In this contribution we give common guidelines on how unemployment schemes for the self-employed could be developed in practice. These guidelines have been derived from national descriptions contained in this special edition on unemployment protection for the self-employed, or in other recent comparative contributions on the matter. Our reference framework is the EU Council Recommendation (2019) on Access to Social Protection, and more in particular the overall objective that social protection should be designed in a labour status neutral manner and, where necessary, adapted to the specific work situation of the professional groups covered. Applied to unemployment, the design of the scheme should be as similar as possible to that of unemployment insurance for wage earners. However, it is crucial to adapt the rules as specifically as necessary to the nature of self-employed work, such as, for example, the fact that the self-employed do not work for an employer. Starting from this basis, we developed key rules with regard to unemployment schemes for the self-employed. We did so by addressing the essential components of unemployment schemes: the definition of the unemployment risk, financing, access and entitlement conditions, and re-eligibility in case of repeated claims for unemployment benefits. We also address recent evolutions in the labour market, such as coverage when multiple activities are performed (combining activities as an employee and as a self-employed person), and elaborate on situations involving temporary closure of the self-employed activity (e.g. due to Covid-19) and partial unemployment. In conclusion, we provide some reflections on the apparent ongoing evolution of the risk of unemployment towards a broader income protection scheme, which not only provides income replacement in case of a final loss of professional activity or self-employed business, but also gives structural income support if the person loses income partially due to external economic and/or social reasons.

Standing a country basically is For well-being for all over people or its inhabitants , however problem base For reach That that is poverty . Poverty level in the District Brebes Alone Still spelled out high , up to enter to extreme poor category mainly in the Province Central Java . For That need done various effort For lower poverty in the District Brebes . Therefore​ That objective from study This is For know and analyze Influence Unemployment and Education towards Poverty in the District Brebes . In study this , researcher use method study quantitative and data used using secondary data with method documentation . Research techniques in study This is an analysis technique multiple linear regression , and subjects in research This that is Regency Brebes in 2008 – 2022. Results from study This in a way Partial Unemployment showing that mark significance as big as 0.482 > 0.05 and value t count -0.725 > t table - 2.178 meaning Unemployment to Poverty in a way Partial No have significant influence .​ Then mark significance in Education towards Poverty is mark significance of 0.000 > 0.05 and value t count - 8.082 < t table - 2.178 meaning between Education and Poverty in a way Partial have negative and significant influence .​ However , in fact simultaneous obtained mark significance 0.000 and value f count (31,801) > value f table (3,885). With thereby can stated that variable Unemployment and Education Together have influence significant to poverty in the District Brebes in 2008 – 2022.

The article is devoted to the study of the procedure for exercising the right to participate in public works by persons in the social insurance system in case of unemployment. The analysis of normative acts of Ukraine, which regulate legal relations regarding the involvement of persons in public works on a voluntary basis, was carried out. As a result of the study of the relevant legal framework, it is substantiated that public works in general are a temporary form of employment for citizens who are looking for work only on the referral of the territorial employment body in the order of mandatory conclusion of a fixed-term employment contract, which expresses the free will of both the employee and the employer in the event of employment relations. An integral element of the selection of public works is the written consent of the person. Analyzing the procedure of giving consent by a person to participate in public works in the relevant legislative acts, it is possible to follow at least several stages of giving such consent in written form. The initial stage of approval for public works is related to the issuance of a personal card. Further, the consent is recorded in the individual service provision plan (for persons who are in a state of partial unemployment) and the individual employment plan (for the registered unemployed). The final stage of approval is characterized by the absence of a refusal to conclude an employment contract in the referral for employment. On the basis of the studied provisions of the legislation of Ukraine, it has been proven that the Vacancy Information is a source of information about the proposed temporary jobs at the relevant employer under the terms of a fixed-term employment contract, which is provided by the employment center under the conditions and in the order provided for drawing up individual plans for the provision of services and employment. At the same time, it is mandatory to enter information about the vacancy with the serial number of the document that certifies the completeness and authenticity of the information provided by the employment center. In the process of clarifying the procedure for the selection of public works, it is proposed to provide that a person must within 10 working days agree to employment or refuse to participate in public works based on the vacancies offered to him. What is noted in the individual plans for the provision of services and employment with an entry in the personal card after the decision of the employment center to issue a referral for employment. The basis for issuing an order to hire an employee, if none of the parties has refused to conclude an employment contract, is a referral for employment.

