Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Of Oil Research Articles

Advances in seed oil extraction using ultrasound assisted technology: A comprehensive review

AbstractThe application of ultrasonic assisted extraction to extract seed oils for multifaceted food applications is discussed in this study. Seed oils, which are notable sources of health‐promoting characteristics and reservoirs of fatty acids and phytochemicals, are being targeted for effective extraction. Conventional techniques of oil extraction, including mechanical pressing and rendering, have limitations such as low extraction rate, high energy consumption, and low yield. In this context, ultrasonic assisted extraction is green and fast oil extraction technology with a greater extraction rate and low energy consumption. Ultrasound assisted oil extraction is mostly used technique since it is environmentally friendly and can be easily integrated with other extraction processes. Ultrasound‐aided extraction uses less solvent than traditional extraction methods. In this process, cavitation bubbles form in the solvent and burst, causing changes in pressure and temperature that expedite the mass transfer of solutes into solvent. The miscella, including the solvent and oil mixture, is then desolventized using evaporators, followed by steam‐stripping to remove the extracted oil. The current review paper discusses the characteristics of ultrasonic extractions for efficient oil extraction (extraction duration, ultrasound frequency, temperature, solvent employed, and ultrasound type). The conventional and non‐conventional oil extraction methods from sources have been examined in this article, in addition to the ultrasound assisted extraction. Along with traditional and advanced oil extraction techniques, the use of ultrasonication in conjunction with other cutting‐edge techniques is covered in this article.Practical applicationsUltrasound assisted oil extraction extracts oil from vegetables, oilseeds, and nuts by using a suitable carrier. The key parameters influencing ultrasound aided extraction of oilseed include particle shape and size, moisture content of seed, amount of solvent, and extraction time/temperature. The ultimate extraction yield is influenced by the extraction time, operating frequency, operational temperature, solvent type, and proportion, and ultrasonicator design. This technique consumes less energy and requires less maintenance. It is quite efficient and reliable. On this basis, ultrasound aided extraction may be utilized commercially to increase oil extraction rate from oil seeds.

Pomegranate Fruit Quality and Seed Drying Method: Effect on the Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of the Extracted Oil

The study presents a comparative investigation of the composition and bioactivity of oil extracted from pomegranate seeds of sun-burned fruit (SB) and healthy fruit (HF) for the value-adding potential of pomegranate fruit waste. Seeds from SB and HF were independently freeze dried, sun dried, and oven dried before ultrasound-assisted oil extraction using petroleum ether. The extracted oil was analysed for yield, refractive index, ρ-anisidine value, total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging ability, antimicrobial activity, tyrosinase enzyme inhibition ability, and fatty acid composition. The results showed that oven dried seeds, regardless of fruit quality, yielded the highest oil (20.85–24.70%, dry weight). Regardless of the seed drying method, oil from the seeds of SB exhibited the highest TPC (1.48–2.84 mgGAE/g PSO) than oil from the seeds of HF. The oil from oven dried and freeze dried seeds of SB were more effective in scavenging the DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 34.77 and 39.97 µg/mL, respectively. All the oil samples showed good ability to inhibit tyrosinase enzyme regardless of fruit quality and seed drying method, with monophenolase and diphenolase IC50 ranging between 0.31 and 0.49 mg/mL and 0.64 and 2.43 mg/mL, respectively. Irrespective of the drying method, oil extracted from HF seeds exhibited greater antimicrobial potency against the tested bacteria. The fatty acid composition of the oil samples was neither affected by fruit quality and seed drying method. Generally, all oil samples exhibited high levels of punicic acid (81.21–82.68%) and low omega 6 to omega 3 ratios (0.19–0.37%), suggesting that the oil samples were healthy. Principal component analysis (PCA) established that freeze dried seeds of SB is an excellent source of oil with higher TPC, punicic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio. It can be concluded that the seed from SB is a good raw material for oil that can be utilised in cosmetic products formulation.

