Unbalanced Response Research Articles

Differentiating Rotor Response Due to Radial Rubbing

Among the factors leading to destructive instability of rotors in high-speed, high-performance turbomachinery is excessive rubbing between rotating and stationary parts. Although in many designs this is intentional, such as tight-fitting turbine tip seals, uncontrolled contact can be disastrous. This paper proposes a mathematical rationale of rubbing identification; defines the limits between benign contact and the initiation of a destructive instability based on harmonic spectral data; correlates the results with industry experience, published findings, and extensive laboratory tests; and details the response format of diagnostic data in actual cases. This detection methodology aids in making practical testing decisions based on a reliable indication of the operating condition. Criteria are presented to infer rubbing related to simple unbalanced response and to differentiate it from bearing deadband effects.

Succinylcholine, cholinoceptors and catecholamines: proposed mechanism of early adverse haemodynamic reactions.

An hypothesis is proposed to account for the occurrence of adverse haemodynamic reactions to succinylcholine. Interaction of succinylcholine with cholinergic receptors is postulated to result in release of endogenous catecholamines (predominantly norepinephrine). The occurrence and the clinical manifestations of the adverse reactions would be dependent on the extent of the release. Based on literature reports of findings in experimental animals with nicotinic and muscarinic agents, a mechanism for the release of norepinephrine is outlined. Interaction of succinylcholine with muscarinic and nicotinic receptors is proposed to result in an initial activation which is followed by a phase of chemical insensitivity. Activation of the presynaptic nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic sympathetic terminals leads to a short-lasting release of norepinephrine. Activation of the presynaptic muscarinic receptors produces attenuation of the norepinephrine release. In the majority of patients these opposing actions are balanced and the net result is small, variable, and of little clinical importance. An unbalanced response leading to clinical manifestations can be expected if the two types of the presynaptic cholinoceptors are differentially activated.

A theory of natural selection incorporating interaction among individuals. III. Use of random groups of inbred individuals

The present series of studies attempts to accommodate interaction among individuals in evolutionary theory. The interaction phenomenon is characterized by two dimensions (direct and associate) of gene activity. For optimal selection results, a balance between the two dimensions must occur. In the first paper of the series, it was shown that random interactions resulted in an unbalanced selection response in that the direct, but not associate, effects were included in the expression for gene frequency change. The next three papers of the series (II, III and IV) were designed to determine whether or not selection with life-history models that involved non-random interactions would be useful in ameliorating the problem of selection balance. In the present study, non-randomness is generated by restricting interactions to inbred individuals. It is demonstrated that this form of non-random gene association within interacting genotypes does not improve selection balance. Thus restricting interaction to groups of inbred individuals does not result in the introduction of associate effects into the expression for gene frequency change. It is shown that inbreeding in the base population merely accelerates the unbalanced response normally occurring when selection operates on random, non-inbred individuals.

A theory of natural selection incorporating interaction among individuals. IV. Use of related groups of inbred individuals

The present series of papers attempts to accommodate interaction among individuals in evolutionary theory. The interaction phenomenon is genetically characterized by two dimensions (direct and associate) of gene activity. For optimal selection results, a balance between the two dimensions must occur. In the first paper of the series, it was shown that random interactions resulted in an unbalanced selection response in that the direct, but not associate, effects were included in the expression for gene frequency change. The next three papers of the series (II, III and IV) were designed to determine whether or not selection with life-history models that involved non-random interactions would be useful in ameliorating the problem of selection balance. In the present study, two kinds of non-random gene association are analyzed jointly by restricting interactions to related individuals that are derived from inbred base populations. The analyses are generalized to accommodate heterogeneous as well as homogeneous groups of interacting individuals. The joint contributions of inbreeding and consanguinity to selection response are analysed by use of the nine gene-identity parameters devised by Harris. It is demonstrated that consanguinity alone or in conjunction with inbreeding does improve selection balance. However, inbreeding alone does not. Also, the influence of inbreeding is not dependent on group size, whereas the influence of consanguinity is conditioned by the size of the group. Thus, by introducing associate effects into the selection process, the use of related groups can provide the genetical bases for the evolution of social behavior phenomena such as altruism.

