Ultraviolet Protection Ability Research Articles

Characterization and Anti-Ultraviolet Radiation Activity of Proanthocyanidin-Rich Extracts from Cinnamomum camphora by Ultrasonic-Assisted Method.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was employed to separate Cinnamomum camphora proanthocyanidin-rich extracts (PCEs). This extraction process was optimized by the Box-Behnken design, and the optimal conditions, on a laboratory scale, were as follows: an ethanol concentration of 75%, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 24 mL/g, an ultrasonic time of 39 min, and an ultrasonic power of 540 W. Under the obtained conditions, the PCE yield extracted by UAE was higher than that from heat reflux extraction and soaking extraction. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was employed to characterize the phloroglucinolysis products of the C. camphora PCEs, by which epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate were identified as the terminal units; epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate were recognized as extension units. The C. camphora PCEs possessed higher anti-ultraviolet activity in vitro compared with the commercially available sunscreen additive of benzophenone with respect to their ethanol solutions (sun protection factor of 27.01 ± 0.68 versus 1.96 ± 0.07 at a concentration of 0.09 mg/mL) and sunscreens (sun protection factor of 17.36 ± 0.62 versus 14.55 ± 0.47 at a concentration of 20%). These results demonstrate that C. camphora PCEs possess an excellent ultraviolet-protection ability and are promising green sunscreen additives that can replace commercial additives.

Designing of multifunctional graphene quantum dot-polyvinyl alcohol-polyglycerol luminescent film for fluorescence detection of pH in sweat

BackgroundWound infection, skin disease, renal failure, cancer, cystic fibrosis, and other pathologies may induce obvious pH changes in sweat. Thus, tracking skin pH changes can help monitor human health in a convenient manner. Owing to their biocompatibility, easy preparation, and sensitive response to pH changes, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have received increased attention in the optical detection of pH changes. However, their poor luminescent efficiency under visible light excitation and lack of functional diversification limit their application in skin pH monitoring. Therefore, the development of GQDs with excellent ultraviolet protection ability and antibacterial and luminescence performance is essential. ResultsFolic acid-, histidine-, and serine-functionalized boron-doped graphene quantum dots (FHSB-GQDs) were designed and synthesized via thermal treatment. The resulting FHSB-GQDs exhibit strong yellow fluorescence emission under excitation with 490-nm visible light and sensitive pH responsiveness. The peak fluorescence intensity linearly decreases with increasing pH from 4 to 9. Furthermore, the FHSB-GQDs were integrated with polyvinyl alcohol and polyglycerol to form a luminescent film via hydrogen bond interactions. The film exhibits high transparency, mechanical flexibility, ultraviolet protection ability, and antibacterial activity. The presence of polyvinyl alcohol and polyglycerol restricts the free movement of the FHSB-GQDs and improves fluorescence behavior. The film was successfully applied in an intelligent pH-sensing system for monitoring pH changes in human sweat. SignificanceThe graphene quantum dot–polyvinyl alcohol–polyglycerol luminescent film offers excellent transparency, mechanical flexibility, ultraviolet protection ability, antibacterial activity, and luminescence performance. It was successfully applied in an intelligent pH sensing system for the detection of pH changes in human sweat. This study provides a new strategy for the design and construction of wearable sensing systems for health monitoring, facial masks, and medical dressings.

Effect of metal organic framework on crystallization and ultraviolet protection ability of biobased PA5,6

Because of metal organic frameworks high surface area and good compatibility with polyamide 5,6(PA5,6), HKUST-1 was chosen as a nucleating agent and UV resistant agent for PA5,6 to improve its performances. The addition of HKUST-1 improves the crystallinity and crystallization rate of PA5,6 by increasing the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in PA5,6. In addition, after the addition of HKUST-1, PA5,6 has low ultraviolet (UV) transmittance and good UV resistance (ultraviolet protection factor is 15+) because the reflection, absorption, and scattering of UV light are enhanced by the effects of HKUST-1. Therefore, HKUST-1 is good nucleating agent for PA5,6 and enhances its UV resistance.

