Ukrainian Writers Research Articles

The Retrospective View on an Epoch as a Source for Dramatization of a Prosaic Narrative in Ukraine and Poland: Exemplified by Andrzej Kuśniewicz and Vasyl Zemliak

The article is aimed at comparing two dilogies: On the Way to Korinthos (1964) and The Zones (1971) by the Polish writer A. Kuśniewicz (1904–1993) at one side and The Swan Flock (1971) and Green Mills (1976) by the Ukrainian writer V. Zemliak (1923–1977) on the other. Both works look like the recollections and chronicles and deal with the same epoch (the first half of the 20th century) and the neighboring Ukrainian localities (Galicia and Podillia). Besides the form of personal recollections, the narration in the 1st person exactly reflects the authors’ attitude towards the epoch that imparts substantiation for the comparative discussion of the works. One detects obvious revelation of dramatic properties associated with myth-making intentions inherent for the narratives. Although an account on personal biography given in the form of recollections contains no pretext for developing actions’ lines. It is the mystery that imparts dramatic properties to the works. The issue of these properties is arisen as the problem of textual motivation in view of the absence of plot with its macroscopic predicative ties. In particular, the problem of motivation is depicted as the consequence of textual heterogeneity as the result of parcellation inherent to memory. Respectively mnemonic reasons of textual disjunction are still to be further traced in the spontaneity of events that makes their motivation problematic where wonder replaces reasonable ties of things. The narrator’s memory restores events of the past through their ritualistic meaning as the parts of some thorough actions, and in this sense it is approaching the myth. This procures productive field for the problem of motivation to be solved with the means of aspectology. Such approach enables discovering the priority of preponderantly static aspect in opposite to the aspect of transition from one situation to another as in realistic prose. The prevalence of details presupposes the aspect of singularity where events are given as partial and irretrievable. It entails the prevalence of spontaneous motivation with contingent determination so that the partiality of details turns into the contingency of the world’s image. There arise semantic vagueness and ambivalence, places of indefiniteness (the term of R. Ingarden) those refer to the latent contents as in the dramatic performance. Partiality and contingency result in the necessity of referring the details towards the presupposed entirety as in synecdoche. Accordingly, the problem of fatalism as the primeval source of dramatics is arisen.

Emblematic codes of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s dialogue A Colloquy, called “Alphabet,” or “Primer of Peace”

The paper focuses on the features, origin, and functions of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s (1722–1794) emblematic language (speech) in the dialogue A Colloquy, called “Alphabet,” or “Primer of Peace”. The objective is to study the emblematic arrangements of Hryhorii Skovoroda within the European emblematic literature context, focusing on eventual intertextual relations and striking semiotic interactions. The text of the paper interprets the artistic and stylistic features of the emblematic construction of eide of the Ukrainian writer, their sources, contexts, and the author’s conceptual nominations. Theoretical generalizations are made primarily from the text of Skovoroda’s dialogue A Colloquy, called “Alphabet,” or “Primer of Peace”, as well as from his other works, the scholars’ works, and the European literary context. The structural-semiotic methodology has been employed to trace the identified issues. The main idea of the paper is to highlight the dominance of the emblematic way of meaning stating in Hryhorii Skovoroda, thus, the emblematic code as the core in the sense-modelling activities. Emblematic forms have a special place in the coverage of anthropological, metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic, and hermeneutic eide of the Ukrainian poet and philosopher. Skovoroda considers emblematics as a particularly effective visual-verbal (iconic-conventional) type of signification functioning as a kind of refined meta-language, an ancient arcane semiosis practice of intellectuals. He had his personal insight into the nature, structure, and potential of such an expression, which was elaborated by the long-term, permanent hermeneutics of biblical texts, formed on the logic and metaphysics of ancient philosophers, the context of literary and artistic baroque, European emblematic models. Skovoroda uses significative re-referencing as a means of interpretation, therefore, individual images, embodied in the word, resemble semiotic bunches, concise visual-verbal meaning-making entities, disclosed through associations, comparisons, oppositions, metaphors, and structural-emblematic representation.