Sustainable valorization of seeds from eight aquatic plant species as a source of oil and lipophilic bioactive compounds

Potential biomass valorization of aquatic plant seeds of eight species was studied. Merremia emarginata (Convolvulaceae), Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae), Schoenoplectus articulatus (Cyperaceae), Cleome viscosa (Cleomaceae), Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae), Rorippa palustris (Brassicaceae), Ludwigia parviflora (Onagraceae), and Hygrophila auriculata (Acanthaceae) were investigated for their oil yield and their lipophilic bioactive compound composition. The ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil followed by GC and HPLC analyses was applied for the determination of bioactive compounds. The oil yield ranged from 1.7 to 29.1%, in N. nucifera and H. auriculata, respectively. The studied species differed significantly with respect to the composition of fatty acids and bioactive compounds (statistically assessed). Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were the predominant group of fatty acids (74–88%) in the investigated samples. Four species were mainly comprised of γ-tocopherol (88–99%) (M. emarginata, C. viscosa, I. purpurea, L. parviflora), while the other four studied samples were dominated by γ-tocotrienol (72%) in N. nucifera, β-tocotrienol (72%) in S. articulates, α- and γ-tocopherol (49% and 41%, respectively) in R. palustris, and α-tocopherol (91%) in H. auriculata. β-Sitosterol was the main sterol (46–69%) in the majority of studied species, with the exception of H. auriculata, in which Δ5-stigmasterol (50%) dominated. Considerable levels of campesterol in each species (13–25%) were also recorded. Squalene was detected only in I. purpurea, R. palustris, and L. parviflora. The studied species were characterized by considerable quantities of carotenoids, tocochromanols, phytosterols, and squalene (0.6–6.9, 51–634, 292–2480, and 0–22 mg/100 g oil, respectively). Seeds of several studied aquatic species can be considered as an alternative source of oil and/or valuable lipophilic ingredients for industrial applications.

Ultrasound assisted extraction of oil from black cumin (Nigella sativa L.)

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed, also known as black seed, is an annual herb belongs to Ranunculaceae family. Black seed contains an ample amount of oil which can be extracted using various techniques and can be used in food and medicinal applications. In the present study, black cumin seed oil was acquired by ultrasound assisted extraction. The effects of different levels of ultrasonication power, extraction time, and solvent to solid ratio on the recovery of black seed oil were investigated. Black seed oil was extracted with different combinations of ultrasound power (150, 200, 250 W), treatment time (15, 30, 45 min) and solvent: solid ratio (10, 15, 20 ml/g). Box Behnken design of Response Surface Methodology was used to optimized the process parameters. As per the results, the highest oil recovery of 94.8% from black seed was attained at the ultrasound power of 200 W, ultrasound treatment time of 45 minutes and solvent to solid ratio of 1:20. Ultrasound assisted extraction enhanced the black seed oil recovery and reduced the extraction time as well.

Application of Osmotic Dehydration and Ultrasound to Enhance Hazelnut Oil Extraction

Hazelnut oil is a valuable product which can be used in various applications not limited to food processing, cosmetic product, and pharmaceutical industry. Traditionally, heating process is used to remove the moisture in various nuts and seeds prior to oil extraction stage in the industry which is relatively energy consuming. In this study, osmotic dehydration which is normally used as a pretreatment in fruit dehydration process was applied as a low-energy moisture removal method during the ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from hazelnut. The effects of ultrasound amplitude, concentration of osmotic solution, and dehydration time on the yield and characteristics of hazelnut oil obtained were investigated in this study. Concentration of osmotic solution and dehydration time showed more significant effects on water removal as compared with ultrasound amplitude. Higher oil yield of 93% was achieved with the introduction of osmotic dehydration as pretreatment without negative impacts on quality of oil as compared with 88% oil yield in extraction without dehydration aid. The values for quality of oil obtained were in the range of 25–40 g/100 g oil, 0.5–1.1 g/100 g oil, and 2–6 mEq/kg for iodine, free fatty acid, and peroxide values, respectively. All the values were in the range of edible oil standard. Therefore, osmotic dehydration is a promising pretreatment method to enhance oil yield during extraction process in food industry.