A considerable share of the labor force consists of underemployed part-time workers: employed workers who, for various reasons, are unable to work as much as they would like to. Offering unemployment benefits to part-time unemployed workers is controversial. On the one hand, such benefits can strengthen incentives to take a part-time job rather than remain fully unemployed, thus raising the probability of obtaining at least some employment. On the other hand, these benefits weaken incentives for part-time workers to look for full-time employment. It is also difficult to distinguish people who work part-time by choice from those who do so involuntarily.

The article describes the fiscal stimulus, which used in the world to overcome the negative effects of the recession in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors used historical and static methods, a combination of methods of analysis and synthesis, etc. Based on the statist analysis of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators, the authors confirmed that the main development trend of most countries and Ukraine in 2020 is a significant economic decline (falling production, rising public debt, growing fiscal deficit, etc.) caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The article summarizes that in the recession in 2020, countries use measures to fiscally stimulate households and business units through additional government expenditures and lost budget revenues. The size and structure of fiscal stimulus measures vary among different groups of countries. The main fiscal stimulus during this period are: deferrals and reductions in taxes, a moratorium on the payment of certain types of obligations, various forms of cash surcharges and subsidies, partial unemployment, capital injections into enterprises, loans and guarantees. The debt burden is a significant threat to low-income countries, as debt restructuring and public spending cuts will be relevant in the long run to stabilize debt in such countries. This means limited use of fiscal stimulus to exit the recession and stimulate economic development in the country. The results can have practical application within the framework of the formation of the state fiscal policy to overcome the recession and stimulate economic development in the country. In Ukrainian practice, during the pandemic, the main measures of fiscal stimulus were the use of reduced working day schemes and the expansion of unemployment benefits; changes in taxation; financial support for retirees; subsidies; social and economic support of households and enterprises. JEL classіfіcatіon: H2, H5, H6

AimsThe present study aimed to investigate whether the psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis varied with regards to young Swiss men’s pre-crisis level of education and socioeconomic status and to changes in their work situation due to it.MethodsA cohort of 2345 young Swiss men (from 21 out of 26 Swiss cantons; mean age = 29) completed survey-based assessments shortly before (April 2019 to February 2020) and early on during the COVID-19 crisis (May to June 2020). Outcomes measured were psychological outcomes before and during the COVID-19 crisis (depression, perceived stress and sleep quality), and the fear, isolation and psychological trauma induced by it. We investigated associations between these outcomes and their predictors: pre-crisis socioeconomic status (relative financial status, difficulty paying bills, level of education), changes in work situation during the crisis (job loss, partial unemployment, working from home, change in workload) and working in contact with potentially infected people, both inside and outside the healthcare sector. For outcomes measured before and during the crisis, the analyses were adjusted for their pre-crisis levels.ResultsAbout 21% of participants changed their employment status (job loss, partial unemployment or lost money if self-employed) and more than 40% worked predominantly from home during the COVID-19 crisis. Participants with a lower relative socioeconomic status already before the crisis experienced a higher psychological impact due to the COVID-19 crisis, compared to participants with an average socioeconomic status (major depression (b = 0.12 [0.03, 0.22]), perceived stress (b = 0.15 [0.05, 0.25]), psychological trauma (b = 0.15 [0.04, 0.26]), fear (b = 0.20 [0.10, 0.30]) and isolation (b = 0.19 [0.08, 0.29])). A higher impact was also felt by participants who lost their job due to the COVID-19 crisis, the partially unemployed, those with an increased workload or those who worked mainly from home (e.g. depression b = 0.25 [0.16, 0.34] for those working 90%+ at home, compared to those not working at home).ConclusionsEven in a country like Switzerland, with relatively high social security benefits and universal healthcare, the COVID-19 crisis had a considerable psychological impact, especially among those with a lower socioeconomic status and those who experienced deteriorations in their work situation due to the COVID-19 crisis. Supporting these populations during the crisis may help to prevent an amplification of inequalities in mental health and social status. Such support could help to lower the overall impact of the crisis on the mental well-being of Switzerland’s population.

