Theories Of Underdevelopment Research Articles

What are the mechanisms of effect of group antenatal care? A systematic realist review and synthesis of the literature

BackgroundThere is growing interest in the benefits of group models of antenatal care. Although clinical reviews exist, there have been few reviews that focus on the mechanisms of effect of this model.MethodsWe conducted a realist review using a systematic approach incorporating all data types (including non-research and audiovisual media), with synthesis along Context-Intervention-Mechanism-Outcome (CIMO) configurations.ResultsA wide range of sources were identified, yielding 100 relevant sources in total (89 written and 11 audiovisual). Overall, there was no clear pattern of ‘what works for whom, in what circumstances’ although some studies have identified clinical benefits for those with more vulnerability or who are typically underserved by standard care. Findings revealed six interlinking mechanisms, including: social support, peer learning, active participation in health, health education and satisfaction or engagement with care. A further, relatively under-developed theory related to impact on professional practice. An overarching mechanism of empowerment featured across most studies but there was variation in how this was collectively or individually conceptualised and applied.ConclusionsMechanisms of effect are amplified in contexts where inequalities in access and delivery of care exist, but poor reporting of populations and contexts limited fuller exploration. We recommend future studies provide detailed descriptions of the population groups involved and that they give full consideration to theoretical underpinnings and contextual factors.RegistrationThe protocol for this realist review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42016036768).

Global Accumulation & Gendered Class Exploitation: Theory and Evidence from the Garment Industry During the Covid Pandemic

The paper conducts a gendered class analysis of the impact of the Covid pandemic on the global garment industry to explain the coproduction of retailers’ profits in the core, as measured by higher retailer markups, and the biopolitical control over the minds and bodies of women working on production lines via exploitation and oppression (wage-theft, intensification, violence) in the Global South. The paper proposes the concept of an SRT-augmented rate of exploitation to distinguish between necessary and surplus labor performed at two sites, that of the factory as well as the household. The framework demonstrates how, in the aftermath of supply-chain shortages, gendered forms of absolute & relative surplus-value became critical to retailers’ markups at the cost of immiserating working-class women in peripheral capitalist economies. We posit the ‘housewife proletarian’ as negotiating two crises, a crisis of accumulation at the factory and a crisis of care-labor at home, and show how a dynamic interaction of these twin crises led to increased violence and oppression against women at both sites. We then draw upon a host of empirical sources from recent quantitative/qualitative surveys to explore how working women reported these experiences themselves. The paper concludes by arguing that zooming into these differences, as well as similarities, across peripheral economies can not only improve our understanding of how victims of gendered class exploitation subjectively experienced the transformed biopolitics of manufacturing in the aftermath of the pandemic, but can also enrich our general understanding of SRT as a theory of under-development by unearthing the structural relations of violence between monopsonic power and gendered class exploitation.

Critical engagements with “Climate Change as Class War”—class critical ecomodernism

This essay considers the import and originality of Matt Huber’s book Climate Change as Class War: Building Socialism on a Warming Planet. It identifies class critique and skillful application of the Professional-Managerial Class (PMC) concept to contemporary environmental movements as the book’s most substantive contributions, culminating in a reflective reassertion of Marxian modernism with regard to capitalist-induced climate change. It also finds lacunae in Huber’s underdeveloped theory of the state as it pertains to energy transition and in his connection (or lack thereof) between specific policy demands and working-class agency. These issues pose questions for further debate and elaboration, yet fail to overshadow the book’s generative class analysis and promising strategic proposals, which deserve widespread discussion on the activist Left. This paper is part of the SPE Special Theme “Critical Engagements with ‘Climate Change as Class War.’”