Synergism of clay with zinc oxide as nanocatalyst for production of biodiesel from marine Ulva lactuca

In the present work, Ulva lactuca, a marine macroalgae was used for the production of biodiesel. The ultrasound assisted extraction of oil from autoclaved algal biomass was found effective with maximum yield. The maximum oil was extracted at optimal conditions of 5% moisture content of algal biomass, 0.15 mm size of biomass, 6:1 solvent: solid ratio, at 55 °C in 140 min. The n-hexane with co-solvent methyl tertbutyl ether has shown higher oil when compared to other co-solvents. The extracted oil was transesterified into biodiesel using silica doped with zinc oxide as novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst. The maximum biodiesel yield of 97.43% was obtained at optimized conditions of 800 °C calcination temperature, 8% catalyst concentration, 9:1 methanol to oil ratio, 55 °C reaction temperature and 50 min reaction time. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction was also studied. The Ulva lactuca was found as a potential source for biodiesel production.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seed using various solvents

ABSTRACTThe present research analyzes the extraction of oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique under different operating conditions such as temperature, solvent type, and time. Three factors with three levels Box-Behnken response surface design was employed to optimize and investigate the effect of process variables on the response (oil yield). The independent variables showed significant effect on the extraction process. Interactive effects of the extraction process variables were analyzed by Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA), and second-order polynomial model was used to plot the 3D response surface plot. Optimum extraction conditions for the maximizing the extraction yield of oil (59%) was found to be: temperature of 35°C, solvent type of 2, and time of 20 min. FT-IR was used to analysis the oil. From the results, it can be concluded that the UAE is the effective technique to extract the oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seed.

Effect of oil extraction assisted by ultrasound on the physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo)

The effects of amplitude and time of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the physicochemical properties and the fatty acid profile of pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo) were evaluated. Ultrasound time (5–30min) and the response variables amplitude (25–100%), extraction yield, efficiency, oxidative stability in terms of the free fatty acids (FFA) of the plant design comprising two independent experiments variables, peroxide (PV), p-anisidine (AV), totox value (TV) and the fatty acid profile were evaluated. The results were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The time and amplitude showed significant differences (P<0.05) for all variables. The highest yield of extraction was achieved at 5min and amplitude of 62.5% (62%). However, the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were as follows: ultrasound time of 26.34min and amplitude of 89.02%. All extracts showed low FFA (2.75–4.93% oleic acid), PV (1.67–4.68meq/kg), AV (1.94–3.69) and TV (6.25–12.55) values. The main fatty acids in all the extracts were oleic and linoleic acid. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted oil extraction had increased performance and reduced extraction time without affecting the oil quality.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed Oil

In this work, ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from pomegranate seed was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The parameters studied for the optimization were solvent-to-solid ratio, temperature, and time of extraction. The conditions selected in accordance with the results obtained were solvent-to-solid ratio, 25 mL/g; temperature, 60 °C; and time, 20 min, which resulted in a yield of oil extraction of 27.99 %. The fatty acid composition of the pomegranate seed oil was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The yield of oil extraction and the fatty acid composition of optimized extraction method were compared with other conventional extraction methods. The results of gas chromatography analysis have indicated that few changes in fatty acid composition occurred between the extraction methods. The results indicated that the optimized extraction method using ultrasound is effective in extracting oil from pomegranate seed.

Integrated processes can turn industrial food waste into valuable food by-products and/or ingredients: The cases of olive mill and pomegranate wastes

Heavy food industry wastes present a constant threat to the environment and a serious operational problem for the respective food industries. While numerous research works are focused on the management of food wastes a lot of work has been done on several such wastes, process efficiency (i.e. extent of waste valorization) along with financial viability still remain serious drawbacks. This work deals with two difficult food wastes, the olive mill wastewater (OMW) and the pomegranate wastes (i.e. peels and seeds). It presents integrated approaches for complete utilization of these wastes in recovering valuable by-products and/or ingredients, while succeeding total depollution (zero waste). Specially designed fermentation, spray drying and encapsulation technologies were properly applied to OMW to produce a number of valuable by-products, such as olive paste spread or olive powder (to be included in food formulations) and encapsulated polyphenols. Clean water is the only remaining “waste stream” that can be reutilized in the olive mill plant, thus reaching total exploitation of the original OMW. In the case of pomegranate waste, an integrated approach is suggested for complete utilization of pomegranate seeds and peels based on ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil and phenolics from seeds and peels, respectively; optimized extraction is followed by isolated ingredient encapsulation using a suitable spray drying technique.