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic impacted daily life worldwide. It may also have had a psychological impact, especially on those with less resources already before the crisis and those who reported substantial changes to their work situation.ObjectivesTo investigate whether socioeconomic status before the crisis and changes in work situation during the crisis (unemployment, home-office) are associated with psychological impact in a cohort of young Swiss men.MethodsA total of 2345 young Swiss men (mean age = 29) completed assessments shortly before (April 2019 to February 2020) and early during the COVID-19 crisis (May to June 2020). Assessments covered psychological outcomes assessed before and during COVID-19 crisis (depression, perceived stress and sleep quality), and assessed during the crisis (fear, isolation and COVID-19 psychological trauma), socioeconomic status (relative financial status and difficulty to pay bills) before the crisis and changes in work situation (unemployment, home-office).ResultsAbout a fifth of the sample were in partial unemployment or lost their job during COVID-19 crisis. Those in partial or full unemployment, those mostly working from home and those with a lower socioeconomic status already prior to the crisis showed overall higher levels of depression, stress, psychological trauma, fear and isolation.ConclusionsEven in a country with high social security such as Switzerland, the COVID-19 crisis had a higher psychological impact on those who were already disadvantaged before the crisis or experienced deteriorations in their work situation. Supporting disadvantaged subpopulations during the crisis may help to prevent an amplification of pre-existing inequalities.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

A general assessment of the state of small business, the business environment, unfavorable conditions and opportunities for its development has been carried out. The analysis of the decrease in the rating of ease of doing business in international comparisons is presented. The features of the state and prospects of Ukraine in the Eastern Partnership are revealed in the context of the policy of supporting small and medium-sized businesses. The directions of the European Union’s financial assistance to Ukrainian entrepreneurship are revealed. Attention is focused on strengthening European aid during the COVID-19 pandemic. The directions of activities created within the framework of assistance from the European Union – the Office for the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises, the Office for the Promotion of Ukraine’s Exports, the Ukrainian Foundation for Standards, and the Office for Effective Regulation are disclosed. The possibilities of presenting Ukrainian goods and services, which are unique and competitive, to foreign markets are revealed. The need for the development of certain types of creative industries with an emphasis on specialized activities in the field of design has been substantiated. In the list of barriers to implementation, the lack of an industrial design ecosystem is put in the first place. It is proposed to include creative formations in regional development strategies through public-private partnerships. The essence and content of directions and measures of state policy of Ukraine to support entrepreneurship, which have legal regulation, are disclosed. State support for certain industries and spheres of activity included assistance in case of partial unemployment, credit holidays, tax preferences, cheaper loans, financial support for agribusiness, development of the National online platform “Action. Business”. The directions of state support by target groups have been systematized. It is proposed to use such levers and mechanisms that will strengthen the state anti-pandemic policy.

The French government has mobilised various instruments to deal with the consequences of the pandemic. The main one is partial unemployment, which for the time being has made it possible to limit the rise of unemployment. However, as the period of return-to-work has begun, the question arises as to the distribution of efforts between the State, employers and employees. In any case, this crisis has undoubtedly enhanced the status of the State, which is no longer seen merely as a regulator but as a planner.

