Ultrasonic Velocity Values Research Articles

Prediction of Thermophysical Properties of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Propiophenone and Ethyl Acetate at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K

Density, viscosity, ultrasonic velocity and refractive index values of the binary liquid mixtures of propiophenone (PP) and ethyl acetate (EA) have been measured for the whole range of compositions at temperatures 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K. The variation of excess properties (VE, Δη, Δu, Δn, ΔZ, ΔβS, ΔLf, and G*E) with composition and temperature is discussed in the paper in terms of molecular interaction of components in the mixture. Redlich–Kister type polynomial has been used to fit the excess properties. A standard RSM design based on central composite design (CCD) has been applied to study the thermo physical properties of binary liquid mixtures as function of mole fraction and temperature. The molecular interaction between PP and EA has been analyzed by the excess properties along with the acoustic properties, and the developed equation can be used to calculate the thermophysical properties at various temperatures and compositions.

Effect of pH in aqueous (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose) polymer solution

The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been measured for the aqueous solution of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) at different concentration and pH using ultrasonic interferometer at a frequency of 2 MHz and at a constant temperature of 303 K for the entire composition. The various physical parameters were calculated from the measured values of ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) using the standard formula and the results are discussed in the light of molecular interaction present in the system. It is found that the ultrasonic velocity values increases with increase in concentration due to the solute – solvent interaction through hydrogen bonding. The increase in velocity near basic pH may be due to the fact that strong interaction between the water-HPMC solutions.

Study of ternary association of anti-microbial drug 1, 10-phenanthroline and α - amino acid with copper salt, an ultrasonic investigation of competitive interaction

Molecular interaction studies using ultrasonic technique and spectroscopic investigation in ternary liquid mixture of drug 1,10-Phenanthroline, an α- amino acid Glycine and a transition metal salt like CuCl2 in aqueous medium has been carried out at 300.15K and 2 MHz frequency. Using experimental values of density (ρ),ultrasonic velocity (U) and UV analysis, different acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β),intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (z),relative association (RA),apparent molar volume (V∅), apparent molar adiabatic compressibility (K∅) are evaluated for the mixture of drug, glycine and inorganic salt CuCl2 at various concentrations. The ultrasonic and spectroscopic investigation clearly shows coordinative association of drug as a ligand with transition metal salt. Further interaction of glycine as an α- amino acid indicates a competitive association in the ternary system. The outcomes were expressed in terms of molecular interactions and the variation in parameters under varying solute concentrations providing conclusive remarks regarding the strength of intermolecular interactions in the ternary system with a bio-physical novelty.Â

Reuse of copper slag in high-strength building ceramics containing spodumene tailings as fluxing agent

The recycling of industrial side streams is of interest for a sustainable use of resources and from an environmental perspective. This paper deals with the reuse of copper slag and spodumene tailings in the development of ceramic materials for potential application in construction. Copper slag included fayalite and magnetite as crystalline phases while spodumene tailings (quartz-felspar sand, QFS) mainly consisted of albite, quartz and microcline. Kaolin (10 wt%) was added as green strength increasing agent in some compositions and the prepared formulations were sintered between 950 and 1150 °C at 50 °C intervals. The phase composition was studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction using Rietveld refinement. Tests such as compressive and flexural strength, water absorption, apparent density and freeze thaw cycles were used to assess the material performances. The results showed that densification and strength development were mainly due to partial melting of QFS particles at 1050–1100 °C, leading to water absorption in the range 0.5–7 %. At 1100 °C, a high-performance compressive strength of 140 MPa was achieved with the formulation made fully of recycled materials (50 wt% copper slag and 50 wt% QFS) suggesting its suitability for high strength demanding materials such as load bearing bricks; values of ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength of these ceramics remained stable after 200 freeze thaw cycles, demonstrating their potential suitability as construction materials in severe weathering environments. Additionally, the leaching test proved a good encapsulation of heavy metals in these ceramics. These results are of interest for waste management and efficient use of resources.

Experimental and Theoretical Insights to Physicochemical Properties of Aqueous Solutions of 1, 2-Ethanediol and 1, 2, 3-Propanetriol at Different Temperatures

Water is designated as “Universal solvent” due to its physical and chemical attributes. Water becomes attracted to different types of molecules due to the polar arrangement of oxygen and hydrogen atoms having partial negative and positive charges. The density (ρ), ultrasonic velocity (U), viscosity (η) and refractive index (nD) of the aqueous solutions of 1, 2-ethanediol / 1, 2, 3-propanetriol have been determined at three different temperatures. Derived properties such molar volume (V), isentropic compressibility (ᵝs), acoustic impedance (Z) and free length (Lf) have been calculated using density, ultrasonic velocity and refractive index values at the measured temperatures. To evaluate various, inter and intra-molecular associations present in the systems, the excess properties (VE, ᵝsE, ZE, Lf E, ηE and ∆nD) are estimated. The excess values obtained experimentally have been fitted to the Redlich -Kister polynomial equation. Multiple linear regression and mixing rules have been adopted to calculate the viscosity and refractive index for the aqueous solutions at 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15K.

