Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles Research Articles

Ultra-small platinum nano-enzymatic spray with ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties for photoaging treatment

Photoaging induced by ultraviolet (UV) results in oxidative stress and inflammation. Noble metal nanozymes have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, which are expected to eliminate the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory factors in the photoaged skin. Hence, we have synthesized ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (Pt NPs) with a diameter of nearly 5 nm for photoaging treatment. Thanks to multi-enzymatic capacities (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) of Pt NPs, they can effectively protect fibroblasts from UV-induced ROS attack, relieve fibroblasts from UV-induced cell cycle arrest, downregulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to regenerate type I collagen, and inhibit M1 macrophage polarization to decrease the expression of inflammatory factors. For photoaged mice treatment, we employ the concept of routine spray skincare and encapsulate Pt NPs solution in a spray bottle. In combination with roller needle, following Pt NPs nano-enzymatic spray given, UV-induced photoaged mice display reduced wrinkle formation in the collagen-depleted dermal tissue of mice and more youthful performance in both appearance and organizational structure. Consequently, multi-enzymatic functions of Pt NPs nano-spray offers a promising avenue for anti-photoaging therapy, providing potential benefits in both preventative and restorative skincare applications.

High-performance electrocatalyst for PEMFC cathode: Combination of ultra-small platinum nanoparticles and N-doped carbon support

To accelerate the implementation of zero-emission power installations based on proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, it is necessary to maximize the power characteristics of these devices. For this purpose, we have obtained and tested a new N-doped carbon support and a synthesized Pt/C catalyst based on it with a platinum loading of about 37.3 %. A comparison of the degradation resistance of the initial support and the N-doped one has shown greater stability of the latter. At the same time, Raman spectroscopy has confirmed the presence of the C–N bond, which indicates the successful doping of carbon with nitrogen. The resulting Pt/C catalyst based on an N-doped support is characterized by a substantially narrow size dispersion and an ultra-small nanoparticle size of about 2.6 nm. The high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy images of the synthesized catalyst have confirmed the presence of individual platinum atoms/clusters uniformly distributed over the surface of the support, and their presence is due to nitrogen embedded into the carbon structure. This material is characterized by a 50 m2 gPt-1 larger electrochemically active surface area and a 227 A gPt-1 greater mass activity compared to the commercial JM40 analog (40 % platinum loading). Meanwhile, the electrochemical parameters remaining after the accelerated stress testing are almost 2 times higher than those of JM40. And the power characteristics in the membrane electrode assembly for the catalyst synthesized by the facile one-pot synthesis method are 13 % (575 mW cm-2) higher than those of the commercial analog (500 mW cm-2). The Pt/C catalyst obtained during the research is deemed promising for commercial use in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

Ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles synthesized in reline deep eutectic solvent explored towards the voltammetric sensing of riboflavin in beverages and biological fluids

We report a solvothermal synthesis of ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles (USPtNPs) with an average size of 0.204 ( ± 0.008) nm using reline deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a stabilizing medium at a temperature of 80 ºC. SEM and EDS were used to morphologically characterize the USPtNPs. These revealed approximately spherical shapes with emission lines characteristic of platinum. DES was characterized by FT-IR and NMR, which indicated its formation through hydrogen bonds between the precursors. DSC was also used to characterize the precursors and the formed DES. Furthermore, an electrochemical sensor for determining riboflavin (RB) in commercial energy drinks and biological fluids was developed using the USPtNPs together with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The USPtNPs-DES/MWCNT/GCE film was characterized by SEM, which demonstrated the characteristic tubular morphology of MWCNT. The RB voltammetric response was studied, and a significant enhanced on the current response was observed, especially due to the USPtNPs. This sensor displayed a linear response for RB in the range of 0.02–1.2µmol L−1, with a limit of detection of 1.8 nmol L−1. Besides detectability at nanomolar range, excellent performance was verified for repeatability and anti-interference features. The sensor based on extraordinary USPtNPs synthesized in DES in a simpler and environmentally friendly way was successfully applied to determine RB in different matrices.