The impact of quarantine restrictions imposed by the Government of Ukraine had a double effect. It consisted of curbing the spread of coronavirus disease throughout the country and reducing the business activity of some enterprises and the complete cessation of activities of others, which led to a reduction in labor force and rising unemployment, lower GDP and income. Areas of state support to minimize the negative effects of restrictive measures related to the spread of coronavirus COVID-19 were explored in the article by such target groups as employers and the population, including the employed, unemployed, pensioners, IDPs, privileged categories population, those who fell ill with COVID-19. Partial unemployment benefits, credit vacations, tax preferences, cheaper loans for farmers, financial support for agribusiness development, information support, round-the-clock free online consultations for small and medium-sized businesses were highlighted among the main measures of state business support. Amendments to the State Budget of Ukraine to establish the COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Disease Fund have been analyzed and the main expenditure items of this Fund have been analyzed. The COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Disease Foundation provides funding to support groups affected by the pandemic and to strengthen the capacity of the health care system to provide care to those affected by COVID-19. Emphasis was placed on the need to involve the state, business and every citizen of the country in overcoming the spread of coronavirus disease. Anti-crisis measures to counter the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the socio-economic consequences in the labor sphere for the state, employers and the population were proposed. It was concluded that it is important to adhere to the principle of social responsibility and achieve balance in public decisions on the distribution of financial and economic burden of the coronavirus crisis between the state, community, business and population, taking into account these decisions in strategic and medium-term documents on COVID-19 pandemic.

The article discusses a wide range of issues related to the appearance of the right for social security connected with the outset of unemployment and partial unemployment. These are the grounds for the right for social security benefits and services. Therefore, the effectiveness of social right protection of the unemployed in Ukraine depends on the correct understanding of their legal nature. There is no legal definition of such a term as unemployment risk in the Ukrainian legislation. Instead, the known definition of unemployment as a social economic phenomenon in which some people are not able to implement their right for work and wages (remuneration) as a source of livelihood. Based on the late statistical data, the author concludes that the gradual decrease in the number of unemployed, which, however, still keeps being high – more than nine percent of the economically active working population. However, the legislation of Ukraine does not define unemployment as the basis for the appearance of right for social protection. There is a concept of unemployment insurance risk instead. These are the circumstances leading to the loss of jobs, need of financial support and social services. The author argues the imperfection of such definition and proves that person’s inability to find a job leads to employment. Thus, he has come up with his own definition of unemployment, which is a condition of an economically active able-bodied person, ready and willing to work but unable to find a job. The author delineates the risk of partial unemployment from unemployment, draws attention to the poor definition of the concept of partial unemployment and as a consequence of the inappropriate narrowing of the circle of persons who are entitled to benefits in connection with its occurrence. The author arrives at this conclusion by analyzing the legislative definition of the concept of partial unemployment as a compulsory temporary reduction of the working time stipulated by law in connection with the stoppage of production due to economic, technological and structural nature without termination of employment. Partial unemployment is expected to relate exclusively to workers employed in industrial production in connection with the reduction of working time under the circumstances that do not depend on the employee and the employer’s will, but on accidents, fires, terrorist acts, wars, natural disasters (earthquakes, storms, floods, tornadoes, etc.). These are all circumstances that lead to, or may lead to, a temporary reduction in the working time of workers in any sector of the economy, not just industry. Therefore, the right to partial unemployment benefits should be applied to all workers without exception.

Cet article vise a caracteriser les tenants et les aboutissants des transformations qui ont marque l’action publique italienne, en matiere de gestion des discontinuites professionnelles. Il s’agit de les apprehender en les resituant dans le schema argumentatif des reformes du marche du travail. En privilegiant une entree par les amenagements socio-normatifs d’un dispositif de chomage partiel, l’article explicite, d’une part, l’influence des referentiels europeens de l’activation – calques sur le traitement du chomage – et d’autre part, leur appropriation par les acteurs nationaux.

Planning Your First Postcollege Job: Underemployment and What to Do About It

In this paper we have looked into the problems of measuring visible underemployment. Some measures to gauge the intensity of visible underemployment have been suggested and their properties studied. Measures based on given time-norms for work are also suggested. The results are illustrated through examples.

A considerable share of the labor force consists of underemployed part-time workers: employed workers who, for various reasons, are unable to work as much as they would like to. Offering unemployment benefits to part-time unemployed workers is controversial. On the one hand, such benefits can strengthen incentives to take a part-time job rather than remain fully unemployed, thus raising the probability of obtaining at least some employment. On the other hand, these benefits weaken incentives for part-time workers to look for full-time employment. It is also difficult to distinguish people who work part-time by choice from those who do so involuntarily.