A theory of natural selection incorporating interaction among individuals. II. Use of related groups

The present series of studies attempts to accommodate interaction among individuals in evolutionary theory. The interaction phenomenon is characterized by two dimensions (direct and associate) of gene activity. For optimal selection results, a balance between the two dimensions must occur. In the first paper of the series, it was shown that random interactions resulted in an unbalanced selection response. The expression for gene frequency change involved direct, but not associate, effects. The next three papers of the series (II, III and IV) are designed to explore the possibility that restricting interactions to certain non-random patterns may ameliorate the problem of selection balance. In the present study the interactions are restricted to related individuals in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A preliminary analysis in which interactions are restricted to full-sibs is made. This analysis is extended to the more general case in which interactions occur among related individuals of any class whose coefficient of relationship is measured by ‘ r’. The classical pairwise interaction results of Hamilton are verified and extended to include interactions among individuals in groups of arbitrary size, n. Restricting interactions to related individuals tends to improve the condition of selection balance. It does this by introducing associate effects into the expression for gene frequency change. The extent to which this is accomplished is a function of the coefficient of relationship ( r), and the number of interacting genotypes.

The syndrome of functional dysautonomia

A perspective on disease is proposed which treats the brain and psyche as part of the soma. The brain, operating as a computer, coordinates energy metabolism in all organs, modulating the organism's response to stress which results in a complex mixture of sympathetic, parasympathetic and endocrine drive governing behavior and host resistance. It is postulated that automatic activity in health maintains a balanced state of autonomic neurotransmission with behavioral responses varying according to the physiologic state of either sympathetic or parasympathetic dominance. The sympathetic system, irrespective of neurotransmitters involved, is defined as an action system which uses energy and the parasympathetic system is the opposing or balancing force. Genetic influences may create a greater state of sensitivity with one or other of these systems, thus governing behavior characteristics. The degree of dominance may be responsible for the unbalanced response to stress which will in turn have a major influence on the causation of organic disease. The state of reactivity within this system is influenced by the efficiency of the oxidative process which is in turn closely related to the quantity and quality of nutrition.

Unbalanced Response of a Large Rotor-Pedestal-Foundation System Using an Elastic Half-Space Soil Model

The unbalanced response of a large rotor-pedestal-foundation system using an elastic half space soil model was determined. The effective stiffness and damping terms between the foundation and soil were determined from the elastic half space soil model. The rigid body equations of motion of the foundation were derived subject to applied forces from the bearing-support structure and from the springs and dashpots representing the soil. An impedance matrix representing the relationship between the bearing-support structure forces and the corresponding displacements was then derived and matched with the finite element model of the turborotor system. The analytical results of this investigation were compared with test data from a recirculating gas fan at a power plant installation. There was very good agreement between the analysis and the test data. This is the first time a realistic coupling of rotor models and foundation-soil models has been accomplished. This method of analysis should be the basis for the design of rotor-bearing-foundation-soil systems.

A Finite Element Model for Distributed Parameter Turborotor Systems

A specific numerical calculation procedure is outlined for a general turborotor-bearing system in which distributed inertia and elasticity are consistently represented. Bearings are represented by up to sixteen linear cross coupled coefficients each for stiffness and for damping. Discrete (as well as distributed) masses are allowed. As an example, for stability analysis (free response) a non-dimensional parameter study is made for the special case of a simple rotor supported on two short (Ocvirk) fluid film bearings. A comparison of discrete and distributed parameter rotor representations shows that the discrete parameter model predicts onset of instability at a lower speed ratio and is, therefore, more conservative. For unbalanced response (forced response), comparison is made to Prohl’s method, which represents mass discretely. A considerable reduction in the number of degrees of freedom necessary for accurate system representation is observed with the finite element formulation.

Immunoprophylaxis of viral infections in childhood.

It appears that an ideal vaccine would be the one which closely simulates the immunologic events occurring during the course of natural infection. Natural infection through the natural portal of entry seems to induce serum as well as secretory antibody response. Live attenuated vaccine administered orally most closely resembles natural infection in eliciting a balanced immunologic response. However, parenteral immunization with inactivated vaccine may be complicated by unbalanced immune response stimulating the humoral system without any secretory antibody production. Current approaches in immunoprophylaxis of viral disease are thus directed at immune mechanisms which lead to uniform stimulation of only certain components of the immune system. Hopefully, this approach would lead to balanced immunologic responses rather than a situation of altered immunity and hypersensitivity. Further, the success which has been attained with the use of live attenuated vaccine, suggests that the development of local immunity at the primary portal of entry may eventually provide an effective means of eradication of pathogenic virus flora in any community.

Influence of explicit standards on judgments with unbalanced response scales.