A new strategy for the preparation of polylactic acid composites with flame retardancy, UV resistance, degradation, and recycling performance

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the solutions to the white pollution and energy crisis. However, the using performance (such as flame retardant, weather resistance and mechanical properties) and recycling performance limit its wide application. In this work, a bio-based additive (PA-Fe-HBT) with core–shell structure is synthesized by tannins microspheres and phytic acid (PA). By the presence of 3 wt% PA-Fe-HBT, the limited oxygen index is increased to 25.5%, and the sample can pass UL-94 V-0 grade. At the same time, the mechanical properties of the composites remain good. Besides, the ultraviolet aging resistance and ultraviolet protection ability of the composite are significantly improved. The ultraviolet (UV) transmittance of PLA/3%PA-Fe-HBT sample shows a decrease of 99.97% compared with control PLA. More importantly, the chemical recycling of composites is promoted by PA-Fe-HBT in the absence of external heating. After a simple purification, 88% purity of lactic acid is obtained. It is believed that this work proposes an ingenious design strategy to prepare PLA/PA-Fe-HBT composites with flame-retardancy, UV resistance and chemical recycling performances.

Investigation on the Photodegradation Stability of Acrylic Acid-Grafted Poly(butylene carbonate-co-terephthalate)/Organically Modified Layered Zinc Phenylphosphonate Composites.

The application efficiency of biodegradable polymers used in a natural environment requires improved resistance to ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation. In this report, 1,6-hexanediamine modified layered zinc phenylphosphonate (m-PPZn), utilized as a UV protection additive for acrylic acid-grafted poly(butylene carbonate-co-terephthalate) (g-PBCT), was successfully fabricated and compared to the solution mixing process. Experimental data of both wide-angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the g-PBCT polymer matrix was intercalated into the interlayer spacing of m-PPZn, which was approximately delaminated in the composite materials. The evolution of photodegradation behavior for g-PBCT/m-PPZn composites was identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography after being artificially irradiated by a light source. The change of carboxyl group produced via photodegradation was used to show the enhanced UV protection ability of m-PPZn in the composite materials. All results indicate that the carbonyl index of the g-PBCT/m-PPZn composite materials after photodegradation for 4 weeks was extensively lower than that of the pure g-PBCT polymer matrix. These findings were also supported by the decrease in the molecular weight of g-PBCT after photodegradation for 4 weeks, from 20.76% to 8.21%, with the loading of 5 wt% m-PPZn content. Both observations were probably owing to the better UV reflection ability of m-PPZn. This investigation shows, through typical methodology, a significant advantage of fabricating the photodegradation stabilizer to enhance the UV photodegradation behavior of the biodegradable polymer using an m-PPZn compared to other UV stabilizer particles or additives.

Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticle-Embedded SiO2 Microspheres for UV Protection Applications

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces many serious health issues. Because of serious health concerns, there is an urgent need to develop UV filters with better efficacy and high safety. For this purpose, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are the most desirable materials due to their excellent UV protection abilities. The use of TiO2 as sunscreens has raised some concerns about potential risks due to the formation of TiO2-mediated free radicals. Herein, TiO2 nanoparticles have been successfully embedded in silica (SiO2) microspheres using the emulsion synthesis method. The as-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles embedded in silica microspheres have shown excellent UV protection ability. TiO2 nanoparticles embedded in silica microspheres suppress the photocatalytic properties compared to bare TiO2 nanoparticles, and these results indicate that TiO2-embedded silica microspheres are promising UV protection materials for sunscreen.

Fabrication Mechanisms of Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Ultraviolet Protection Ability in PVA Composite Film.

Lignin is an indispensable and essential compound present in plants. It is a renewable resource and a green alternative to traditional petroleum energy. The rational utilization of lignin can reduce the environmental damage caused by traditional industrial development. The preparation of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using the self-assembly method is one of the most favorable ways to achieve high value-added utilization of lignin. However, the process requires an in-depth understanding of the sphere-forming mechanism of lignin self-assembly and the interaction of self-assembly forces. We used the same raw materials and two different preparation methods to prepare LNPs. The results revealed that the variation in the order of the dropwise addition of lignin solution and deionized water produced LNPs with varying average sizes. The sphere-forming mechanisms of the two kinds of lignin nanoparticles were discussed for the preparation of UV-resistant polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymeric films. During lignin spherification, the faster the solution reaches the supersaturation state, the faster the spherogenesis rate is, the smaller the size is, and the narrower the particle size distribution is. The lignin micro/nanospheres are produced by exploiting the π–π bonding interactions in lignin itself. The lignin micro/nanospheres are then mixed with PVA to form a film to obtain a lignin–PVA composite film material with an anti-UV effect.