The world has been transformed into a global political economy as a result of the unprecedented level of interconnectedness of political, economic, social and technological forces that permeate the contemporary global system. This paper identifies trade regulations, technology and capitalism as core factors responsible for the emerging political order and goes further to argue that developing nations in particular, are constrained to be incorporated into the global economy, a consequence of which is the requirement for them to open their borders for external economic influences. For Nigeria, the developmental challenges arising from this new order have implications for every sector of her economy. Focusing on the labour market, the paper argues that the Nigerian labour market has been hit hard through the adoption of series of shock therapies allegedly designed to improve economic efficiency. Unfortunately, such therapies have generated pressures on organizations thereby forcing them to adopt survival strategies such as retrenchment, casualisation, outsourcing and these in turn have worsened the unemployment situation and labour standards; have promoted underemployment, cheap labour, disregard for trade unionism, and collective bargaining and promoted general job insecurity. The paper concludes that there is need to protect the Nigerian labour market and this would require a re-orientation towards the adoption of an ideology of social partnership and manifest readiness by the government to share its authority and responsibility for the management of the economy, in which case workers and their representatives must be well protected from external influences and domineering employers. :

PSY51 - Cost to society due to underemployment in persons with hemophilia A and B – hemophilia utilization group study v (HUGS V)

To investigate the prevalence and determinants of depressive symptoms among 'empty-nest' and 'non-empty-nest' elderly in four cities/provinces. 4265 elderly aged 60 and over, were recruited with cluster sampling method in Shanghai, Heilongjiang, Guangdong and Shanxi province and interviewed, using the Geriatric Mental State Schedule and self-developed related questionnaire. (1) The prevalence of depressive symptoms for 'empty-nest' elderly was (8.18%), significantly higher than that for 'non-empty-nest' elderly (P=0.019); (2) the 'empty-nest' elderly had a significantly higher proportion of the following factors: being male, married, with higher income (≥15,000 Yuan/year), living in city, with high education background, under employment etc. than the 'non-empty-nest' elderly (P<0.0001); (3) the 'empty-nest' elderly had significantly higher proportions on good self-rated health status and life (P=0.0001, P<0.0001) as well as heavier health problems and economic difficulties (P=0.001, P=0.002); (4) there were significantly negative associations between depressive symptoms and the following 10 factors: being female, single, having bad self-rated health and life status, having somatic disease≥3, with big health problems in the last two years and loss of dearest persons, community engagement and involvement of religious activities. The 'empty-nest' elderly showed higher prevalence of having depressive symptoms than the 'non-empty-nest' elderly. The 'empty-nest' elderly had characteristics as being single, female, having adverse event etc. and should be under greater attention for care.

The Importance of Studying Underemployment

Résumé Les adolescents représentent une fraction très importante des migrants dans les pays en développement. Cet article cherche à déterminer si la migration à l’âge scolaire affecte le niveau de scolarisation des jeunes d’origine rurale. Dans un modèle de migration rurale-urbaine, les contraintes de crédit et l’incertitude sur les rendements de la scolarité peuvent engendrer un piège de sous-éducation pour les familles de migrants, avec des effets négatifs sur les investissements scolaires des jeunes. Des données longitudinales en provenance de la Thaïlande montrent que, en moyenne, les jeunes migrants ont des taux d’abandon scolaire plus élevés que les jeunes de la même génération qui restent dans les villages. Un modèle simultané pour l’abandon scolaire et la migration apporte la preuve que cet écart de scolarisation n’est pas motivé par une sélection négative (préférences inférieures pour l’enseignement secondaire) des migrants ruraux-urbains. Les résultats indiquent que les coûts de l’enseignement supérieur sont élevés pour les jeunes qui migrent des campagnes vers les villes, et suggèrent la mise en place de politiques de marché du travail et d’éducation ciblées sur les familles de migrants à faible revenu. Classification JEL : O15, L14