Uncontrollable Force Research Articles

An actively compliable probing system

A new probing mechanism and an associated active compliance control algorithm have been developed for in-circuit test of a PCB (printed circuit board). Commercially available robotic probing devices are incapable of controlling contact force generated when a rigid probe contacts with a solder joint at high speed. This uncontrollable excessive contact force often makes some defects on the surface of the solder joint, which is plastically deformable over some limited contact force. This force also makes unstable contact motions resulting in unreliable test data. To overcome these problems, we propose a serially connected macro and micro manipulator equipped with active compliance capability for safe and reliable in-circuit test. Moreover, with this probe the depth of penetration onto a solder joint can be regulated after contact. This article describes the design characteristics, modeling, and control scheme of the newly proposed devices. The comparison of conventional passive compliance and force feedback control methods with the proposed control scheme for the contact force control is presented. The results obtained from a series of experiments clearly show the effectiveness of the proposed system.

Root Metaphors in Accounts of Developing Romantic Relationships

This study was undertaken in an attempt to complement extant approaches to our understanding of how parties make sense of their developing romantic relationships. A metaphor analysis was undertaken of 106 interview transcripts, finding three root metaphors that dominated the data: relationship development as work, relationship development as a journey of discovery and relationship development as an uncontrollable force. In addition, four secondary root metaphors were identified: relationship development as danger, relationship development as organism, relationship development as economic exchange and relationship development as game. These seven root metaphors were subsequently reduced through cluster analysis to four groups: work-exchange, journey-organism, force-danger and game. These four groups are posited as folk-logics which relationship parties use to make sense of their relational experiences.

タァズィーエ考

Ta'zieh (passion play or representation of the tragedy of Kerbala), which is the religious practice peculiar to Shi'ism, in particular Twelver Imami Shi'ism in Iran, is said to have reached its zenith in the 19th century of Qajar Iran. We could observe in this practice two conspicuous yet rather contradictory characteristics; one is uncovered orgiastic eruption of religious passion and the other peacefully festive expectation.In this paper, present author will make an attempt to analyze this contradictory features of Ta'zieh by referring to Ta'zieh (ritual mourning specifically for the Imams and their family) in the period betweenca. 1885-1906 and 'Azadari (mourning for the deceased in general) during the Constitutional Revolution, thus comparing the two to find their correlationship.Despite the fact that frequent eruptions of unusual religious feelings were its concomitant, generally annual Ta'zieh-dari seems to have been performed more or less under control, whether self-imposed or imposed by authority, thus creaitng a peacefully festive atmosphere.Contrary to this, 'Azadari, when it was peformed under socially, economically and politically stressed conditions, could easily be trans-formed into uncontrollable force vis-a-vis unjust govermnent. Here 'Azadari was carried out just as if it were truely the Kerbela event. This transformative process took place chiefly because the participants of 'Azadari had been acquainted with the main themes of Ta'zieh through annual Ta'zieh-dari.The occasion of Ta'zieh-dari was the one in which the people were, whether consciously or unconsciously, “educated” to be good Twelver Imdmi Shi'i believers. Indeed its visual and auditory representation must have been of great effect. Under the critical historical circumstances those who had been “educated” in this occasion and imbued with the basic principle of the religion could easily turn into the warriors of “Holy War” with Imam Hosein against the enemy of faith.

Citizen Demands and Government Response

Social science like motorcars, hemlines and slang is subject to the vicissitudes of fashion. The 'in' thing, at one time, was to relate everything to Riesman's s curve and the other-directed personality; other periods were intrigued by Rostow's stages of economic growth, Hartzian fragment theory, Lijphart's consociationalism, or Bell's end of ideology. At the present time one of the mind-catching concerns stresses the so-called ungovernability of democracies and the related demand overload. Most of these new perspectives have contributed to our understanding of social reality but none has provided completely satisfying insights the recent agonizing over stresses in democratic polities being no exception. The 'demand overload' thesis must therefore be examined and evaluated although, as I shall argue, it is not a completely persuasive perspective on our current discontents. The anxieties, jeremiads, philippics, and wails take innumerable forms and seem, at times, themselves to overload the mind with burdens of unrelieved gloom. A thesaurus of the Cassandra-like chorus would have to include at least the following ideas: post-industrial society in the liberal democracies of the '7os is marked by a lack of purpose, an absence of community spirit, and a declining legitimacy of private and public authority. Technology has become a selfgenerating, uncontrollable force which has triggered a mindless, massive consumption of resources which if it continues unchecked, will drag mankind towards certain disaster. Citizens, partly because of the expansion of educational opportunities and growing affluence, incessantly generate ever more numerous and vehemently articulated demands, the satisfaction of which is either impossible because of the unavailability of resources or because it requires a level of social control that people are no longer willing to accept.

Occlusal Equilibration in Relation to Orthodontic Treatment: Equilibration as a Postretention Measure

1. The purported explanation for the need to equilibrate appears to be so true and obvious that scarcely anyone inquires whether it represents the actual conditions as we find them. 2. We must differentiate between the total force of mastication and the minimum force required by each tooth to penetrate the food. 3. The total force of mastication may vary between wide limits, but the minimum force required by each tooth to penetrate food remains sensibly the same for the same character of food. 4. The occlusal requirements for full artificial dentures are different from those of the natural dentition, which need not be balanced on both sides to enable the patient to masticate. 5. There appears to be a fallacious type of reasoning applied to the question of equilibration, which is based on the unverified premise that the force of mastication must be distributed to a maximum number of teeth. 6. To begin the closing phase of the masticatory cycle with a single pair of functioning teeth is an advantage. 7. All teeth are endowed with a sensitive tactile sense which prevents the repeated overloading of any tooth during function. 8. In the event that the lingual cusps of the molars and premolars are made to function simultaneously with the buccal cusps by equilibration, then the load on each tooth will be doubled. This is contrary to the basic concept of equilibration. 9. At the end of each masticatory cycle (centric relation), the total force of mastication is delivered to the dentition. This force is uncontrollable, and must be distributed between as many teeth as possible. 10. If this total uncontrollable force is delivered to a single pair of teeth, the repeated impact will have a traumatic effect on those teeth. 11. Equilibration of teeth in function, therefore, is not only unnecessary but it is inadvisable. The total force of mastication, however, must be distributed to as many teeth as possible in terminal closure. 12. Before equilibrating completed orthodontic cases in centric relation, every effort must be made to correct all interferences by means of a positioner. 13. Equilibration of orthodontic cases should not be attempted until several years after retention, and even at that time with caution.