Underdevelopment in Nigerian and Other Developing Countries: Imperialism Versus Corruption

The conception that Africa is underdeveloped because of the incursion of Europeans vis-à-vis slave trade, imperialism and colonialism is so overwhelming that it beclouds contemporary reality of the fundamental causes of underdevelopment in Nigeria and other developing countries. Very recently, precisely January 22, 2016, John Kerry (US Secretary of States) declared that corruption is killing Nigeria and 5 other states. Alhaji Lai Mohammed (Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture) had earlier stated that about 55 people stole a total of 1.34 trillion Naira between 2006 and 2013. This arousesconsciousness on corruption and brings to question the Afrocentric theories of underdevelopment. The study appraises the basic assumptions of dependency / imperialism conceptions and juxtaposes it with cases of corruption in Nigeria. The study concludes that Nigeria and other developing countries should stop brooding over slavery, imperialism and colonialism that ended several decades ago and face present realities because almost all the countries of the world were at one time or the other brutalized, subjugated and exploited. The reality is that corruption is the root cause of contemporary underdevelopment in Nigeria and other developing countries. The study recommends among other things that anti-corruption agencies in Nigeria should be strengthened and granted more coercive and enforcement powers. There should be no sacred cows or caveats in the fight against corruption. Stiffer penalties and punishment should be meted out on corruption cases and immunities of politicians should be conditional waived in glaring cases of corruption.

Dynamics of India Development Aid to Nigeria in the Post Cold War Era

Following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991, and India pro- market economic reforms of 1991, have affected its relationship with outside world including Nigeria. This paper examines the development aid relations between Nigeria and India after the return of Nigeria to democratic rule from 1999-2007, especially the trade and investment activities of India in Nigeria particularly in area of agriculture, manufacturing, and extractive sector of Nigeria economy. The paper is anchored on dependency and underdevelopment theory to assess actual beneficiary of the development aid relations, and to demonstrates the asymmetric nature of the relationship between Nigeria and India. It has been revealed from the study that after the cold war development aid relations between Nigeria and India has been shifted from idealistic ideology to realistic pro- market economic ideology. It is also noted that, the asymmetric nature of the relationship has hampered the development of Nigeria. This was as a result of unequal trade and investment relations, has India have enormous advantage over Nigeria because of its technological and economic advancement. Therefore, the paper argued that for Nigeria to benefit from the India’s development aid relations, the relationship has to be redesigned to allow for transparency and equal opportunity

Stuart Hall, Development Theory, and Thatcher's Britain

This article traces the influence of theories of Third World underdevelopment on Stuart Hall's understanding of the nature of historical transitions. I show Hall's notion of “articulation,” central to his social theory, is indebted to ideas about development originating in the global South, rather than to the thinking of “Western Marxists.” By arguing that Antonio Gramsci was a theorist of “articulation,” Hall read Gramsci as a thinker comparable to development theorists he was engaging with in the same period. This had important implications, I suggest, for Hall's “Gramscian” analyses of British politics in the 1980s. Specifically, I show that by describing Thatcherism as a form of “regressive modernization,” Hall adopted the idiom of several theories of economic development to argue that the uneven development of capitalist relations of production is the key to understanding how advanced forms of capitalist accumulation can accommodate seemingly archaic and reactionary social relations and institutions.

Detecting financial statement fraud through new fraud diamond model: the case of Indonesia

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the new fraud diamond model in explaining financial statement fraud.Design/methodology/approachThe variables used to examine the factors consist of motivation, opportunity, personal integrity and capability. This research used manufactured companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange of the 2015–2019 period as the population.FindingsThere has been a positive influence between personal financial need (OSHIP), nature of the industry (RECEIVABLE) and history of sale (SG) toward financial statement fraud, while the negative effect is found only in the effective monitoring (IND).Research limitations/implicationsThe new fraud diamond model theory which is used as a reference in this study is a new and under-developed theory. So the author suggests that further research on this theory be carried out to strengthen the new fraud diamond model theory and ensure whether it can be used as a reference to find out the causes of financial statement fraud. In addition, the object used in this study is limited to manufacturing companies, so the author suggests that further research combine several types of companies.Originality/valueThe research finding supports the new fraud diamond model theory in elaborating the financial statement fraud phenomenon.