Ivan Franko on the pages of the bukovynian press (the end of the 80s of the 19th century – the beginning of the 20th century)

The article deals with the identification, translation, content clarification and brief analysis of Bukovynian press materials of the late 80s of the 19th and early 20th centuries, about the outstanding Ukrainian writer and public figure Ivan Franko, his views on the public, socio-political and national-cultural life of Ukrainians, in particular those of Bukovyna, and the latter’s attitude towards I. Franko, his work and as a politician.In particular, on the basis of discovered issues of newspapers in local (Chernivtsi) funds, where something is mentioned about I. Franko’s reside in Bukovyna there is information about his publishing and editorial activities. Out of 9 funds of processed Bukovynian newspapers and funds of Bukovynian calendars, 59 numbers were found, which, to a different extent, write about the life and work of the outstanding Ukrainian writer, scientist, public and political figure. The absolute majority of the identified numbers are from the Ukrainian press, especially from the newspaper «Bukovyna», in particular, when it was edited by a talented native of Galicia, Osyp Makovei.A certain amount of newspaper material testifies to his active social and especially political activity as one of the founders and leaders of the «Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party». Separate issues of the newspapers contain information about I. Franko’s scientific activities, in particular, about social and economic relations in Galicia and Bukovyna in the 18th – 19th centuries.Information about the celebration of the anniversaries of his literary activity: 25-year, 30-year, 40-year is widely presented in Bukovyna newspapers. The Bukovyna press did not ignore the unpleasant facts of government restriction and persecution of I. Franko for his political views. Appropriate conclusions have been drawn.

GENESIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIBRARIES IN UKRAINE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: HISTORICAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL FACTORS OF THEIR ACTIVITY

In the twentieth century Ukrainian libraries were an important link in the chain of development of the Ukrainian state. The short period of the Ukrainian National Republic's existence (1917–1921) showed that libraries were aimed at solving extremely important and urgent tasks of national youth education.Ideological changes took place in the nature, purpose, content, and organization of libraries' cultural and educational work.The purpose of the article is to study the genesis of the development of libraries in Ukraine in the 20th century, to determine the influence of historical and socio-political factors on their activities. The scientific novelty of the proposed work is changing of approaches to the assessment of library activity as a tool of ideological influence on the education of youth and the population of Ukraine in the 20th century as a whole.The library, as a cultural institution, has gone through a difficult path, in which the forms, methods, directions, and functions of its activity have changed due to the relevant social need. As an important component of the social system, the library reflected society's desire to realize its requests and value orientations.The activities of the libraries were aimed at: first, to get acquainted with Ukrainian writers and scientists; secondly, to study the history of the native region, village, city; thirdly, on the development of creative abilities of young people.As you know, the work of libraries was strictly regulated, coordinated by party organizations, subordinated to the national interests of the contemporary society, aimed at solving the tasks of building socialism, communism according to the prevailing ideology of Marxism-Leninism.After the end of the Second World War, one of the main tasks was: first, to analyze the condition of existing collections; second, to determine the ownership of libraries; third, to organize the assessment of losses; and fourth, to record destroyed or damaged library premises.An analysis of the activities of libraries in the 50s and 60s of the twentieth century shows that special attention was paid to the mass-political work of libraries. Excessive attention, in our opinion, was paid to the creation of the thematic bibliographic apparatus, which contributed to the wide coverage of readers in getting acquainted with Marxist-Leninist literature.During the years of development of the Ukrainian state, library workers made a significant contribution to the revival of Ukrainian culture, history, and traditions, the forms of work with visitors to popularize cultural values diversified.Therefore, the study of the genesis of the development of libraries in Ukraine in the 20th century at various stages of the cultural and historical development of society proves that their activity was greatly influenced by historical and socio-political factors, under the influence of which their social role and social purpose changed. The analysis of historical processes taking place in Ukraine shows that they had a direct impact on the nature, directions, forms and methods of library work. The declaration of Ukraine's independence in 1991, the democratization of public life dramatically changed the social role of libraries as cultural institutions, contributed to the restructuring of the forms and methods of their activity, the transition to new conditions for providing services to the population.At all stages of its activity, the library is an important body that accumulates various types and forms of knowledge dissemination, provides a unifying function of information about education, culture, upbringing, art, ensuring the interaction of pedagogical, educational, cultural and self-educational activities of each individual.Thus, the phenomenon of the library as an institution is that during the twentieth century, depending on historical and socio-political factors, it went through several periods of development, changing its status, directions, forms, methods of work, content and principles of activity, social role, and performs an important mission in the revival of Ukrainian culture, development of education and science.This study does not cover all aspects of the identified problem and requires further research into the genesis of the development of libraries and their educational activities.