Facile Synthesis and X-ray Attenuation Properties of Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles Grafted with Three Types of Hydrophilic Polymers.

Ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) grafted with three types of hydrophilic and biocompatible polymers, i.e., poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid), and poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) were synthesized using a one-pot polyol method. Their physicochemical and X-ray attenuation properties were characterized. All polymer-coated Pt-NPs had an average particle diameter (davg) of 2.0 nm. Polymers grafted onto Pt-NP surfaces exhibited excellent colloidal stability (i.e., no precipitation after synthesis for >1.5 years) and low cellular toxicity. The X-ray attenuation power of the polymer-coated Pt-NPs in aqueous media was stronger than that of the commercial iodine contrast agent Ultravist at the same atomic concentration and considerably stronger at the same number density, confirming their potential as computed tomography contrast agents.

Exosomes loaded with ultrasmall Pt nanoparticles: a novel low-toxicity alternative to cisplatin

BackgroundPlatinum nanoparticles have been demonstrated to have excellent anticancer properties. However, because of the lack of specificity they must be delivered to the tumor in amounts sufficient to reach the desired therapeutic objectives. Interestingly, exosomes are considered as excellent natural selective delivery nanotools, but until know their targeting properties have not being combined with the anticancer properties of platinum nanoparticles.ResultsIn this work we combine the targeting capabilities of exosomes and the antitumoral properties of ultrasmall (< 2 nm) platinum nanoparticles as a novel, low toxicity alternative to the use of cisplatin. A mild methodology based on the room temperature CO-assisted in situ reduction of Pt2+ precursor was employed to preserve the integrity of exosomes, while generating ultrasmall therapeutic PtNPs directly inside the vesicles. The resulting PtNPs-loaded exosomes constitute a novel hybrid bioartificial system that was readily internalized by the target cells inducing antiproliferative response, as shown by flow cytometry and microscopy experiments in vitro. In vivo Pt-Exos showed antitumoral properties similar to that of cisplatin but with a strongly reduced or in some cases no toxic effect, highlighting the advantages of this approach and its potential for translation to the clinic.ConclusionsIn this study, a nanoscale vector based on ultrasmall PtNPs and exosomes has been created exhibiting antitumoral properties comparable or higher to those of the FDA approved cisplatin. The preferential uptake of PtNPs mediated by exosomal transfer between certain cell types has been exploited to create a selective antitumoral novel bioartificial system. We have demonstrated their anticancer properties both in vitro and in vivo comparing the results obtained with the administration of equivalent amounts of cisplatin, and showing a spectacular reduction of toxicity.

Biodistribution and Toxicological Effects of Ultra-Small Pt Nanoparticles Deposited on Au Nanorods (Au@Pt NRs) in Mice with Intravenous Injection.

Pt-based nanostructures are one of the promising nanomaterials for being used in catalysts, sensors, and therapeutics. However, their impacts on the health and biological systems are not adequately understood yet. In this work, nanorods composed of ultrasmall platinum (Pt) nanoparticles deposited on the surface and gold nanorod as the core (Au@Pt NRs) were synthesized, and the distribution and toxic effects of Au@Pt NRs were investigated in C57BL/6 mice with intravenous injection by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and blood cell analyzer. At the time point of Day 1, Day 8 and Day 16 post injection of Au@Pt NRs (6 mg/kg of Pt atom), Au@Pt NRs were mainly accumulated in the liver and spleen. The energy dispersive spectrometer mapping images showed Au@Pt NRs experienced quick corrosion and Au released faster than Pt in the physiological environments. The catalase (CAT) activity in tissues increased slightly in the early stage of the Au@Pt NRs exposure and went down to the normal level. With HE staining, inflammatory cells infiltration could be seen in the tissues, while no significant influences were detected on the blood biochemistry and the function of liver and kidney. In conclusion, intravenously injected Au@Pt NRs mainly distributed in the liver and spleen with comparable levels, and did not exert any significant toxic effects on the organs' function within two weeks; meanwhile, Au@Pt NRs were able to degrade, which indicated acceptable safety to the mice and potentials of biomedical application.

A Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensor Based on PtNP/COFTFPB-DHzDS@rGO for Sensitive Detection of Furazolidone.

Herein, a paper-based electrochemical sensor based on PtNP/COFTFPB−DHzDS@rGO was developed for the sensitive detection of furazolidone. A cluster-like covalent organic framework (COFTFPB−DHzDS) was successfully grown on the surface of amino-functional reduced graphene oxide (rGO-NH2) to avoid serious self-aggregation, which was further loaded with platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) with high catalytic activity as nanozyme to obtain PtNP/COFTFPB−DHzDS@rGO nanocomposites. The morphology of PtNP/COFTFPB−DHzDS@rGO nanocomposites was characterized, and the results showed that the smooth rGO surface became extremely rough after the modification of COFTFPB−DHzDS. Meanwhile, ultra-small PtNPs with sizes of around 1 nm were precisely anchored on COFTFPB−DHzDS to maintain their excellent catalytic activity. The conventional electrodes were used to detect furazolidone and showed a detection limit as low as 5 nM and a linear range from 15 nM to 110 μM. In contrast, the detection limit for the paper-based electrode was 0.23 μM, and the linear range was 0.69–110 μM. The results showed that the paper-based electrode can be used to detect furazolidone. This sensor is a potential candidate for the detection of furazolidone residue in human serum and fish samples.

Impact of platinum loading and dispersion on the catalytic activity of Pt/SnO2 and Pt/α-Fe2O3

The Pt/SnO2 (SP-samples) and Pt/α-Fe2O3 (FP-samples) with platinum loadings between 1 and 10 mol% were synthesized mechanochemically starting from platinum(II) acetylacetonate dissolved in toluene and from SnO2 and α-Fe2O3 powders obtained from tin(II) and iron(II) acetates. The STEM results show that the ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are well dispersed on the SnO2 and α-Fe2O3 supports. The PtNPs size distributions calculated with lognormal functions ranged from 1.0 to 1.3 nm. The results of temperature programmed reduction in hydrogen showed maxima at 120–160 °C due to the reduction of PtOx to Pt0. The Pt-4f-XPS results showed that the dispersed platinum on the SnO2 and α-Fe2O3 supports consisted of all three oxidation states of platinum: Pt4+, Pt2+ and Pt0. The average oxidation state of platinum as a function of molar fraction of Pt loading in the SP samples varies from 1.69 to 2.11, whereas the oxidation state of Pt in the FP samples varies more linearly and steeply from 1.42 to 2.58. The synthesized samples showed high catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitropenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP), which can be explained by the high dispersion of non-aggregated ultrasmall PtNPs with a size of about 1 nm on the SnOx and FeOx supports.

Stabilization of Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon: Implications for Catalysis and Electrocatalysis

Stabilization of Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon: Implications for Catalysis and Electrocatalysis

Tumor-permeated ATP-based size-controllable immunogenic cell death amplifier remodel immunosuppressive microenvironment to boost cancer immunotherapy

Increase extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP, a necessary eat me signal for ICD) is a facile way to amplify immunogenic cell death (ICD) cascade for cancer immunotherapy. However, it is still challenging for intratumoral delivery ATP due to complicated enzyme environment in the whole body. Furthermore, tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIM) also hampers the function of mature DCs and limit the activation of immune response. To overcome these drawbacks, a tumor-permeated ATP-based immunogenic cell death amplifier (NABP@SNCs) is fabricated for the first time. (Phenylboronic acid-polyethylene glycol-phenylboronic acid) PBA-PEG-PBA stabilized ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles (ABP) is constructed and interacted with ATP through borate ester bond. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor NLG919 and ABP are co-wrapped with MMP-2 sensitive framework to form NABP@SNCs. NABP@SNCs can not only protect ATP degradation but also release small sized ABP under MMP-2 microenvironment for tumor penetration. Interestingly, ATP can also be released into extracellular regions in tumor acidic pH and act as ‘eat me signal’ for DCs maturation. Synergistically ICD activation by BP (PBA-PEG-PBA stabilized ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles) and TIM reversal by NLG919 can facilitate T lymphocyte cells infiltration for immune response. NABP@SNCs can significantly regress tumor growth and reduce pulmonary metastasis for improved cancer immunotherapy.