Role of Lignin Enriched Natural Sesbania aculeata (Dhaincha) Fiber for Ultraviolet Protection and Thermal Comfort of Woven Textiles

ABSTRACT Sesbania aculeata (Dhaincha), a lignocellulosic bast fiber, has been explored here as an ultraviolet blocker due to the presence of natural lignin of about 19% on its surface. Various woven fabrics are prepared with various dhaincha/jute-blended yarns as weft to measure ultraviolet (UV) protection ability, drying rate, and thermal conductivity. Effect of linear density of blended yarn, blend ratio, and pick density of the prepared fabrics on UV protection ability, drying rate, and thermal conductivity have been studied and optimized using 33 Box–Behnken response surface design. The optimum level of these parameters to obtain high UV protection, high drying rate, and high thermal conductivity are reported. The UV protection factor (UPF), drying rate, and thermal conductivity of the fabric are achieved as high as 92.68, 0.3589 ml/H, and 0.185754 W/mK, respectively. The presence of lignin in jute and dhaincha fibers is evidenced by FTIR study. This research work establishes the new application of dhaincha fiber in the field of textiles for UV protection and thermal comfort.

A Biocompatible and Sustainable Anti-ultraviolet Functionalization of Cotton Fabric with Nanocellulose and Chitosan Nanocomposites

For improving the ultraviolet (UV) protection property of cotton fabric and exploiting ecological cotton textiles, cotton fabric was modified with a kind of biocompatible and nontoxic of chitosan (CS)/nanocellulose (NCs) nanocomposites using a pad-dry-cure process. The effect of particle size of NCs on the morphology and property of CS/NCs cotton fabrics were carefully investigated by SEM, FTIR, and mechanical property, water wettability, UV protection and laundering durability analysis. The results revealed that the CS/NCs coated fabrics performed excellent UV protection ability as well as a good laundering durability. The UPF values of all the CS/NCs coated fabrics were much higher than that of untreated fabric even after 30 cycles of laundering. Moreover, the particle size of NCs had a negative effect on the UV protection ability of CS/NCs coated fabric. Meanwhile, coated with CS/NCs nanocomposites was benefit to enhance the mechanical property, and hydrophobicity of cotton fabric.

The Potential of Graphene Nanoplatelets in the Development of Smart and Multifunctional Ecocomposites.

Graphene and its derivatives have shown outstanding potential in many fields and textile/composites industry are not an exception. Giving their extraordinary properties, Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) are excellent candidates for providing new functionalities to fibers and composites. In this work, natural fabrics (flax) were functionalized with chitosan (CS) based polymeric formulations of GNPs to develop fibrous systems with electrical properties as well as other functionalities. One of the greatest disadvantages of using carbon-based materials for fabrics’ impregnation is their difficult dispersion. Therefore, several polymers were used as matrices, binding and dispersive agents including chitosan, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and glycerol. All the systems were characterized using several techniques that demonstrated the presence and incorporation of the GNPs onto the composites. Besides their characterization, considering their use as smart materials for monitoring and sensing applications, electrical properties were also evaluated. The highest value obtained for electrical conductivity was 0.04 S m−1 using 2% of GNPs. Furthermore, piezoresistive behavior was observed with Gauge Factor (GF) of 1.89 using 0.5% GNPs. Additionally, UV (ultraviolet) protection ability and hydrophobicity were analyzed, confirming the multifunctional behavior of the developed systems extending their potential of application in several areas.

Enhanced Photodegradation Stability in Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composites Using Organically Modified Layered Zinc Phenylphosphonate.

The enhancement of the ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation resistance of biodegradable polymers can improve their application efficacy in a natural environment. In this study, the hexadecylamine modified layered zinc phenylphosphonate (m-PPZn) was used as a UV protection additive for poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) via solution mixing. The results from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis of the m-PPZn indicated the occurrence of hexadecylamine intercalation. FTIR and gel permeation chromatography were used to characterize the evolution of the PBAT/m-PPZn composites after being artificially irradiated via a light source. The various functional groups produced via photodegradation were analyzed to illustrate the enhanced UV protection ability of m-PPZn in the composite materials. From the appearance, the yellowness index of the PBAT/m-PPZn composite materials was significantly lower than that of the pure PBAT matrix due to photodegradation. These results were confirmed by the molecular weight reduction in PBAT with increasing m-PPZn content, possibly due to the UV photon energy reflection by the m-PPZn. This study presents a novel approach of improving the UV photodegradation of a biodegradable polymer using an organically modified layered zinc phenylphosphonate composite.