Serhii Pylypenko is a "student of the revolution". The Ukrainian writer's years of study at St. Volodymyr University

Purpose: based on sources of personal origin, archival documents and historiographical achievements, to investigate the student years of study at the University of St. Volodymyr of the Ukrainian writer and public figure Serhii Volodymyrovych Pylypenko. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity, which made it possible to consider the processes of development of Ukrainian higher education at the beginning of the 20th century. Relying on the deductive method and establishing cause-and-effect relationships, it was possible to analyze the impact of the scientific and educational process on the development of the personality of Serhiy Pylypenko as a representative of the Ukrainian national elite in the 1920s –1930s. Scientific novelty. For the first time in historiography. comprehensively analyzed the student years of one of the key figures of the Ukrainian cultural life of the first third of the 20th century. – Serhiy Pylypenko, as a stage in the formation of his personality and creative genius. The influence of higher education in the revolutionary years on the formation of the constellation of the Ukrainian national elite was traced through a specific anthropometric measurement. The relevance stems from the task of comprehensively defining the role and place of the representatives of the "Shooted Revival" in the development of Ukrainian cultural life in the first third of the last century during complex revolutionary and state-building processes. The formation and development of the personal and creative potential of the Ukrainian national elite dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. and requires a careful study of the synthesis of educational influence and revolutionary events on the construction of the creative layer, which later became the driving force of the Ukrainian National Renaissance. Conclusions. Sources of personal origin, "Personal file of a student of the University of St. Volodymyr Serhiy Pylypenko" and other documents covered in as much detail as possible the peculiarities of student life and the educational process in one of the most powerful educational institutions of the Kyiv region at the beginning of the 20th century. The analysis made it possible to single out both the general features of the years of "revolutionary studentship" in the 1910s, which played their role in the formation of the Ukrainian national elite as a whole, and to determine their influence on the formation of the personality of the "ploughman" of Ukrainian literature Serhiy Pylypenko.

ARTISTIC UKRAINIAN MOVEMENT AS A PHENOMENON AND FACT OF THE POST-WAR LITERARY PROCESS

The paper deals with the most important events and processes in the history of the Artistic Ukrainian Movement (MUR) as a literary and artistic organization of Ukrainian writers and a phenomenon of Ukrainian literary life in the post-war period. The article focuses upon the content of the artistic, aesthetic and ideological foundations on which the MUR was formed, as well as some organizational aspects of its literary activity. The study deals with the role of the MUR in the literary and artistic life of the post-war Ukrainian emigration is analyzed, in particular, the content of three writer’s congresses (1945, 1947, and 1948) and three conferences (1946) devoted to the problems of the development of literary criticism and drama, and their historical and cultural, and intellectual worldview contexts. The rticle touches upon the issues of continuity of the ideological, creative and organizational principles of the MUR, in particular, the orientation of its creators onto the tradition of VAPLITE; there is a continuation of the MUR’s traditions in the association of Ukrainian writers in exile "Slovo" ("The Word"), which arose later, is noted. The topic of the discussion between the MUR and the idealistic group that separated from MUR, which was called "Svitannia" ("The Dawn"), and soon turned into opposition to it, is revealed. The article argues that the MUR played an important role in restoring Ukrainian literary life in emigration, and the congresses and conferences it held demonstrated the productivity of artistic and literary-critical developments of Ukrainian writers and literary critics, the fruitfulness and diversity of their ideological and aesthetic searches. The analysis involved memoirs, letters, articles of Ukrainian writers and literary critics involved in the creation and activities of the MUR.

ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІЙНІ ОБРАЗИ ТА НАРАТИВИ В ПОЕЗІЇ РІЛЬКЕ (досвід перекладу Богдана Кравціва)

ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІЙНІ ОБРАЗИ ТА НАРАТИВИ В ПОЕЗІЇ РІЛЬКЕ (досвід перекладу Богдана Кравціва)

Вербалізація емоції страху в дитини в художньому тексті

Emotion linguistics is a new trend in philology which develops rapidly. Language tools of revealing specific aspects of a child’s emotional world in literary tests are analyzed in the paper, in particular the specificity of experiencing a fear emotion. Linguists who study the ways of a language expression of emotions frequently refer to artistic texts. However, the specificity of emotion expression and its verbal denotation depending on the age peculiarities of man is not a sufficiently studied phenomenon. The materials for the research are the literary texts created by the Ukrainian writers at different times, in which children are the main characters (works of P. Myrnyi, M. Kotsiubynskyi, І. Franko, B. Lepkyi, М. Stelmakh, Ye. Hutsalo, М. Matios). The value of the literary texts consists in the fact that they have generally reliable information about a child’s psycho-emotional world since usually children’s images are autobiographical and the emotion description is in most cases the expression of psychical feelings of the authors of the texts. There are several ways to express a child’s fear emotions: a lexical nomination of emotion and emotion descriptors; a description of a non-verbal behavior of a child, a description of a body reaction to emotion.

Особливості художньої інтерпретації образу нащадка генія у романі Б. Коломійчука „Моцарт із Лемберга”

The paper deals with the peculiarities of literary modeling the image of a genius in the novel „Mozart from Lamberg” by the modern Ukrainian writer B. Kolomiychuk. It is claimed that Franz’s motivation for genius was formed in childhood (his mother constantly reminded him of his father and tried to convince his son that he was the same genius composer as his father). He also had innate abilities of reality reflection and unique presentation of its essence (Franz heard music everywhere, different sounds inspired him to create new compositions). It is noted that in the novel the writer did not demonstrate the power of the inherited genotype, as well as the development of intelligence and favorable conditions for its strengthening. Franz was well aware that his father’s genius of composition would never be achieved. However, he still wanted to be worthy of his father’s memory. Such leading traits of Franz’s character as honesty and responsibility contributed to the fact that he established himself as a person who had his own unique abilities.

Дружина консула – авторка роману про українських дипломатів

The article outlines the main stages of the fate of the Ukrainian writer, translator and public figure Valeria O’Connor-Vilinska and the path of her novel „In Emigration” to the reader. The research on the Consul General’s wife as the author of a novel about Ukrainian diplomats is a part of the Women’s Face of Ukrainian Diplomacy project. It was initiated by the Scientific Society for the History of Diplomacy and International Relations in 2021 to mark the 30th anniversary of the restoration of state independence of Ukraine. Being published 75 years after the author’s death the literary work drew readers’ attention to little-known events in diplomatic history. At the same time the work contained consonant assessments of the painful problems of young diplomacy expressed in the memoirs of contemporaries. It is noted that the peculiarity of the novel is that it was based on the true history of the Ukrainian Consulate General in Zurich, her own life experience of the Consul General’s wife as a direct participant in the events.

The First Publication of the French Story of J. P. de Balmen «The Dream» and the History of J. P. de Balmen’s Family

The paper deals with the first publication of the story of Ukrainian writer J. P. de Balmen «The Dream», which was written in French and translated into Russian by H. A. Mykhailychenko. The main plot line of the story, which concerns the ancient Swedish family of de Balmens, is revealed. The author draws attention to the originality of the artistic style of the story, Romantic literature traditions, especially the novel of W. Scott «Waverley».

