Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Technique Research Articles

Optimization of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Fatty Acids in Seeds of Brucea Javanica (L.) Merr. from Different Sources and Simultaneous Analysis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Charged Aerosol Detection.

Our research aimed to optimize the oil extraction process and determine the fatty acids in Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. seeds. The extraction technology was optimized using response surface methodology. A Box-Behnken design was employed to investigate the effects of three independent variables on an ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique, namely, sonication time (X1: 20–40 min), liquid–solid ratio (X2: 16:1 mL/g–24:1 mL/g), and ethanol concentration (X3: 90%–100%). The optimum conditions of sonication time, liquid–solid ratio, and ethanol concentration were 40 min, 24:1 mL/g, and 100%, respectively. The content of fatty acids and the oil yield were 14.64 mg/g and 16.87%, respectively, which match well with the predicted models. The optimum number of extraction times was eventually identified as two. A new rapid method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fatty acids of B. javanica (L.) Merr. seed oil using HPLC with a charged aerosol detector was described. The fatty acid contents of 14 batches of B. javanica (L.) Merr. seed oil were determined, and the relevance and difference were analyzed by fingerprint analysis. The fingerprint has five common peaks, and the similarity was greater than 0.991. HPLC analysis represents a specialized and rational approach for the quality identification and comprehensive evaluation of B. javanica (L.) Merr. seed oils.

Concentration profiles, source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dumpsite soils from Agbogbloshie e-waste dismantling site, Accra, Ghana.

The concentrations of eighteen (18) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including the 16 USEPA's priority PAHs as well as two alkyl-substituted naphthalenes were determined in dumpsite soils collected from different sampling sites within the Agbogbloshie e-waste dismantling site in Accra, Ghana. Following their isolation with ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique, the concentrations of the PAHs were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Loss-on-ignition (LOI) method was employed for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) of the soil samples. The mean Σ18PAHs obtained were 3006, 5627, 3046, 5555, and 7199ngg(-1) dry weight (dw) for sampling sites A (mosque), B (dismantling site), C (residential house/police station), D (personal computer repairers' shop) and E (e-waste open burning area), respectively. In all cases, the prevalence of phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene was generally observed across the sampling sites. In this study, PAHs with two to three rings and four to six rings exhibited strong positive correlations, whereas BbF and BkF showed weak positive and negative correlations with other PAHs investigated. With the exception of BbF and BkF, all the PAHs had moderate to strong positive correlations with the TOC. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration is a useful indicator of the carcinogenic potency of environmental matrices and these ranged between 111 and 454ngg(-1), which are generally below the 'safe' level of 600ngg(-1) established for the protection of the environment and human health. Interestingly, the seven carcinogenic PAHs were the major contributors to the BaPeq concentrations accounting between 97.7 and 98.3 %. Despite the minimal risk to cancer via exposure to the investigated dumpsite soil as indicated in the present study, the prolonged exposure to these pollutants via various exposure pathways may result in increased risk to cancer over time. The application of several methodological approaches for PAH source apportionment, including the use of molecular diagnostic ratios, mostly implicated pyrogenic processes as the main sources of PAHs into the investigated dumpsite soils. Furthermore, their compositional profiles across the sampling sites also suggest similar sources of PAHs into the dumpsite soil.

A Simplified Analytical Procedure for Simultaneous Determination of Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and Brominated Flame Retardants in Fish Tissue Samples from Vaal River, South Africa

In this study, the concentration of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were determined in fish samples, Labeo umbratus and Carp, collected from the Vaal River in South Africa. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique was used to extract the organic contaminants from fish samples, and the resulting extract was purified by sulphuric acid lipid removal followed by Strata X-cartridge SPE clean-up. The APEs and BFRs were derivatized using heptafluorobutyric anhydride before analysis with GC-MS. In both types of fish samples, lower oligomers of APEs were more abundant than the higher oligomers, while HBCD, BDE99 and PBB101 were the dominant BFRs. The concentrations of these pollutants ranged from 1.061 ng/g lipids (t-BP) in Labeo umbratus to 11.860 ng/g lipids (HBCD) in Carp.

A short extraction time of high quality hydrodistilled cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton) essential oil using ultrasound as a pretreatment

The influence of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) followed by hydrodistillation of Elettaria cardamomum L. seeds was investigated. The yield, volatile components and sensory characteristics of the extracted essential oils (EO) were evaluated. Power of ultrasonic and time of sonication were optimized. The chemical composition of the EO was identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results revealed that the major components of cardamom essential oils varied between 26.59% and 39.34% for 1,8-cineole, and between 22.94% and 40.56% for α-terpinyl acetate, depending on the extraction conditions. The UAE technique facilitated short time extraction, improved extraction efficiency and produced good quality cardamom essential oil.

Optimization of polysaccharides from Zagros oak leaf using RSM: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Ultrasonic assisted-extraction technique was applied to extract the polysaccharide from Zagros oak (Quercus brantii Lindl). The effects of four independent factors (ultrasonic power (X1: 150–300W), extraction temperature (X2: 50–90°C), extraction time (X3: 30–90min), and the ratio of water to raw material (X4: 15–45)) on the extraction yield of polysaccharide from the leaves of Q. brantii Lindl (QBLP) were optimized using response surface methodology. The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation. The optimal extraction conditions for QBLP were determined as follows: X1: 205.8W, X2: 81.9°C, X3: 55.6min and X4: 23.4. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental yield was 19.42±0.53%, which was well matched with the value predicted by the model 19.61%. The results indicated that polysaccharide has strong scavenging activities in vitro on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. In addition, the QBLP showed good antimicrobial activity at 1.5–2.5mg/mL.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction optimized by response surface methodology, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Tremella mesenterica

Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize the ratio of water to raw material ( X 1: 20–40 mL/g), extraction time ( X 2: 20–40 min) and extraction temperature ( X 3: 40–60 °C) to obtain a high crude polysaccharides yield from Tremella mesenterica (TMP) by ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique (UAE). The optimum conditions were a ratio of water to raw material of 34 mL/g and extraction time of 30 min at 50 °C. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 8.26%, well matched with the predicted models with the coefficients of determination ( R 2) of 0.9918. The crude TMP was purified by Sephadex G-100 chromatography, giving two major fractions (TMPA and TMPB), which were composed of xylose, mannose and glucose in molar ratio of 1.00:4.74:0.91 and 1.00:6.63:2.34, respectively. The evaluation of antioxidant activity suggested that the polysaccharides exhibited significant protection against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in rat erythrocytes and could be explored as a nutraceutical agent.