Construction of ultra-small Pt nanoparticles @Ti3C2Tx MXene electrocatalyst for efficient and stable electrochemical hydrodechlorination of chloramphenicol

Halogenated antibiotics, especially chloramphenicol (CAP), are abused in human and poultry treatment of bacterial infections, resulting in a rising environmental risk posed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes. Therefore, the degradation of CAP before release by gentle and efficient electrochemical hydrodechlorination (EHDC) has attracted tremendous interest. Platinum group metals are irreplaceable in EHDC but suffer from high cost and scarcity, necessitating strategies of reducing the particle size to increase the atom utilization efficiency. Here, ultra-small platinum nanoparticles @ Ti3C2Tx MXene ([email protected]) electrocatalyst was constructed through a general and facile approach. Benefitting from the synergy of electron transfer and atomic H*, 1% [email protected] could almost completely reduce CAP within 90 min (98.7%), and retained impressive removal efficiency (86.5%) after 25 recycling tests. Remarkably, the rate constant (k) contributed by unit mass of metal (k/ratio) of 1% [email protected] is 75 times higher than that of Commercial Pt/C. Two plausible degradation pathways on 1% [email protected] are deduced from the analysis of intermediate products. Besides, 1% [email protected] can be extended to actually remove the high content of CAP in the urine of hospital patients. This work paves an avenue for rational design of noble metal electrocatalysts on MXene and their applications in hydrodechlorination.

Binary regulation of the tumor microenvironment by a pH-responsive reversible shielding nanoplatform for improved tumor chemo-immunotherapy

The limited infiltration of specific T cells in an immunosuppressive microenvironment is a major challenge for cancer immunotherapy. Reversing tumor microenvironment and inducing an antitumor immune response are crucial for cancer therapy. Here, phenylboronic acid (PBA) derivative-stabilized ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles (PBA-Pt) and dextran-coated BLZ-945 nanoparticles (DNPs) were co-assembled through a pH-responsive borate ester bond to construct a versatile reversible shielding multifunctional nanoplatform (Pt@DNPs) for the first time. Pt@DNPs dissociated into two individual components, namely PBA-Pt and DNPs, in the tumor acid microenvironment. Both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that Pt@DNPs induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) (through multimechanisms involving PtⅡ release and a multienzyme catalytic process by PBA-Pt) and relieved immunosuppressive microenvironment (depletion of tumor-associated macrophages by BLZ-945), which led to tumor-associated antigen release, maturation of dendritic cells, and infiltration of cytotoxic T cells for efficient antitumor immune response against both primary tumor and pulmonary metastatic tumor nodules. Therefore, Pt@DNPs is a promising option for cancer chemo-immunotherapy. Statement of significanceA versatile reversible shielding multifunctional nanoplatform (Pt@DNPs) was engineered for the first time for combinational cancer chemo-immunotherapy. Multimechanisms involving induction of immunogenic cell death by PBA-Pt and sufficient TAM depletion by DNPs could efficiently relieve tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and activate the antitumor immune response. The synergistic effect not only increased the infiltration of specific T cells in primary tumor, but it also induced a strong immune response against pulmonary metastatic nodules. Collectively, this nanoplatform may represent a promising strategy for combinational chemo-immunotherapy for cancers.

