buildings and structures.

How Cooperation between Archaeologists and Art Conservators helps us discover more Information: Archaeological Investigations at the Jewish Cemetery on Okopowa Street in Warsaw

The article concerns archaeological research in plot 1 at the Jewish cemetery at 49/51 Okopowa Street in Warsaw (Wola necropolis). Thanks to simultaneous archaeological works and tombstone conservation, it is possible to examine the underground parts of the matzevot. Archaeologists present at the removal of matzevot for conservation have the opportunity to document the profiles of burial pits created during the demolition of tombstones. The information obtained in this way is very valuable in reconstructing the ways in which tombstones were made and decorated. Traces of polychromies are often preserved in the lower part of the matzevot covered with soil. Such observations are not possible during archaeological research, which is carried out at shallow depths, as recommended by the Rabbinical Commission for Jewish Cemeteries in Poland.

Unraveling spatial metabolome of the aerial and underground parts of Scutellaria baicalensis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging

BackgroundScutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a traditional Chinese medicine, is clinically applied mainly as the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis, and the aerial parts of Scutellaria baicalensis, its stems and leaves, are often consumed as "Scutellaria baicalensis tea" to clear heat, dry dampness, reduce fire and detoxify, while few comparative analyses of the spatial metabolome of the aerial and underground parts of Scutellaria baicalensis have been carried out in current research. MethodsIn this work, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to visualize the spatial imaging of the root, stem, and leaf of Scutellaria baicalensis at a high resolution of 10 μm, respectively, investigating the spatial distribution of the different secondary metabolites in the aerial and underground parts of Scutellaria baicalensis. ResultsIn the present results, various metabolites, such as flavonoid glycosides, flavonoid metabolites, and phenolic acids, were systematically characterized in Scutellaria baicalensis root, stem, and leaf. Nine glycosides, 18 flavonoids, one organic acid, and four other metabolites in Scutellaria baicalensis root; nine glycosides, nine flavonoids, one organic acid in Scutellaria baicalensis stem; and seven flavonoids and seven glycosides in Scutellaria baicalensis leaf were visualized by MALDI-MSI. In the underground part of Scutellaria baicalensis, baicalein, wogonin, baicalin, wogonoside, and chrysin were widely distributed, while there was less spatial location in the aerial parts. Moreover, scutellarein, carthamidin/isocarthamidin, scutellarin, carthamidin/isocarthamidin-7-O-glucuronide had a high distribution in the aerial parts of Scutellaria baicalensis. In addition, the biosynthetic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of significant flavonoid metabolites in aerial and underground parts of Scutellaria baicalensis were successfully localized and visualized. ConclusionsMALDI-MSI offers a favorable approach for investigating the spatial distribution and effective utilization of metabolites of Scutellaria baicalensis. The detailed spatial chemical information can not only improve our understanding of the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoid metabolites, but more importantly, suggest that we need to fully exert the overall medicinal value of Scutellaria baicalensis, strengthening the reuse and development of the resources of Scutellaria baicalensis aboveground parts.

Evaluation of the Capparis Herbacea Willd's Chemistry, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity.

The Capparidaceae family includes the medicinal herb Capparis herbacea Willd. The aerial and underground parts of plant C.herbacea were studied for their chemical composition, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties. Using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (7890A/5975C), 94 chemicals were identified in ethanol extract from leaves, roots, seeds, and stems of C. herbacea. Main components were (leaves) phytol 18.16%, hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester 16.75%, vitamin E 11.95%, (roots) sucrose 13.94%, hexadecanoic acid, ethylester 22.80%, octadecanoic acid, ethylester 37.77%; (seeds) hexadecanoic acid, ethylester 13.96%, ethyl9.cis.,11.trans.-octadecadienoate 48.54%, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 9.77%; (stems) 1-propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, tributyl ester 42.69%, and tributylacetylcitrate 19.63%. Nine components were identified in the makeup of the C. herbacea sample's essential oil using the method of chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main components were (in%): T-cadinol (29.56), meta-cymene (16.12), pulegone (14.11), and σ-amorphene (12.26). Chloroform and methanol extracts of Capparis herbacia roots at concentrations of 1 mg/ml showed higher average antioxidant activity, while ethyl acetate root extract at concentrations of 0.75 and 1 mg/ml showed higher average antioxidant activity compared to gallic acid AOA. In addition, plant extracts have cytotoxic activity. Essential oils of leaves and stems, fruit and roots of Capparis herbacia plants exhibited cytotoxicity, all larvae died, and larval mortality was 96%.

Phytochemical Analysis of Extractive Substances Extracted by Different Methods from the Underground Part of Aconitum Septentrionale L., and the Development of Cream-Gels Based on Them

Phytochemical Analysis of Extractive Substances Extracted by Different Methods from the Underground Part of Aconitum Septentrionale L., and the Development of Cream-Gels Based on Them