Study of intermolecular interaction of binary mixture of adrenaline and KOH

The Density and Ultrasonic Velocity of Adrenaline with KOH have been measured at different range of temperatures for different concentrations. Ultrasonic velocity and density values increases with increase in concentration. By using ultrasonic and volumetric data various parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance, available volume, molar volume, intermolecular free length, Rao’s constant, Wada’s constant, Van Der Waal Constant, relative intensity and effective molecular weight have been calculated. With rise in temperature the interaction between the solute and solvent particles increases, which is confirmed by available volume and intermolecular free length. The non-linear variations in Rao’s constant, Wada’s constant, Van Der Waal Constant and other parameters suggest the presence of complex formation or charge transfer interaction or dipole-dipole interaction or dispersive forces or maybe all in the solution.

A method for determining absolute ultrasonic velocities and elastic properties of experimental shear zones

Laboratory experiments are a vital tool for assessing elastic properties of rock and determining the underlying geomechanical processes that inform large scale, predictive models. In some cases, relative values of elastic properties are sufficient, but absolute values are necessary when comparing between locations and to address upscaling from lab to field settings. However, determining absolute values of ultrasonic velocity and elastic parameters in laboratory experiments is often complex and hampered by apparatus design. Moreover, measuring the evolution of elastic properties with shear deformation has proven especially difficult. Here, we describe a method that allows measurements of P- and S-wave velocity as a function of shear deformation under stresses of 10's of MPa. The approach includes rigorous calibration experiments and accounts for the evolution of impedance contrasts at sample interfaces as a function of strain. We describe our method by applying it to sheared layers that represent simulated fault zones composed of clay-quartz mixtures and fault rocks recovered from drilling. P-wave arrival times range from 10 to 20 μs and wave speeds are 2–4 km/s during shear of layers a few mm in thickness subject to normal stress of 25 MPa and shear strains >30. Travel time data for apparatus calibration are fit with rational functions and root mean square error is used to assess uncertainty. Wave speed varies systematically with shear stress and increases with shear strain due to comminution, compaction, internal strain localization and shear fabric development.

Ultrasonic studies on ternary liquid mixtures of some 1-alkanols with meta methoxy phenol and n hexane at 313 K

Abstract The thermo-physical parameters like density (ρ), ultrasonic velocity (U) and viscosity (η) have been experimentally measured for the Ternary Liquid Mixtures of Meta Methoxy Phenol (MMP) in n Hexane with 1 alkanols such as 1 propanol or 1 butanol or 1 pentanol at constant temperature 313 K and fixed frequency of 2 MHz. The thermodynamic and acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility(β), absorption coefficient (α/f2), internal pressure(πi), cohesive energy(CE), free volume(Vf), free length(Lf), acoustic impedance(z), available volume(Va), viscous relaxation time, ∆G value, Lenard Jones potential, Degree of intermolecular interaction(χ) and K value were calculated from the experimental data. The various excess properties including excess acoustic impedance(ZE), excess free length(Lf)E, excess adiabatic compressibility(βE), excess free volume(VfE), excess ultrasonic velocity (UE) and excess internal pressure(πiE) were also computed from the calculated values. The values of UE, ZE, and LfE for each mixture have been fitted to the Redlich –Kister polynomial equation. The variation of these parameters with respect to different concentration at constant temperature for the three systems namely MMP+ 1 Propanol+n Hexane, MMP+ 1 Butanol+n Hexane and MMP+ 1 Pentanol+n Hexane have been discussed in the light of molecular interaction. Further, theoretical studies like Van Dael Ideal Mixing Relation, Impedance Dependant Relation, Junjie's and Nomoto's relation are validated with respect to experimental velocities at 313 K for all the different concentrations ranging from 0.001 M to 0.01 M of all the three systems and the Chi-square test for the goodness of fit is applied to check the validity of the theories.