The concept of fiction in Soroka’s «Crumbs»

In the article, we analyze the concept of fiction in the short story collection «Crumbs» (2019) by the Ukrainian writer Petro Soroka. In this book, the author directly speaks out about his vision of literature; in some tales, he makes digressions, comments on his writing practice and narration, and outlines his understanding of fiction. All these things create a balance between the author’s intentions and concrete texts. In a broad context, the book is a valuable source for researching short stories in modern Ukrainian literature, the nature of fiction in general, and the understanding of fictionality these days. Soroka considered «Crumbs» the pinnacle of his writing. But the book remains unnoticed. The relevance of the article is grounded on this.
 The aim of the article is to outline and identify the conception of fiction proposed in «Crumbs». For that, we solve two main tasks – analyzing the author’s reflections and tracing the realized and unrealized intentions in concrete works.
 The central thesis of Soroka is that literature should mirror life. He uses theological reasoning to explain the mirror reflection in fiction (because God creates human fates, he is the best artist, so the goal of literature is not to make-believe but to reflect what God intended). We interpret this thesis and conclude that the author eliminates the main components of fictionality – the make-believe and the filling with meaning. He finds some fictionality in the representation of characters, the depiction of the current time, and the mastery of retelling. But we state that all these fictional components have lost their status because, these days, they are the constituents of nonfictional genres or texts in nonfictional spheres. The only thing that remains when it comes to fiction is the genre. The author names his writings «short stories». So the fictionality of «Crumbs» is a consensus between author and reader about the genre of the book. It arises in a receptive context. Soroka’s short stories are like artifacts that occur because of rethinking subjects in an uncharacteristic, changed context. In this sense, they are contemporary art phenomena.
 These conclusions about «Crumbs» may become a basis for researching the other writings by Petro Soroka and the short stories of other Ukrainian writers.

Camp female prose (based on «Memories» by Nadiia Surovtsova)

The beginning of the 20th century became the time of the Executed Renaissance for Ukraine. The Soviet totalitarian system sought to subjugate Ukrainian writers with prisons, camps and mass executions. We have a number of testimonies: archival materials of investigative cases, memoirs, epistolaries, camp prose. First of all, it is often a matter of men’s reception of prison and camp experience, men’s literature of fact (nonfiction). Women’s testimonies continue to be a marginal phenomenon. It determines the need to actualize in Ukrainian literature the female camp experience manifested textually.
 The scientific understanding of documentary studies was carried out by a number of Ukrainian literary experts. These are the works of Oleksandr Halych, Nadiia Koloshuk, Mykhailyna Kotsiubynska, Oleh Rarytskyi and others. Women’s camp experience as a text entered the circle of scientific interest only sporadically (texts by Oksana Zabuzhko, Nadiia Koloshuk, Mykhailyna Kotsiubynska, Liudmyla Tarnashynska).
 Nadiia Surovtsova reflects on her camp experience both in prose and poetic words. Her «Memoirs» is a unique sample of women’s nonfiction literature mentioning the path of a young woman to «Golgotha» (prisons, camps). The author focuses not only on her own feelings and thoughts but also on everyday life, people who were close to her and their stories. The book is structured according to the shades of the narrator’s life. She defines two periods that reveal the time «before» and «after»: «Chronicle of short-lived happiness» and «On the other side». It is in the second part we find ourselves together with Nadiia Surovtsova for the first time in Lubianka. In the following chapters of «Memoirs» we get to the «famous Butyrka» and then together with the author we walk the path of suffering «Arkhanhelsk – Golgotha» being full of terrible conditions, poor nutrition, hard work and also the ability to enjoy life and see beauty of nature under such circumstances. The author also talks about the imprisoned female body. We are not talking about maximum frankness but we find naturalistic episodes sporadically (a bloody female body after interrogation, bleeding that becomes unbearable in the absence of water). The path to Golgotha for Nadiia Surovtsova is also a continuous hardening of her own character. She states that she wants to «drink the cup to the bottom» and therefore always chooses new challenges for herself.