Seed-Mediated Synthesis and Catalytic ORR Reactivity of Facet-Stable, Monodisperse Platinum Nano-Octahedra

Shape-selective, sub-10 nm-sized metal nanoparticles are of high fundamental and practical interest in catalysis and electrocatalysis, where the surface structure dictates the kinetic properties of the nanomaterials. Unlike their bimetallic analogues, the synthesis of size-controlled, pure Pt octahedral nanocatalysts has remained a formidable chemical challenge. In bimetallic shaped systems, however, the benefit of shape is often convoluted with surface composition in complex ways. In the present work, a seed-templated approach is presented for the preparation of ultrasmall octahedral platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs), harnessing the effect of monocrystalline anisotropic seeds and strict control of the reduction rate and other physicochemical parameters while avoiding polymers, surfactants, and organic solvents. The procedure yields previously elusive 6.7 nm, strictly single-crystal, Pt NPs with partially truncated octahedral shape and prevalent extended {111} surface facets. Electrochemical measurements using rotating disk electrodes in an acid electrolyte revealed a much higher electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) over the state-of-the-art octahedral Pt NPs, which is ascribed to small-sized, poison-free, and preferentially {111} orientated facets. The dramatic kinetic benefit for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of the octahedral shape over spherical particle shapes of same size is convincingly demonstrated. More important for practical applications is the fact that the intrinsic specific ORR activity is about 2.4-fold higher than commercial optimized spherical Pt NPs deployed in fuel cell cathodes at comparable ORR stability. In doing this analysis, we validate the voltammetric correspondence between Pt single crystals and Pt nanoparticulate materials and highlight the kinetic benefits of limiting the proportion of {100} facets. Prolonged suppression of {100} facet growth in octahedral Pt catalysts is the reason for the unusually high specific activity and fair stability and calls for their integration and testing as cathode catalysts in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Charge Modified Porous Organic Polymer Stabilized Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles for the Catalytic Dehydrogenative Coupling of Silanes with Alcohols

Charge Modified Porous Organic Polymer Stabilized Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles for the Catalytic Dehydrogenative Coupling of Silanes with Alcohols

Ultra-Small Platinum Nanoparticle-Enabled Catalysis and Corrosion Susceptibility Reverse Tumor Hypoxia for Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy.

A major challenge in the use of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is hypoxia-induced progression of tumor cells. We aim to curb hypoxia using metal-based O2-producing nanomedicine. The key focus is therapeutic targeting of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a major reactive oxygen species (ROS)-activated player that drives hypoxia-dependent tumor progression. Inhibition of tumor growth by blocking both HIF-1α and immune checkpoint molecules via ROS removal is a promising new strategy to avoid ROS-induced hypoxia signaling and boost antitumor immunity. Here, we investigated the synergistic effect of ultra-small platinum nanoparticles (Pt-nano) with dual functions of enzyme-mimicking catalysis and corrosion susceptibility to block hypoxia signaling of tumors. Ultra-small Pt-nano with highly corrosive susceptibility can efficiently catalyze ROS scavenging and promote oxygen accumulation for hypoxia reversal, leading to reduced HIF-1α expression. The unique corrosion susceptibility allows ultra-small Pt-nano to effectively exert platinum cytotoxicity, induce reversal of hypoxia-mediated immune suppression by promoting cytotoxic T-cell infiltration of tumors, and reduce the levels of tumoral immune checkpoint molecules and immunosuppressive cytokines. In combination with immune checkpoint blockade using monoclonal antibodies, nanoparticle-enabled enzyme-mimicking is a promising strategy for the enhancement of chemoimmunotherapeutic efficacy through the reversal of tumor hypoxia.

Magnetic resonance imaging during the templated synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 supporting Pt nanoparticles for MOR

Mesoporous TiO2 was prepared, inside “Taurasi” grape skins. The peel impregnation was followed by magnetic resonance imaging, to monitor the transport process in the natural template and the interaction of the solute with the templating structure.Moreover, the prepared mesoporous structure was used to support ultra-small platinum nanoparticles (USNPs), allowing high dispersion and maximizing active metals utilization. USNPs characterization was performed by means of high-resolution analytical transmission electron microscopy, CO-Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Low Pt loaded TiO2 was then tested in methanol oxidation reactions, showing an excellent behavior: negligible onset potentials (0.06 V) and very high If/Ib ratio (3.85). The results obtained in this work evidence the outstanding performances of the synthesized nano-electrocatalysts.