An Ultrasonic Study on Acoustical and Excess Properties of Ternary Liquid Mixtures of 2-Bromoanisole + 1-Butanol + n-Hexane at Different Temperatures 303K, 308K and 313K and a Frequency 2MHz

The behaviour of liquid mixture of 2-Bromoanisole, 1-Butanol and n-Hexane as a function of temperature and composition has been investigated by measuring ultrasonic velocity in conjunction with density and viscosity at 303K, 308K and 318K for frequency 2 MHz using ultrasonic interferometer. With the help of the measured values ultrasonic velocity (u), viscosity (η) and density (ρ), the acoustical parameters like acoustic impedance, adiabatic compressibility, free length, free volume and internal pressure have been calculated. In order to know the molecular interaction between the components in the ternary liquid mixture, nature and strength of molecular interaction in the components of the ternary mixture, the actual values of acoustical parameters were computed in to their excess properties. Excess ultrasonic velocity (UE), excess acoustic impedance (ZE), excess intermolecular free length (LEf) excess adiabatic compressibility (βE), excess free volume (VfE) and excess internal pressure have been calculated for the ternary liquid mixtures containing 2-bromoanisole, 1-butanol in n-hexane at various temperatures 303K, 308K and 313K at fixed frequency 2MHz, for different concentrations ranges from 0.001M to 0.01M and fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The computed excess values of excess ultrasonic velocity, excess acoustic impedance, excess intermolecular free length, excess adiabatic compressibility, excess free volume and excess internal pressure were plotted against the concentration of ternary liquid of the mixture at different temperatures 303K, 308K and 313K at a fixed frequency of 2MHz. A good agreement has been found between the experimental and calculated values of the ultrasonic velocity. The strength and the nature of the interactions between like and unlike molecules have been discussed in terms of dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and induced dipole-induced dipole interaction through hydrogen bonding. The present study aims to evolve the impact of ultrasonic sound over the molecular interaction of ternary liquid mixture consisting of 2-bromoanisole, 1-butanol in n-hexane mixture at different temperature 303K, 308K and 313K.

Solubility enhancement and study of molecular interactions of poorly soluble ibuprofen in presence of urea, a hydrotropic agent

Method of hydrotopy was adopted for enhancing the solubility of poorly water soluble drug ibuprofen. Urea was the chosen hydrotopic agent. Solutions of IBP of different concentrations were prepared by 8 h of heating of the mixtures of IBP and the hydrotopic agent in aqueous medium. Concentrations of urea in solution were also varied. Setschenow constant values for IBP in aqueous urea solutions were calculated using the Setschenow relation. An extensive study of physico-chemical properties of the solutions were carried out. Relative viscosity(ηr), Jone-Dole’s coefficients(BJ) and chemical potential (μ), molar conductance(Λm), limiting molar conductance (Λm0), association constant (Ka), activation energy (Ea), Walden product (Λm0η0), thermodynamic parameters (ΔG0,ΔH0, ΔS0)were determined and mean ionic activity a±, surface excess (Γ), were derived from experimentally obtained values of density (d), ultrasonic velocity (U) and surface tension (γ) of the solutions. Surface tension was also measured using drop number method. These experimemtal and derived data were used to understand the molecular interactions present in IBP solutions in presence of urea.

Ultrasonic velocity of urea – A comparative study at room temperature

Ultrasonic velocity measurement is a vital tool to find out the liquid properties. It is used to find out the physico-chemical properties of the liquids. Urea or carbamide is an organic compound. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as it is a rich source of nitrogen. It is also an important raw material for the chemical industry. It is used as a stabilizer in nitrocellulose explosive. Ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ), viscosity (η) of Urea at room temperature is found out. From these basic entities, acoustical parameters are calculated. Ultrasonic velocity obtained from experimental data of Urea is compared with theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. Scaled Particle theory of Urea is found out which helps to study the phase change of molecules. The shape combination of Urea can be predicted with the help of scaled particle theory.

Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on pharmacological activity of antibiotic in terms of thermo-acoustic parameters

Knowledge about drug-drug interactions and factors controlling these interactions could be helpful clinically to overcome their adverse effects on human health. In this study, the physico-chemical behavior of biologically active drug (fosfomycin calcium) in presence of paracetamol; a pain-relieving drug has been studied to explore the behavior of fosfomycin in the presence of paracetamol in terms of intermolecular interactions in solutions at different temperatures 293.15 K to 313.15 K. Ultrasonic velocity and density values of fosfomycin calcium at different concentrations of paracetamol solutions have been taken. The density data has been analyzed to calculate volumetric parameters for studied solutions. Acoustical parameters i.e. apparent molar compressibility and isentropic compressibility were also calculated using sound velocity data of antibiotic solutions. With increasing temperature, values of Vφ increases. Negative values of compressibility of antibiotic in the presence of paracetamol decreases, which indicates presence of strong intermolecular interactions among fosfomycin calcium and paracetamol molecules in solutions. Structure making behavior of fosfomycin molecules in water remains unaffected in the presence of paracetamol which has been observed from positive values of Hepler's constant at all concentrations of paracetamol.