Translations of Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil: nation-building, ideological context and activism

The article pioneers a survey of literary translations by representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil since WWII. The translation activity is studied within the broad historical, political, and ideological context; the research combines a socio-historical perspective with an empirical study of the translation flows and agents. Due to mass political emigration of Ukrainians in the 20th century, translation was used by emigrants to preserve and develop the Ukrainian language, literature and culture that did not have normal conditions for existence in the USSR, and to give voice to the Ukrainian writers who could not have their works published in their country. The role of literary translation in Ukrainian nation-building grew due to translators’ activism and collaboration of the diaspora in different countries as well as with translators in the Ukrainian SSR. A unique role in presenting the Ukrainian literary polysystem in its entirety to the world community belongs to the Ukrainian-born citizen of Brazil Vira Selianska.

FEMALE CHARACTERS İN LESYA UKRAINKA’S AND SUAD DERVIŞ’S STORIES

In this work is studied the image of a female as a literary character in the stories of the Ukrainian writer Lesya Ukrainka’s (1871-1913) and Turkish writer Suad Derviş’s (1905–1972). For this purpose, for female images are analyzed in to the focus called works of Lesya Ukrainka's “What a Pity” (“Жаль”), “The City of Sorrow” (“Місто смутку”), “Loud Strings” (“Голосні струни”) and works of Suad Derviş “A Thief”, “The City I Passed Through”, “The Funeral”. The aim of the study is to analyze the dominant female images in the stories of Ukrainian and Turkish authors of the late XIX – first half of the XX century. Analysis of the stories of Ukrainian writer Lesya Ukrainka and Turkish writer Suad Dervis allows realizing the task of gender representation, including common types of female images, which became fundamental in short epic genres of authors and identify distinctive cultural accents in authors’ works from different national literatures. In addition, the study attempts to compare the female characters in the stories of Ukrainian writer Lesya Ukrainka and Turkish writer Suad Dervis. The chosen approach allows a deeper understanding and study of such relations between them as: common – special – unique, panhuman – national. Common conceptual and methodological plane in research for phenomena being compared is genre (story), stylistic (modern and realistic works to be analyzed), thematic (social perspective) and typological (typology of female images in realistic prose) aspects.

Чорнобиль як зона відчуження та самопізнання ( за книгою Маркіяна Камиша Оформляндія, або Прогулянка в Зону )

The presented article refers to Chornobyl as a text of culture which reflects such important problems as nature, human, ecology and memory. These problems the author of the research interprets through the literary work by contemporary Ukrainian writer Markiian Kamysh. The sources of literary contents of the writer’s book are based on his own experience of illegal travel to the Exclusion Zone,called stalkering. The hero of the book pays attention to the existential need of the contemporary human—how to establish a dialogue with nature, and to reveal yourself in it. Chornobyl in literature about environment is not only a symbol of catastrophe, but a space of finding yourself as part of nature, history and culture.

Innovations in the market of tourist services as an instrument of formation of the image of the destination