The Rhetoric of Foreign Aid and the Need for International Trade: Challenges and Possibilities for Developing Nations. A Critical Perspective

This paper attempts to critically examine foreign aids by donor nations and agencies to the developing nations, and at the same time, examine international trade to show that the latter is better off. The study utilized dependency theory of underdevelopment to analyze why foreign aids have not being a spring board for development in developing nations. The paper found out that foreign aids over the years have not engendered development because of the conditionalities attached to such aids which come in the form of grants, loans, assistance etc. These further keep developing nations down as it is difficult to find examples of unequivocal success from receipt of official foreign aids. The reasons are not far-fetched. Since the 1940’s when official foreign aids started flowing, the motive seems to satisfy the donor interests and has little or nothing to do with egalitarian development and poverty reduction in developing nations. In view of this, international trade is far better to the developing nations, and same should be encouraged despite their disadvantaged position in global capitalist equation. The paper concluded that despite the fact that globalization and neo-liberalism favour the owners of big Corporations, mostly in advanced countries of the world, developing countries can still make some gains from international trade by looking inwards, rather than relying on foreign aids which have not been contributing in alleviating poverty and inequalities, but used to reward military and political allies and to promote private enterprise and unequal free trade.

Laclau, dependentistas and Eastern Europe

ABSTRACT This paper reconsiders an influential controversy within the Latin American development school and the possibilities of extrapolating it to Eastern Europe. It examines the relevance of Ernesto Laclau’s critique of Andre Gunder Frank’s theory of underdevelopment for the politics of development in Eastern Europe. The main controversy is about the processes through which capitalism generates underdevelopment in Latin America. The reframing of Laclau-Frank debate in a different historical and geographical context facilitates a different understanding of the political economy, economic history and development in the European periphery, but also throws a new light on the debate itself. This exercise of re-contextualisation helps reviving discussions about dependent and uneven development in Eastern Europe and provides important suggestions for enriching the research agenda on post-socialism. At the same time, it reveals the heuristic value of Laclau’s early work and of Frank’s theory of underdevelopment, but also their blind spots and un-reflected theoretical commitments.

A dimensão política do pensamento de Celso Furtado

Objetivo: o presente estudo tem por objetivo apresentar os trabalhos políticos de Celso Furtado enquanto parte integrante de sua teoria do subdesenvolvimento. Métodos: o método histórico do contextualismo linguístico serve de base para investigar os usos e significados atribuídos por Furtado à ideia de desenvolvimento, conceito aqui interpretado como conceito essencialmente contestado. Resultados: argumenta-se que Furtado, ao apontar a centralidade dos conflitos como fonte de democratização e do planejamento como meio de transformação social, se defrontou com tensões sociais que se transformaram em obstáculos políticos intransponíveis para o sucesso de suas estratégias de mudança através da política econômica. Embora essas tensões, segundo interpretes do período, tenham se expressado em sua obra numa igual tensão entre uma dimensão democrática e outra tecnocrática de seu pensamento, argumenta-se que a complexidade de sua obra revela a complexidade de um sistema político e econômico no qual Furtado forjou uma nova concepção de desenvolvimento econômico, expressa no conceito de subdesenvolvimento

"Formação econômica do Brasil" de Celso Furtado em três dimensões: história, economia e horizonte de expectativa

Objetivo: O presente artigo tem por objetivo oferecer aos leitores de Formação Econômica do Brasil um posfácio ao clássico de Celso Furtado de modo a enriquecer a primeira leitura e suscitar algumas provocações. Métodos: O texto combina análise de história das ideias e sociologia do conhecimento como métodos de análise. Resultados: Argumenta-se que Formação articula três problemáticas: da análise econômica do passado; da historicização das leis econômicas; e da teoria para a ação. Esta articulação resultou em contribuições originais em três domínios: no campo da historiografia, a caracterização do subdesenvolvimento como um fenômeno particular da civilização industrial; nas ciências econômicas, a proposição de uma teoria do subdesenvolvimento; e, no domínio das interpretações do Brasil, o padrão de crescimento econômico excludente e a questão regional para a integração nacional. Conclusões: Por fim, conclui-se que Furtado pretendeu construir um conhecimento sobre a realidade brasileira que não se apresentasse como forma de dominação.