In previous research (Weiss & Hodgson, 1963) , skewed distributions of response categories were shown to affect the absolute judgments of line-drawn squares by ptoducing a shift in the assignment of stimuli toward the segment of the scale which was overrepresented in the response system. The unbalanced scales had three categories on one side and only one on the other side of the midpoint interval. This effect was removed when a stimulus that was designated as an example of an average-sized square was shown from time to time, even though absolute judgments of the other stimuli were still required. In order to obtain a more sensitive and rigorous test of the potential influence of the unbalanced scale when a standard for judgment is available, it seemed desirable to carry out research in which Ss would serve in all conditions and, hence, intra-subject rather than inter-subject comparisons would be the basis of the analyses and in which the method of constant stimuli coupled with the rating-scale feature of the method of single stimuli would be used. Also, since the effect of the skewed scales when a middle standard is present might be evidenced only when discrimination is relatively poor, a more suitable test would require small stimulus differences between the standard and the immediately neighboring, series stimuli. Smdents (N = 27) at Hunter College judged the lengths of comparison lines thac were exposed one at a time in the window of a memory drum. A standard line, which represented the middle line o f the series, was shown for 2 sec. followed by a blank interval of 2 sec. and then a comparison line for 2 sec. From a complete set of 15 lines, forming an arithmetic progression from 13/16 in. to 3 3 /16 in., with 2/16 in. the constant addend, three partially overlapping subsets were formed; these comprised the lines designated 1-9, 4-12, and 7-15, in order of increasing length. Three response scales were used: a 3category balanced one, containing the categories + (larger), 0 (equal) , - (small e r ) ; and two 5-category unbalanced ones comprising +, 0, -1, -2, -3 or +3, +2, f 1 , 0, -. Nine different Graeco-Latin squares were formed. The cells represented the combinations of response scales with stimulus subsets; the columns, the order of the three combinations for any S; and the rows, Ss. Hence, each S was exposed to each scale and to each subset. Each set of lines with its assigned response scale was judged six times before the next combination was presented. Based on analyses of variance, there was no evidence rhat the nature of the scale had any differenrial effect on the number of stimuli judged smaller than, larger than, or equal to rhe standard, o r o n the size of stimulus iudged equal to the standard. This result was obtained whether the early trials, the later trials, o r all trials for a subset were examined, and whether only the responses to the three middle stimuli or to all stimuli were analyzed. Hence, the data confirm the outcomes of the research by Weiss and Hodgson (1963) and support their inference thac the effects of unbalanced scales are limited to situations where the average category of judgment is not held by some standard to a specified portion of the stimulus continuum.

Effects of Unbalanced Response Scales on Judgments of Social Stimuli

The general purpose of the research was to determine if scale judgments of certain social stimuli would be differentially affected by the distribution of scale categories constituting the response scale. Previous research (Weiss & Hodgson, 1963) had demonstrated such an effect on judgments of neutral, physical stimuli. Two experiments were therefore conducted in which 72 and 248 college students judged the social prestige of 40 occupations. Ss used one of four types of scales: a 3-category balanced scale (+, 0, −), a 7-category balanced scale (+3 to −3), a 5-category unbalanced minus scale (+, 0, −1, −2, −3), or a 5-category unbalanced plus scale (+3, +2, +1, 0, −). The non-discriminating plus and minus categories were to be used for occupations that were above or below the average in prestige, regardless of how far above or below they might be. The zero category designated those average in prestige. And the discriminating plus or minus categories represented degrees of prestige above or below the average. The data revealed significant effects of the scales on the typical social prestige of occupations assigned to the ‘average’ category of judgment. Relative to the balanced scales, the unbalanced ones induced a shift in the prestige value of the ‘average’ category in the direction of the single, non-discriminating category. Relative to the 7-category balanced scale, the 3-category one produced a shift in the direction of the non-discriminating plus side. The data were interpreted primarily in terms of relationships between implicit category standards, latitudes of categories, and the distribution of the judged stimuli.

Influence of unbalanced response scales on size judgments.

Influence of unbalanced response scales on size judgments.

Effect of external milieu on luminescence in Chaetopterus

In a previous paper some effects of anisosmotic and unbalanced salt solutions ontheluminescent responses of Chaetopterus variopedatus have been described (Nicol, 1952). Similar experiments have been carried out on polynoid elytra, andthe results are described elsewhere in this Journal, together with a brief review ofthe relevant scientific literature (Nicol, 1954b). The present experimentswere undertaken to investigate the effects of single salts in physiological concentrations, balanced by the addition of some inert substance, and to explain the possible mechanism of stimulation by hypo-osmotic solutions.