The strategic goal of tourism development in Ukraine is to create a product that is competitive on the world market, able to satisfy the tourist needs of the population of the country as much as possible, to ensure on this basis the complex development of the territories and their socio-economic interests while preserving the economic balance and historical and cultural identity. Our study’s objective was to interpolate the task data to the regional context. In fact, domestic tourism (about 80% of the tourist flow) is one of the trends of tourism development in Ukraine today. According to the Main Department of Statistics in Lviv region, the most visited tourist destinations in this region are the cities of Lviv and Truskavets, which, of course, related with existing there tourist and recreational potential and own brand on the market of tourist services of Ukraine. However, there is a disproportion of the development of the tourism industry within the Lviv region. Such centers as Drohobych, Sambir, Stryi should become important determinants of the tourist face of Lviv region. The research of the tourist identics of the city of Stryi, promotion of its tourist potential is the main aim of our research. The article is devoted to research of regional market of excursion services on the example of town of Stryi. The focus of attention is directed on innovative excursion products as the main drivers of popularization of tourist destination and intensification of domestic tourism. Stryj has a special historical and cultural heritage for the formation of excursion services and their promotion on the domestic market. Among the tourist attractions are allocated: The memorial complex «To fighters for freedom of Ukraine», the museum of Petro Obal, Museum of regional ethnography «Verkhovyna», the Banderas' family museum, the synagogue, the former gymnasium, where Filaret Kolessa and Stepan Bandera have studied, the room-museum of ethnographer and the collector of Olha Bachynska, the city house of culture, the memorial-sculpture complex «Buditeli» (the only monument in Ukraine to three Ukrainian writers Taras Shevchenko, Lesya Ukrainka, Ivan Franko). There are about 15 tour offices in the town, which offer visitors an overview and thematic excursions. Among them are: «Running around», «The Edge of Blue Fire», «The Tour from Eugene Tychenko», «The Trip to the Stryi Market». The most popular thematic excursion is the route «Stryi sacral buildings». Analysis of the market of excursion services in Stryi revealed the absence of innovative products such as costume excursions, quest-tours, interactive excursions, etc. Therefore, for the purpose of diversification of excursion products within the town, positioning it as a cultural and recognizable center of Western Ukraine, the purpose of our research was to develop the author's quest-excursion «Striyko will spread…». In the future it can take its niche in the market of excursion services of the town, expand the tourist product of destination, become one of the tools of formation of image of the territory. Before the development of the author’s quest-tour, a marketing survey was conducted according to the Net Promoter Score (NPS) method concerning the attractiveness of tourist objects and a calculated loyalty index, which allowed to draw a circle of tourist attractions in Stryi, which would be interesting for potential consumers of the given excursion product. That is, the selection of display objects was not random, but scientifically based. At present, the town of Stryi hasn't its own tourist brand, which would allow to identify it among dicker of tourist centers of the western region. Thus, we have proposed a system of measures to promote the tourist potential of the investigated destiation. Keywords: innovations, tourist destination, territory image, Net Promoter Score method, quest-excursion.

SEMANTICS OF THE TITLE OF ROMAN MALINOVSKY’S STORY «TWO MINUTES BEFORE MIDNIGHT»

The article is devoted to the study of such an element of paratext as a title. The object of the study is the story of the modern Ukrainian writer Roman Malinovsky “Two minutes before midnight”. It was published in the book “Sweet Life” in 2021, and it reflected the author’s consciousness of the danger to the life of mankind that the weapon carries. The purpose of the article is to reveal the meanings of the story’s title, to substantiate its representative, textforming role, to determine how the title helps to understand the author’s concept of reality, embodied in the work. To achieve the goal, the vocabulary (sun, wind, stars) included in the semantic field “space objects” was analyzed. The position is substantiated that the key role in the story is played by the image of the stars, this is the dominant component of the semantic field, closest to the core. The direct meaning of this word (what is seen in the night sky) and its metaphorical meanings are highlighted: a) space object; b) a cigarette light during a friendly meeting; c) the wreckages of burning satellites; d) flashes of nuclear missiles. The thesis is substantiated that the motif that appears at the beginning of the work is the expectation of an unusual cosmic phenomenon – fall of stares, with which the aesthetic (enjoyment of their beauty) is associated, as well as the hope that the wishes come true, is replaced at the end of the work by a statement of the launch of rockets that bring death people, including those who gathered to enjoy the view of the stars and hoped for a happy future. As a result, such semantic oppositions were indicated in the description of the picture of approaching to night (the key word in the title of the story) and in the semantic field “signs of the Space”: “day - night”, “present - future”, “life - death”, “beautiful – disgraceful, unhumane”, “space – chaos”. Attention is drawn to the fact that the vector in the description of what is happening is: from a variety of colors - to plunging the world into darkness, from light - to its dispersion. Hence the dominance of the semantics of extinction, approaching death. As a result, the interpretation of the night as a boundary between existence and its loss is proposed. The conclusion is made about the main meaning of the title of the whole work: two minutes before night - what happened two minutes before the death of mankind.