Investigating Ethics in Sociocultural Literacy Studies

This conceptual article addresses theories of ethics in literacy studies. Here, ethics means people’s ways of defining, asking about, and living good lives. Although literacy researchers have paid some attention to ethics, they rarely theorize ethics overtly. To demonstrate the need for a clearer concept of the ethical dimension of literacy, this article shows how the author’s earlier study of activists’ literacies was limited by an underdeveloped theory of ethics. The article reviews ideas from recent work in the anthropology of ethics that can draw out and draw together literacy studies’ largely implicit concepts of ethics. Through this discussion, the article presents a clearer theory of the ethical dimension of literacy. The article concludes by using this new theory to study the ethics in the literacy practices of an LGBTQIA activist.

Traditionalism, as a factor in the development of Central Asian society (XIX-early XX centuries.)

After Uzbekistan gained state independence, one of the priorities of the national historical science was the task of re-creating the true history of the Uzbek people and their statehood at various stages of historical development. In the process of implementing this task, the introduction into scientific circulation and the objective interpretation of a new source material has become important. These include an extensive body of research devoted to a wide range of issues related to the development of the history of Central Asian society in different literature on its periodization. One of the important theoretical questions of our time is the question of the level of enlightenment and cultural development in the Central Asian states in the XIX - early XX centuries. In the European oriental studies of that period, the theory of “underdevelopment and stagnation” of Eastern societies became widespread. This position was dominant in the historical literature not only in the XIX - early XX centuries, but also of the whole subsequent time up to the beginning of the 90s. Proponents of the theory of underdevelopment and backwardness of Eastern society, one of the arguments in its favor said that it was their traditionalism. Probably it was because of ignorance or unwillingness to know more deeply the essence of relationships within this society made a mistake. After all, traditionalism, being a truly specific feature of Eastern society, was the force that preserved its achievements in the sphere of production and culture, spiritual values. Traditionalism was the source of continuity between generations. Thanks to him, architecture, literature, poetry, music, calligraphy, ornamentalism, etc., continued to live, for traditionalism never excluded the creative development of content within the traditional form. And it was precisely because of tradition that the successfully found solution was necessarily passed on to the next generation. Thus, the thesis that treats traditionalism as a factor constraining the development of Eastern society is wrong. It is possible to make an unequivocal conclusion about what to call ignorant a society in which lively trade was conducted, there was a well-organized system of Muslim education, excellent experts in various fields of human activity, for centuries formed traditions both in the industrial and spiritual-moral spheres, means to go to cut with the historical truth.

Team tenure and team performance: A meta‐analysis and process model

AbstractTeam tenure is a key component of models of team effectiveness. However, the nature of the relationship between team tenure and team performance is unclear due to underdeveloped theory on the nature of team tenure, various unintegrated theoretical conceptualizations of team tenure, and mixed empirical findings. Further, there is a lack of theory as to the intervening team processes and emergent states that account for the “black box” of the team tenure–team performance relationship. Accordingly, we conducted meta‐analyses of the relationships of team tenure with team processes and performance. Our results, based on 622 effect sizes reported in 169 studies, show that team tenure, conceptualized as additive team tenure, collective team tenure, and team tenure dispersion, is positively related to team performance. Relative weights analysis found additive team tenure to be a relatively more important predictor of team performance than collective team tenure or team tenure dispersion. We found that team cognition, motivational‐affective states, and behavioral processes mediate the relationships of additive team tenure, collective team tenure, and team tenure dispersion with team performance, respectively. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and practice.

Hyletic Phenomenology and Hyperobjects

Abstract In this paper, I attempt to argue alongside Clayton Crockett that Timothy Morton’s hyperobjects can be extended to encompass every object, not merely those that are large in comparison to human beings. However, unlike Crockett who uses the works of Derrida and Lacan to achieve this goal, I turn to Husserl’s underdeveloped theory of hyletic phenomenology and hyle. Despite Husserl’s articulation of hyletic phenomenology ending as quickly as it is announced, I argue that three lessons can be learned from what Husserl does have to say about hyle. Specifically, hyle is non-intentional, it is co-constitutive of intentionality, and hyle contains the possibility of broadening our traditional understanding of objects. Taken together, I suggest that Husserl’s understanding of hyle caries considerable overlap with both Crockett and Morton’s understanding of hyperobjects.