A sound approach: Exploring a rapid and non-destructive ultrasonic pulse echo system for vegetable oils characterization.

A rapid and non-destructive ultrasonic pulse echo system was developed for vegetable oils characterization. To understand the differences in the ultrasonic properties of the oils, physical traits, such as their viscosity and density, were related to the ultrasonic data. In turn, these physical traits were correlated with the fatty acid compositions of the oils. Eighty oil samples, including 30 extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), 15 refined olive oil, 15 pomace olive oil, 10 rapeseed oil, 5 sunflower oil and 5 peanut oil samples, were analysed for their sound properties, viscosities, densities and fatty acid compositions. It was observed that the ultrasonic velocity of EVOO decreased linearly with increase in temperature, the temperature coefficient of ultrasonic velocity in EVOO was -2.92 m·s-1·°C-1. The ultrasonic velocity of EVOO (1453 ± 2 m/s) differed significantly from those of pomace olive oil and the oils of other botanical origin, but not from the velocity of refined olive oil. Ultrasonic velocity was positively correlated with the density and negatively correlated with the viscosity of the oils. The higher density and lower viscosity of the oils were in turn related to a higher unsaturation degree of the oils. Hence, oils with a higher proportion of unsaturated fat present higher densities and lower viscosities, which resulted in higher ultrasonic velocity values. Ultrasonic measurements allow rapid, non-destructive analysis, and this first application for characterization of these oils is promising.

Investigation of ultrasonic parameters and measurement of thermal conductivity of CuO-transformer oil nanofluids

The ultrasonic studies are made on nanofluids prepared by dispersion of CuO nanostrips into two transformer oils. The two transformer oils are, old of make 1997 and new of make 2017. The measurements are made for four CuO concentrations and at different temperatures. The measured ultrasonic velocity values are used for calculating ultrasonic parameters like adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Lf) and acoustic impedance (Z). The intermolecular and the intra molecular interaction studies responsible for the changes in ultrasonic parameter with respect to concentration and temperature are discussed. Thermal conductivity (κ) of the nanofluids is studied as a function of concentration (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 vol%) and temperature (303 K to 343 K). The thermal conductivity is calculated by ultrasonic approach as well as by the transient hot wire method. The transient hot wire method determined thermal conductivity showed a maximum enhancement of 11.21% and 23.42% for the nanofluids prepared using old and new transformer oils respectively. The other obtained results for the ultrasonic parameters and thermal conductivity for the nanofluids are deliberated in this paper.

Molecular Interaction Studies in Ternary Liquid Mixtures Containing 2-Nitroanisole and 1- Pentanol in n- Hexane at Different Temperatures using Ultrasonic Techniques

The experimental values of ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been measured for the ternary liquid mixtures containing 2-Nitroanisole and 1-Pentanol in n-Hexane at 303,308 and 313K. To calculate various acoustical parameters like adiabatic compressibility, free volume, internal pressure, acoustical impedance, adsorption co-efficient and molecular interaction parameters have been computed using the experimental data. The linearity of variation in ultrasonic velocity and other parameters are due to the molecular interaction between donor acceptor molecules in liquid-liquid mixture. The various molecular interactions like dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, induced-induced dipole have been discussed for the liquid mixture containing 2-Nitroanisone, 1-Pentanol in n-Hexane at different temperatures and concentration.

Thermal conductivity and acoustical investigation of SnO2 nanofluids using ultrasonic velocity measurements

In the current work, tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are being synthesized by sol–gel method by varying reaction parameter such as ammonia feed rate. The synthesized NPs have also characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and UV–visible spectroscopy. SnO2 nanofluid is being prepared by using of synthesized nanoparticles with the base fluid as water along with the help of sonication. The ultrasonic velocity and density values are being measured in five different concentrations of SnO2 nanofluids at different temperatures ranging from 298.15 K to 323.15 K.The thermal conductivity values were evaluated from the experimental data. The intermolecular interactions responsible for the changes in thermal conductivity with respect to the concentration and the temperature have also been conferred and the thermal conductivities of nanofluids were also calculated through the ultrasonic methodology and the results have also been compared with the flash laser method, derived experimentally.