Fabrication and Characterization of Lignin Particles and Their Ultraviolet Protection Ability in PVA Composite Film.

Recently, lignin utilization in advanced applications has gained much interest. Due to the limitation of the current use of standard lignin, lignin particles have recently gained attention in overcoming the challenge. In this work, the spherical lignin particles obtained from organosolv lignin (OL) were prepared using the dialysis method with tetrahydrofuran (THF) or ethanol as the solvent. From the result, it was found that the types of lignin and solvent, initial lignin concentration, and stirring rate strongly affected the size of fabricated particles. Moreover, the preparation of lignin particles using THF as a solvent showed more uniform and symmetric spherical lignin particles. The stability of the particle dispersion was examined under various pH conditions. Moreover, lignin samples were also introduced into the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for the production of ultraviolet (UV)-blocking composite film. Mechanical and optical properties of composite film were also observed. As a result, the prepared lignin–PVA composite film showed great ultraviolet (UV) protective potential in both UVA and UVB regions.

Advantages of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts over just baicalin in the ultrasonically assisted multi-functional treatment of linen fabrics

Recently plant extracts with intrinsic properties of green, safe and eco-friendly were more often integrated with textiles to endow the fabric with multi-functions such as anti-microbial, anti-oxidation and anti-ultraviolet. Therefore, it is worthwhile to study the role of active constituents in plant extracts on the functionalization of textiles. Herein, Scutellaria baicalensis (chinese skullcap) extracts (SBE) and its main active ingredient, baicalin, were effectively combined with linen fabric by means of impregnation and ultrasonic treatment respectively. The treated linen fabrics were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, DTG analysis and the relevant functions such as anti-microbial activity, antioxidant activity and ultraviolet protection ability as well as durability of functionalities were also comparatively assessed. It was found that even with the same content of baicalin, the corresponding functions of the linen fabric treated by SBE are obviously better than treated by baicalin. The advantages of the SBE over just baicalin on the functionalization of linen fabric was analyzed and verified by experiments. The conclusion of this work will guide the quantitative addition of plant extracts on textile functional treatment.

Incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles in cotton textiles for ultraviolet light protection and antibacterial activities

The textile materials functionalized with nanostructures have proven to be useful for many applications, such as antimicrobial, ultraviolet (UV) light protection, and self-cleaning substrates. The objective of this research is to synthesize and characterize zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) for the applications of UV absorbers and antibacterial activities. ZnO NPs were synthesized at different temperatures and reaction media of water (S-1) and 1,2-ethanediol (S-2) using precipitation and in situ methods on the surface of cotton fabric. The average crystalline size of the ZnO NPs estimated from the Debye Scherrer formula was found to be 32 and 26 nm for S-1 and S-2, respectively. The morphology of ZnO NPs characterized by scanning electron microscope revealed that agglomerated nanostructures were homogeneously formed on the fabric surface for S-1 and S-2; on the other hand, bundle-/flower-like particles having different sizes were observed for synthesis using an in situ method. The UV protection ability of ZnO NPs coated on textiles was investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy by measuring the UV protection factor (UPF) in the range of 280–400 nm. Higher values of UPF were obtained for ZnO NPs prepared using an in situ method. The UPF value obtained by this method was found to be 320, which demonstrates its excellent ability to block UV radiation. The antibacterial activities of ZnO NPs synthesized by the two methods possess very good bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria demonstrated by the zone of inhibition.

Preparation and Characterization of Antioxidative and UV-Protective Larch Bark Tannin/PVA Composite Membranes.

In order to prepare functional materials for antioxidant and ultraviolet (UV)-protective green food packaging, condensed tannin, previously extracted from larch bark, was mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and then the mixture was used to cast composite membranes. An antioxidative assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)—a free radical scavenger—and starch–potassium iodide oxidation–discoloration analyses showed that the composite membranes have good antioxidative activities. The low UV transmission and protective effect of the composite films on vitamin E indicated the UV protection ability of the composite membranes. Both larch bark tannin and PVA are rich in hydroxyl groups; scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated their compatibility. Also, the mechanical and crystallization properties of the composite membranes did not significantly decrease with the addition of larch bark tannin.