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Oil from Rice Bran: A Response Surface Methodology Approach

In the present study, ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from rice bran was investigated through response surface methodology (RSM), where process variables were amplitude level (50–100%) and sonication time (5-30 min). It was found that all process variables had significant (p<0.05) effects on the response variable. A central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the optimum process conditions. Optimal conditions were identified as 93% amplitude level and 26 min sonication time for maximum crude oil yield of 10.8%. It was found that oil yield by ultrasound-assisted extraction using ethanol as solvent was higher than that of the conventional method using hexane or ethanol as solvent. Furthermore peroxide value and free fatty acid values were comparable in all the extracted samples. GC-MS analysis confirmed that ultrasound treated samples had a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids compared to conventional extraction using hexane. It was also observed that solvent extraction using ethanol showed higher percentage of the unsaturated fatty acid compared to hexane as solvent. This study confirms that ultrasound assisted extraction using ethanol as solvent can retain maximum unsaturated fatty acid compared to conventional hexane extracted sample, which is a food grade solvent. Hence in conclusion ultrasound assisted extraction has the potential to replace the conventional solvent extraction.

Quantitative determination of oil content in small quantity of oilseed rape by ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with gas chromatography

Accurately quantitative determination of oil content in oilseed rape plays an important role in varieties breeding for improving oil content in seeds. However, large quantity of oilseeds were needed in order to obtain accuracy and precision results by using standard Soxhlet extraction method, which may be a handicap in analysis of small, rare and precious samples in plant breeding. In the present work, ultrasound-assisted extraction was evaluated as a simpler and more effective alternative to conventional extraction method for the isolation of oil from small quantity of oilseed rape (<20 mg). The oil of oilseed rape samples was extracted by ultrasound-assisted method, and then the fatty acids and total oil content of the seeds were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography (GC). Extraction efficiency of total oil obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction through an orthogonal experiment (L 9 (3 4)) were investigated to get the best extraction conditions. Statistical analysis showed that the variable with the largest effect was the ultrasound-assisted extraction time which was followed by the ultrasound-assisted extraction power, and the liquid:solid ratio. A liquid:solid ratio of 1:4 (L:g), an ultrasound-assisted extraction time of 60 min and an ultrasound-assisted extraction power of 500 W were found to be optimal for oil extraction from oilseed rape. By comparing with the conventional method, it was found that the ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from oilseed rape was about five times faster than the traditional extraction method. By the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with GC analysis, the fatty acids and total oil content in small quantity of seeds (<20 mg) were successfully qualitatively determined and the results are in agreement with that obtained by traditional standard method.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed

Flaxseed oil is the main component of the flaxseed and has many beneficial functions to human health. In this paper, the ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed is reported. The effects of some operating parameters such as ultrasonic power, extraction time, extraction temperature and solvent to solid ratio on the yield of flaxseed oil have been investigated and some of the results have been compared with that of conventional method. It has been found that ultrasound-assisted extraction requires a shorter extraction time and a reduced solvent consumption. The yield of flaxseed oil has been found to increase with the increase of the ultrasonic power and to decrease as the temperature is increased. Scanning electronic microscopy analysis was carried out on the flaxseed powder after the extraction. The images are powerful evidences to show the effect of ultrasound. The fatty acid compositions of the oils extracted by the ultrasound-assisted method and the conventional method have been analyzed using gas chromatography. It has been shown that the compositions of the flaxseed oils were not affected significantly by the application of ultrasound ( p > 0.05). The ultrasound-assisted extraction may be an effective method for lipid production.