A new approach to the effect of sample dimensions and measurement techniques on ultrasonic wave velocity

Though the velocity of ultrasonic waves passing through materials is a highly preferred parameter to indirectly and non-destructively determine the strength properties of rock and concrete, many studies have emphasized that such waves are influenced by many factors, such as sample diameter, length, and measurement techniques (semi-direct or indirect). Direct techniques use opposite sides of the materials, semidirect techniques use adjacent faces, and indirect techniques use the same face. In contrast to the results given in many studies so far, the results from this study indicate that the ultrasonic wave velocity is not dependent on the sample geometry and measurement techniques. The tests conducted on the materials of three different lengths showed that ultrasonic wave velocity was not affected by sample length because the differences in values obtained from different lengths were <0.5% for both the polypropylene and rock samples and 1.5% for the concrete samples. The ultrasonic tests were performed on the samples for four different diameters and the differences in values were <1.2% for the polypropylene samples and 1.8% for concrete the samples. The results of testing the different techniques showed that when the travel distance increases, the differences between the values obtained by different methods decrease and this difference is <3% if the sample length is >20 cm. The results clearly indicated that the ultrasonic velocity value of the materials is related to the material homogeneity rather than the sample diameter, length, and different measurement techniques.

The association between blood lipids and calcaneus bone mineral density in children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing

Objective: To investigate the association between blood lipid and calcaneus bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing. Methods: Children and adolescents were selected in 30 schools (8 primary schools, 21 middle schools and one 12-year education school) from Dongcheng, Tongzhou, Fangshan and Miyun districts of Beijing by using a stratified cluster sampling method from November 2017 to January 2018. A total of 14 303 students in grade 1 to 4 of primary school, grade 1 of junior and senior middle school were enrolled after excluding subjects who were not able to participate into this study due to trauma or other uncomfortable physical conditions or with missing key values or with diabetes and kidney diseases. Questionnaire survey, blood lipid and calcaneus BMD were conducted. Multivariate linear regression was applied to quantify the association between calcaneal BMD as a dependent variable and blood lipid level as an independent variable after adjusting for the potential confounding factors. Furthermore, quantile regression was used to analyze the association between blood lipid level and different percentiles (P(25), P(50) and P(75)) of ultrasonic velocity values of bone mineral density, and parallel test was conducted for regression coefficients of different percentiles. Results: A total of 14 303 participants aged (11.4±3.3) years (49.9% boys) were involved in the analysis. The mean age of 14 303 participants was (11.0±3.3) years. 7 142 boys accounted for 49.9%. The mean±SD of calcaneal BMD, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were (1 540.9±33.8) m/s, (3.90±0.76), (2.18±0.62), and (1.40±0.32) mmol/L, respectively. The P(5)0 (P(25), P(75)) of triglyceride (TG) was 0.69 (0.49-0.94) mmol/L. After the adjustment of age, height, smoking, drinking, vitamin D and calcium supplementation, dairy intake, physical activity, FMI, and MMI, a significantly inverse association (P<0.05) between TG level and calcaneus BMD was observed in both genders, which the regression coefficients (95%CI) in boys and girls were -0.064 (-0.085, -0.044) and -0.073 (-0.094, -0.053), respectively. Conclusion: The level of BMD was associated with TG in boys and girls. Therefore, it is important to prevent children from hypertriglyceridemia for the bone health promotion.

Characteristic IR-acoustical analysis and surface tension variations in organic liquid mixtures at different temperatures

Abstract Binary liquid mixture containing aniline and O-xylene is used to calculate adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf) and acoustical impedance (Z) from the experimentally measured values of ultrasonic velocities and densities over the entire mole fraction range of aniline at temperatures T = (303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K. Molecular interactions between the components of liquid mixture have been explained on the basis of these thermo acoustical parameters and also by the C H, N H, C N bond stretching. The molecular interaction and presence of functional groups are confirmed from the recorded FTIR spectra and by the computed values of surface tension.

Molecular Interactions of Pyridoxine Hydrochloride in Aqueous Mixed Solutions of D-Glucose, D-Fructose, and D-Lactose at Different Temperatures

Density and ultrasonic velocity values for solutions of pyridoxine hydrochloride in aqueous mixed solutions containing D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-lactose have been obtained for various concentrations and at temperatures 298.15–313.15 K. Volumetric and acoustic parameters such as partial molar volumes, partial molar adiabatic compressibilities, partial molar expansibilities were determined using density and ultrasonic velocity data. The analysis of the obtained data has been done by using Masson’s equation and interpretation was done in terms of solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions. The pyridoxine hydrochloride acts as a structure breaker in water as well as in binary aqueous mixed solutions of D-glucose, D‑fructose, and D-lactose.