Bioactive and UV protective silk materials containing baicalin — The multifunctional plant extract from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

There has been a phenomenal increase in the research and development of new health and hygiene-related textile products. This work reports a novel approach to develop antibacterial, antioxidant and UV-protective silk using an adsorption technique of baicalin (a bioactive ingredient from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi). Baicalin displayed high adsorption capability at pH2.75, contributing to the sufficient functionalities on silk. The equilibrium adsorption research showed that the Langmuir isotherm was able to describe the behavior of baicalin, indicating the electrostatic interactions between the ionized carboxyl groups in baicalin and the positively charged amino groups in silk. The treated silk with 2% owf (on the weight of fiber) baicalin exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, high antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and very good ultraviolet protection ability comparable to that of the commercial benzotriazole ultraviolet absorber. The baicalin treatment had no obvious impact on the functional groups, crystal structure and surface morphology of silk. The functionalities of the treated silk obviously declined after first laundering cycle and slowly decreased in the following washing cycles. Encouraging results demonstrate that the baicalin-functionalized silk is a promising material for protective clothing and medical textiles.

Surface functionalization of nanostructured LaB6-coated Poly Trilobal fabric by magnetron sputtering

Nanostructured LaB6 films were deposited on flexible Poly Trilobal substrates (PET textiles) through direct current magnetron sputtering in order to broaden its applications and realize surface functionalization of polyester fabrics. Characterizations and performances were investigated by employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometer. Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) conducted by the integral conversion was employed to measure the ultraviolet protection ability. As expected, the growth of LaB6 film depending on the pressure variation enhanced UV-blocking ability (UPF rating at 30.17) and absorption intensity of the textiles.

Ultraviolet protection cotton fabric achieved via layer-by-layer self-assembly of graphene oxide and chitosan

Cotton fabrics with robust ultraviolet protective property can be facilely prepared by depositing graphene oxide (GO) and chitosan (CS) upon fabric substrate via the electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly approach. The structure and morphology of the resultant fabrics were characterized by SEM, AFM, FTIR, XPS and dyeing color depth (K/S value), and the ultraviolet (UV) blocking properties were also further investigated. As expected, the UV protection ability was evaluated with Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF), and the cotton fabrics deposited with GO and CS showed more than 40-fold increase with a UPF value of 452 than that of control cotton (UPF rating at 9.37). Moreover, the LbL deposited fabric showed excellent washing durability even after 10 times water laundering.

HIGHPERFORMANCE&COLOUR STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF BAMBOO/POLYESTER BLENDEDWOVEN FABRICS

In this work, theHigh performance &colour strength Behaviourof bamboo & polyester woven fabrics have bstudied in relation to weave and % of component fibers in the blends. The object ive was to determine the influence of fabric factor s such as weave and the constituent fiberscharacteristics on the fabric properties such as anti-bacterial activity, ultra-violet protection ability, dye take up and capillarity havebeen studied. The experimental results show tha t 2/30s bamboo in warp way of twill woven fabric ex hibits higher anti-bacterial activity, ultra-violet protection ability , dye take up and c apillaritywhen compared to other samples

Immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles on PET fabric modified with silane coupling agent by low temperature hydrothermal method

PET fabric was first modified with silane coupling agent KH-560, and then was loaded with a layer of nano-scaled TiO2 particles using tetrabutyl titanate as precursor by low temperature hydrothermal method, followed by dyeing with Disperse Blue 56. The morphology, crystalline phase, chemical modification, thermal stability and optical property of PET fiber before and after treatments were studied by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric and diffuse reflectance spectrum techniques. The properties of tensile, air permeability, luster, ultraviolet (UV) protection, photocatalytic activity, K/S value and color fastness were also measured. It was found that compared with the TiO2-coated fabric without modification with KH-560, the loading of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of the TiO2-coated fabric modified with KH-560 was obviously improved. The pure anatase TiO2 nanoparticle was grafted onto the fiber surface. The onset decomposition temperature increased. The absorbing capability to ultraviolet radiation was enhanced. The properties of tensile, air permeability, luster, K/S value and color fastness changed slightly. The UV protection ability and photodegradation of methyl orange under UV illumination were enhanced to some extent.