Carbon nitride/positive carbon black anchoring PtNPs assembled by γ-rays as ORR catalyst with excellent stability

Electrocatalytic performance of low-cost graphitic carbon nitride (CN) is greatly limited by its limited conductivity and small specific surface area. Herein, a simple and cost-effective idea to produce novel nanocomposite is constructed by the CN and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide functionalized carbon black (CB) anchored platinum nanoparticles as highly efficient oxygen reduction catalysts based on gamma irradiation. The assembled carbon nitride/positive carbon black anchoring PtNPs (Pt/CN2-CB+ 1) catalyst exhibits significantly improved specific surface area, high graphitization, and uniformly dispersed ultra-small platinum nanoparticles. For the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance, the catalyst shows more positive onset-potential (0.93 V versus RHE) and larger diffusion limiting current density (5.65 mA cm−2) compared with benchmark Pt/C catalysts in alkaline medium. Moreover, the Pt/CN2-CB+ 1 catalyst exhibits a small Tafel slope (92 mV dec−1). Besides, the catalyst was demonstrated the remarkable methanol tolerance and good long-term stability under working conditions. This work provides a new and effective γ-rays irradiation for synthesizing the carbon nitride catalysts for energy conversion and storage applications.

Ultra-small platinum nanoparticles segregated by nickle sites for efficient ORR and HER processes

In the electrochemical process, Pt nanoparticles (NPs) in Pt-based catalysts usually agglomerate due to Oswald ripening or lack of restraint, ultimately resulting in reduction of the active sites and catalytic efficiency. How to uniformly disperse and firmly fix Pt NPs on carbon matrix with suitable particle size for catalysis is still a big challenge. Herein, to prevent the agglomeration and shedding of Pt NPs, Ni species is introduced and are evenly dispersed in the surface of carbon matrix in the form of Ni-N-C active sites (Ni ZIF-NC). The Ni sites can be used to anchor Pt NPs, and then effectively limit the further growth and agglomeration of Pt NPs during the reaction process. Compared with commercial Pt/C catalyst, Pt@Ni ZIF-NC, with ultralow Pt loading (7 wt%) and ideal particle size (2.3 nm), not only increases the active center, but also promotes the catalysis kinetics, greatly improving the ORR and HER catalytic activity. Under acidic conditions, its half-wave potential (0.902 V) is superior to commercial Pt/C (0.861 V), and the mass activity (0.38 A per mg Pt) at 0.9 V is 4.7 times that of Pt/C (0.08 A per mg Pt). Besides, it also shows outstanding HER performance. At 20 and 30 mV, its mass activity is even 2 and 6 times that of Pt/C, respectively. Whether it is under ORR or HER conditions, it still shows excellent durability. These undoubtedly indicate the realization of dual-functional catalysts with low-Pt and high-efficiency properties.

Ambient-Stable Black Phosphorus-Based 2D/2D S-Scheme Heterojunction for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Syngas

Black phosphorus (BP), an emerging remarkable photocatalytic semiconductor, is arousing strong interests in this field of solar-driven CO2 reduction, but its stability and activity are still facing huge challenges. Here, an ambient-stable and effective 2D/2D heterostructure of BP/bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) with oxygen vacancy is innovatively designed for syngas production via photocatalytic CO2 reduction. This work, not only resolves the stability problem of BP nanosheets by anchoring ultrasmall platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (∼2 nm) but also greatly improves the charge transfer efficiency by constructing S-scheme 2D/2D heterostructure with coupled oxygen defects. As a result, the generation rates of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) remarkably reach 20.5 and 16.8 μmol g-1 h-1, respectively, which are much higher than that of reported BP-based materials, and the accomplished CO/H2 ratios (1:1-2:1) are exactly the most desirable syngas for industrial applications. Thus, this work constructs an efficient and ambient-stable BP-based photocatalyst for syngas production by CO2 reduction at mild conditions.

One-step Synthesis of Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Amino-Functionalized Graphene to Create an Electrochemical Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensor for Fluxapyroxad

One-step Synthesis of Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Amino-Functionalized Graphene to Create an Electrochemical Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensor for Fluxapyroxad