Imperialism and Hunting

Hunting is an essential part of socio-economic life for Indigenous peoples worldwide. For many, it allows for cultural continuity and is a source of partial or full income. This article intends to explore how hunting practices have been impacted by European imperial views of “progress” over the past 400 years, and how perceived progress can be destructive to some aspects of social life. To do this, the place of Indigenous hunting practices in global processes is examined. From the 17th century fur trade, to the fall of fur, recent anti-fur campaigns and environmental movements, ‘Western’ views on fur and hunting have grounded Indigenous practices in the global economy. This is seen through the application of world-systems and underdevelopment theory.

Fissures of a Blue Revolution: The Ramponkars’ Response to Mechanised Fishing in Goa

This article is a critique of the project modernity from the vantage point of an indigenous occupational community of Goa which for centuries has been pursuing sustainable livelihood practices. It revolves around the traditional occupation of fishing in the context of modernist threat it faces. Informed by the theoretical insights provided by Frank’s theory of development of underdevelopment, this article argues that our understanding of environmental change as a social process is inextricably linked with the expansion and contradiction of the world economic system. While delineating Frank’s theory of underdevelopment as theoretical support, it captures the indigenous knowledge systems of the fishing community of Goa, highlighting its ecological sensitivity. It then addresses the changes that have affected this community in the wake of enforced modernisation and development. It specifically focuses on the social movements carried out by the traditional fishermen of Goa in an attempt to protect their traditional fishing practices.

Underdevelopment theory: a conceptual clarification

This paper examines the theoretical exposition of underdevelopment based on content analysis and qualitative techniques. The paper argues that underdevelopment in the third world nations resulted from the negative effects of colonialism and neocolonialism i.e., exploitation of mineral resources of colonies, unequal terms of trade, imposition of foreign rule and dubious activities of multinational corporations. The adoption of adjustment programmes by the third world nations has contributed immensely to their underdevelopment. However, there are internal dimensions to development of underdevelopment in the third world nations such as widespread corruption, prebendalism, personalization of power, poor leadership and lack of good institutions to discharge social responsibilities efficiently and effectively. Thus, unless corruption is controlled to the barest minimum, good leadership installed and exploitative tendencies of international capitalist system controlled through a regulated capitalism, the third world nations would continue to be underdeveloped.Keywords: Underdevelopment, development, third world nations, dependency

Colonialism and the underdevelopment of Abuja Area of Nigeria

The paper examined how colonialism led to the underdevelopment of Abuja area of Nigeria. It relied on written sources, archival materials and oral interviews conducted in the area between 2005 and 2009. The materials were subjected to textual and contextual analysis before use. The theories of development and underdevelopment form the frame work of analysis in the paper. In the pre-colonial period, the economic activities of the people of Abuja area were very diverse. While some were farmers, others were engaged in trading, manufacturing, processing of agricultural produce, cloth weaving and dyeing. The diversity of economic activities stimulated trade not only within the area but also between the people and the neighbouring settlements. Colonialism destroyed their socio-economic initiatives and gave them nothing in return. In the first place, the industrial system of the area was destroyed. Again, the British colonial government neglected the area in the provision of socio-economic amenities and infrastructure such as roads, water, schools, and hospitals. It was in this regard that abject poverty reined in the area up 1976 when the capital of the country was relocated there.Keywords: Colonialism, Development, Underdevelopment, Manufacturing, Socio-economic, Amenities, Infrastructure

The Mathematics of Dispatchability Revisited

Dispatchability is an important property for the efficient execution of temporal plans where the temporal constraints are represented as a Simple Temporal Network (STN). It has been shown that every STN may be reformulated as a dispatchable STN, and dispatchability ensures that the temporal constraints need only be satisfied locally during execution. Recently it has also been shown that Simple Temporal Networks with Uncertainty, augmented with wait edges, are Dynamically Controllable provided every projection is dispatchable. Thus, the dispatchability property has both theoretical and practical interest. One thing that hampers further work in this area is the under-developed theory. The existing definitions are expressed in terms of algorithms, and are less suitable for mathematical proofs. In this paper, we develop a new formal theory of dispatchability in terms of execution sequences. We exploit this to prove a characterization of dispatchability involving the structural properties of the STN graph. This facilitates the potential application of the theory to uncertainty reasoning.