Rousseau and language

In the famous short story The egg and chicken of the Ukrainian writer Clarice Lispector, the author resumes that classic question that has been going through the history of humanity about who was born first; the egg or the chicken? In an analogous way we could also question the emergence of evil in humanity presenting two possibilities, namely: is language or society responsible for the birth of evil? We know that from the perspective of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau humanity is taken by the antagonism between nature and culture and this is the result of the process of degeneration of that through the inevitable process of perfectibility, continuously and without return causing the fall and moral degradation of the human being. However, unlike what some may think, it was not the needs that took men out of the state of nature, but passions, which can be represented by singing, dancing and sensual gesture, that is, language. For Rousseau, the spoken language is not something natural or inherent to the human being, it is something that has arisen over time in the history of mankind. According to the genebrino, the first humans did not use spoken language, because there was no need, since they lived in isolation and only found one similar sporadically. Thus, with the progress of human language, which can be considered the first social institution, we realize that the bases for the origin of civil society were established with the process of evolution of human language, which moved further and further away from nature to approach the artificiality of civil conventions, dictated by rationality, which elaborated new forms of relationship between men, based on positive laws, social contract and a new political order. In this sense, to the extent that language promotes the emergence of society, it also increasingly promotes the degeneration of the language, leaving it increasingly distant from nature, in a dialectical way. Thus, we aim at resuming the dichotomy between language and society, in order to establish a reflection about the origin of evil in humanity.

Lucky Breaks by Yevgenia Belorusets

Reviewed by: Lucky Breaks by Yevgenia Belorusets Ali Kinsella Yevgenia Belorusets Lucky Breaks Trans. Eugene Ostashevsky. New York. New Directions. 2022. 112 pages. LUCKY BREAKS, by Yevgenia Belorusets, is an experimental approach to the novel that neither follows a traditional story arc nor adheres to strict notions of fiction or non. Comprising thirty vignettes, the book offers glimpses of Ukraine following the 2014 Russian invasion through the lives of ordinary women whose lives have been upset by displacement, death, and loss. Individually no one story serves as a synecdoche for life in contemporary Ukraine, but collectively they offer a polyphonic portrait of a resilient society under siege. Belorusets mostly works as a photographer, which is reflected in her storytelling—momentary glimpses wrapped in imagined histories. Despite its short one hundred pages, the slim volume (printed in an unusually small typeface) is a bit of a slog. The intense brutality of war, which cuts people off from their pasts and futures, operates on the page as well. Belorusets's fractured ultrapresent may well reflect the reality of life in a prolonged, stagnant war. As a novel, however, it fails to provide the cohesion and momentum that pull a reader from one existential disappointment to the next flash of mundane happiness. Perhaps it is better to think of it as a collection of prose poetry, which might also be how translator (and poet) Eugene Ostashevsky sees it. If it is dipped into sporadically, rather than read straight through, each story imprints on the imagination without getting lost in the litany of despair. Fortuitously timed for its publisher, Lucky Breaks offers us an opportunity to reflect on the politics of publishing. Belorusets writes in Russian and has here a Russian-born translator. Neither of these facts is inherently objectionable. Today, however, when the literary world has taken a sudden, intense interest in words coming out of Ukraine, there is a severe dearth of Ukrainian material available in English. Most books on top 10 lists about Ukraine are not written by Ukrainians. The prizewinning I Will Die in a Foreign Land was not written by a Ukrainian. As a translator of Ukrainian myself, I know there are books and articles and essays that deserve a wide, English-speaking readership, yet the link between Ukrainian pen and American press is mostly missing. At a time when Ukrainian culture and language are enduring their most intense attack since the early twentieth century, what does it mean for we anglophones to persist in approaching the country via a colonial power? If nothing else, why are we not more curious about the power of this language that the Russian Empire has fought to suppress, to the brink of self-destruction and the collapse of democracy? (Editor's note: To read Michael M. Naydan's recent recommended reading list of more than forty works by Ukrainian writers translated into English, visit worldlit.org.) Ali Kinsella Chicago Copyright © 2022 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma