Typical Family Research Articles

The rice wound-inducible transcription factor RERJ1 sharing same signal transduction pathway with OsMYC2 is necessary for defense response to herbivory and bacterial blight.

This study describes biological functions of the bHLH transcription factor RERJ1 involved in the jasmonate response and the related defense-associated metabolic pathways in rice, with particular focus on deciphering the regulatory mechanisms underlying stress-induced volatile emission and herbivory resistance. RERJ1 is rapidly and drastically induced by wounding and jasmonate treatment but its biological function remains unknown as yet. Here we provide evidence of the biological function of RERJ1 in plant defense, specifically in response to herbivory and pathogen attack, and offer insights into the RERJ1-mediated regulation of metabolic pathways of specialized defense compounds, such as monoterpene linalool, in possible collaboration with OsMYC2-a well-known master regulator in jasmonate signaling. In rice (Oryza sativa L.), the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family transcription factor RERJ1 is induced under environmental stresses, such as wounding and drought, which are closely linked to jasmonate (JA) accumulation. Here, we investigated the biological function of RERJ1 in response to biotic stresses, such as herbivory and pathogen infection, using an RERJ1-defective mutant. Transcriptome analysis of the rerj1-Tos17 mutant revealed that RERJ1 regulated the expression of a typical family of conserved JA-responsive genes (e.g., terpene synthases, proteinase inhibitors, and jasmonate ZIM domain proteins). Upon exposure to armyworm attack, the rerj1-Tos17 mutant exhibited more severe damage than the wildtype, and significant weight gain of the larvae fed on the mutant was observed. Upon Xanthomonas oryzae infection, the rerj1-Tos17 mutant developed more severe symptoms than the wildtype. Among RERJ1-regulated terpene synthases, linalool synthase expression was markedly disrupted and linalool emission after wounding was significantly decreased in the rerj1-Tos17 mutant. RERJ1 appears to interact with OsMYC2-a master regulator of JA signaling-and many OsJAZ proteins, although no obvious epistatic interaction was detected between them at the transcriptional level. These results indicate that RERJ1 is involved in the transcriptional induction of JA-mediated stress-responsive genes via physical association with OsMYC2 and mediates defense against herbivory and bacterial infection through JA signaling.

Affordability of Different Isocaloric Healthy Diets in Germany-An Assessment of Food Prices for Seven Distinct Food Patterns.

Affordability of different isocaloric healthy diets in Germany—an assessment of food prices for seven distinct food patterns Background: For decades, low-fat diets were recommended as the ideal food pattern to prevent obesity, type 2 diabetes and their long-term complications. Nowadays, several alternatives considering sources and quantity of protein, fat and carbohydrates have arisen and clinical evidence supports all of them for at least some metabolic outcomes. Given this variety in diets and the lack of a single ideal diet, one must evaluate if patients at risk, many of which having a lower income, can actually afford these diets. Aim: We modelled four-week food plans for a typical family of two adults and two school children based on seven different dietary patterns: highly processed standard omnivore diet (HPSD), freshly cooked standard omnivore diet (FCSD), both with German average dietary composition, low-protein vegan diet (VeganD), low-fat vegetarian diet (VegetD), low-fat omnivore diet (LFD), Mediterranean diet (MedD) and high-fat moderate-carb diet (MCD). The isocaloric diets were designed with typical menu variation for all meal times. We then assessed the lowest possible prices for all necessary grocery items in 12 different supermarket chains, avoiding organic foods, special offers, advertised exotic super foods and luxury articles. Prices for dietary patterns were compared in total, stratified by meal time and by food groups. Results: Among all seven dietary patterns, price dispersion by supermarket chains was 12–16%. Lowest average costs were calculated for the VegetD and the FCSD, followed by HPSD, LFD, VeganD, MedD and—on top—MCD. VeganD, MedD and MCD were about 16%, 23% and 67% more expensive compared to the FCSD. Major food groups determining prices for all diets are vegetables, salads and animal-derived products. Calculations for social welfare severely underestimate expenses for any kind of diet. Conclusions: Food prices are a relevant factor for healthy food choices. Food purchasing is financially challenging for persons with very low income in Germany. Fresh-cooked plant-based diets are less pricy than the unhealthy HPSD. Diets with reduced carbohydrate content are considerably more expensive, limiting their use for people with low income. Minimum wage and financial support for long-term unemployed people in Germany are insufficient to assure a healthy lifestyle.

Current understanding of the development of sex attractant-based biocontrol in burnet moths

• Twenty-two sex attractant compositions identified from 57 species of burnet moths. • Sex attractants successfully applied the seasonal monitoring of burnet moths. • Sex attractants and trap can affect the capture effectiveness. Burnet moths, also known as the family Zygaenidae, are a typical diurnal family of Lepidoptera. Some species are important insect pests in agriculture and forestry. The use of sex attractants is one of the most important measures in the integrated pest management of burnet moths because these attractants are highly efficient, do not cause pollution, and are convenient and harmless to natural enemies. The earliest information about sex pheromones in Zygaenidae was reported in 1972. To date, many studies have described sex pheromones and attractants of species in Zygaenidae. Here, we review a total of 22 sex attractant compositions identified for 57 species of Zygaenidae and compare the differences in the structures of sex attractants among these species. The application of sex attractants in seasonal monitoring showed that the main activity period of zygaenid moths is from May to September each year. However, there are few reports on the effects of sex attractants on mass trapping of members of the family Zygaenidae. The ratio and degradation of sex attractants and the trap color, shape and hanging height were considered the main factors influencing capture effectiveness. Directions for further study of burnet moths are also discussed.

Analysis of electricity consumption and thermal storage of domestic electric water heating systems to utilize excess PV generation

Water heating is one of the most energy intensive applications in households and domestic electric water heating systems (DEWH) offer large thermal storage for moving electrical load across the day. This study uses a unique dataset from 410 households and presents a comprehensive analysis of electricity consumption and hot water draw of DEWH for the Australian context. Using the real-world data and thermal energy modelling tool TRNSYS, the study analyses the potential of storing and using excess PV generation in DEWH and investigates the impact of different daily hot water draw profiles, PV and DEWH size on the potential for excess PV utilization. The results show that households on average use 6 kWh of energy for DEWH and 142 L of hot water daily. Potential excess PV utilization is highly dependent on the household's daily hot water draw profile and is also affected by seasonality. On average, excess PV generation from a 4.5 kW PV system can provide 48% of daily DEWH energy for a household with a typical working family profile, which corresponds to a 28% increase in PV self-consumption.

Social Representations of Art in Public Places: A Study of Everyday Explanations of the Statue of ‘A Real Birmingham Family’

This article focuses on the social/cultural representations of the statue of A Real Birmingham Family cast in bronze and unveiled in Britain’s second city in October 2014. It reveals a family comprising two local mixed-race sisters, both single mothers, and their sons, unanimously chosen from 372 families. Three of the four families shortlisted for the statue were ‘mixed-race’ families. The artwork came about through a partnership between the sculptress, Gillian Wearing, and the city’s Ikon Gallery. A number of different lay representations of the artwork have been identified, notably, that it is a ‘normal family with no fathers’ and that it is not a ‘typical family’. These are at variance with a representation based on an interpretation of the artwork and materials associated with its creation: that a nuclear family is one reality amongst many and that what constitutes a family should not be fixed. This representation destabilizes our notion of the family and redefines it as empirical, experiential, and first-hand, families being brought into recognition by those in the wider society who choose to nominate themselves as such. The work of Ian Hacking, Richard Jenkins, and others is drawn upon to contest the concept of ‘normality’. Further, statistical data are presented that show that there is now a plurality of family types with no one type dominating or meriting the title of ‘normal’. Finally, Wearing’s statues of families in Trentino and Copenhagen comprise an evolving body of cross-national public art that provides further context and meaning for this representation.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Thioredoxin Gene Family in Gossypium hirsutum L. and the Role of the Atypical Thioredoxin Gene GhTRXL3-2 in Flowering

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a highly conserved low-molecular-weight protein and a ubiquitous antioxidant enzyme that plays key role in the regulation of plant growth and development. Here, using the whole-genome sequence, we performed a systematic analysis for the TRX gene family in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and analyzed their structural characteristics, evolution, and expression profiles during growth and development. At least 86 GhTRX members, 40 typical and 46 atypical, were identified in the cotton genome, and they were unevenly distributed on the 26 chromosomes. Conserved domains and phylogenic tree construction classified the typical TRX gene family into seven subfamilies and the atypical TRX into nine subfamilies. An evolutionary analysis revealed that the TRX gene family underwent purification selection during evolution. In addition, an RNA-Seq analysis showed that, during vegetative and reproductive development, the differences in transcript abundance levels and organ-specific expression patterns suggest functional diversity. Biochemical assays demonstrated that the atypical TRX protein GhTRXL3-2 interacted with the cotton FLOWERING LOCUS T protein GhFT. The overexpression of GhTRXL3-2 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in early flowering compared with control plants. Additionally, the silencing of GhTRXL3-2 in cotton delayed maturation, suggesting that it has important roles in cotton’s flowering regulation. These results help clarify the evolution of the TRX genes and elucidate their biological functions in cotton flowering regulation.

Identification and expression of IL-1β in the endangered Dabry’s sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus)

Dabry’s sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus), mainly distributed in the upper Yangtze River, is considered as a rare and endangered species in China. To date, its innate immune system remains largely undetermined. In the present study, we identified an interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) gene with a 6-exon/5-intron structure from Dabry’s sturgeon. The predicted protein sequence has a typical IL-1 family signature, containing 12 β-strands and no signal peptide. Although the predicted amino acid sequence encoded by the IL-1β gene had low sequence identity and similarity to other fish IL-1βs, the Dabry's sturgeon IL-1 β protein clustered together with proteins from other fish IL-1β type II group homologous proteins. The different expression levels of the IL-1β gene in various embryonic developmental stages implied that IL-1β might be subject to maternal transmission and mediate embryonic development. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that the IL-1β was ubiquitously expressed (especially in the skin and gill), suggesting that the IL-1β could play a vital role in the first immune barrier under normal conditions. Transcriptional analysis indicated that the IL-1β gene transcription levels in spleen leukocytes following polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation were 3-fold and 12-fold higher than those in the control, respectively. The different IL-1β gene responses to poly I:C and LPS suggested differences in defense mechanisms against viruses and bacteria in Dabry’s sturgeon.

Materialisation of the Good Life in the New House

Abstract Over the past two decades, Chinese rural architecture has experienced dramatic changes through the Building the Chinese Socialist New Village movement. Thousands of new houses, particularly in the model of the New Village, have risen abruptly out of the ground. These Western-style new houses with a garden (huayuan yangfang), which often appear in the media as typical family houses in Western society, largely represent the image of the good life of the state and the peasant in contemporary China. In this article, I focus on how the family house is produced and consumed in Baikou New Village in south China. By presenting the materiality of the dwelling space, this paper probes the intertwined processes of the materialisation of the blueprint of the good life and how the new houses influence family life (especially intergenerational relationships) in post-socialist Baikou New Village.

Combining a Genetic Algorithm and a Fuzzy System to Optimize User Centricity in Autonomous Vehicle Concept Development

The megatrends of individualization and sharing will dramatically change our consumer behavior. The needs of a product’s users will be central input for its development. Current development processes are not suitable for this product development; thus, we propose a combination of a genetic algorithm and a fuzzy system for user-centered development. We execute our new methodological approach on the example of autonomous vehicle concepts to demonstrate its implementation and functionality. The genetic algorithm minimizes the required number of vehicle concepts to satisfy the mobility needs of a user group, and the fuzzy system transfers user needs into vehicle-related properties, which are currently input for vehicle concept development. To present this method, we use a typical family and their potential mobility behavior. Our method optimizes their minimal number of vehicle concepts to satisfy all mobility needs and derives the properties of the vehicle concepts. By integrating our method into the entire vehicle concept development process, autonomous vehicles can be designed user-centered in the context of the megatrends of individualization and sharing. In summary, our method enables us to derive an optimized number of products for qualitatively described, heterogeneous user needs and determine their product-related properties.

A Review of The Development of Civil Aircraft Family

The development of product family has become a major trend in industrial product research and development, which can meet the needs of market segments, shorten research and development time, reduce research and development costs, and quickly increase market share. The development of civil aircraft family is one of the important characteristics of modern civil aircraft design, which can bring significant economic benefits for aircraft life cycle. In order to meet the needs of the market and realize cost reduction and efficiency increase, the development of civil aircraft family has become the main direction of the development of modern civil aircraft, which has attracted widespread attention, and the major aircraft manufacturers have formed their own series of civil aircraft. Focusing on the development of civil aircraft family, this paper reviews the development of product family, the design of civil aircraft family and the development status of typical civil aircraft family in the field of civil aircraft. Then the challenges and future research directions of civil aircraft family are summarized and discussed.

Fish natural killer enhancing factor-A (NKEF-A) enhance cytotoxicity of nonspecific cytotoxic cells against bacterial infection

Natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF)-A/B is a member of Peroxiredoxin (Prxs) family, which is named for the function of enhancing NK cells activity. NKEF also plays essential roles in multiple physiology/pathology processes including inflammation regulation, cancer development and redox reactions. However, the regulatory effects of fish NKEF on immune cells remain largely unknown. In this study, the full-length cDNA of NKEF-A (Accession No. MK584553, designated as On-NKEF-A) was identified from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). On-NKEF-A encoded a 198 amino acid peptide with molecular mass of 22.085 kDa. On-NKEF-A protein contained a typical 2-Cys family domain, two active sites (51aa and 172aa) that were conserved in mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. Phylogenetic analysis showed that On-NKEF-A had the closest relationship with Zebra mbuna (Maylandia zebra) NKEF. The On-NKEF-A transcription was present in all examined tissues or organs. And the relative high expression levels of On-NKEF-A was found in head kidney leucocytes and nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC). After Streptococcus agalactiae stimulation, On-NKEF-A was significantly up-regulated in head kidney, spleen, gill and skin. Also, On-NKEF-A was markedly induced post S. agalactiae, LPS and poly I:C stimulation in head kidney-derived NCC. Moreover, On-NKEF-A was mainly distributed in cytoplasm of fathead minnow cells (FHM cells). The further in vitro analysis found that the recombinant protein of On-NKEF-A (rOn-NKEF-A) could induce the expression of various molecular markers of B cells, macrophages and NCC, enhanced the cytotoxicity of NCC via increasing the effectors expression. The present data collectively indicate that On-NKEF-A participates in anti-bacterial immune response via regulating NCC activity, which will provide new ideas to further explore the defense mechanism of fish against bacteria.

Environmental, social and health benefits of alternative renewable energy sources. Case study for household biogas digesters in rural areas

In rural areas of Colombia, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the preferred option available for cooking. However, the poorest households rely on firewood (FW) to meet their daily cooking needs, because is the most accessible and affordable energy source. This high level of dependence on traditional solid fuels and the use of non-optimized cook stoves results in high health, environmental, economic and social costs on developing countries’ households. This study aimed at assessing the environmental and health benefits of implementing grass-fed household biogas digesters in rural areas of Colombia, through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Functional Unit was the annual demand of cooking energy by a typical family in those rural areas, which means 2400 MJ of useful heat. There were evaluated two sources of biogas obtained from Pennisetum grass: Biogas from minerally fertilized grass (BMFG) and from organically fertilized one (BOFG). Results showed that FW had the highest impacts from fuels assessed, while the lowest impacts were found with BOFG, showing half of LCA total impacts compared with LPG and more than two orders of magnitude lower in non-methane volatile organic compounds and particulate matter (PM2.5eq) emitted compared with FW. Therefore, BOFG appears as an environmentally feasible alternative for cooking, which allowed the reduction LCA impacts among most of the categories assessed, as the fuel purchase expenses and of the wood collection time. Moreover, health impacts including the indoor emissions exposure showed also more than two orders of magnitude less impact compared with FW. It can be concluded that household digesters could improve the living standard of rural families.

Maximizing avertable doses with a minimum amount of waste for remediation of land areas around typical single family houses after radioactive fallout based on Monte Carlo simulations

The uncontrolled release of long-lived radioactive substances from nuclear accidents can contaminate inhabited land areas. The removal of topsoil is an important method for reducing future radiation exposure but can also generate a large amount of waste that needs safe disposal. To the best of our knowledge, previous studies have determined the optimal depth of topsoil removal but not the size of the area designated for this measure. For this purpose, this study performed Monte Carlo simulations of hypothetical 137Cs surface contamination on various ground areas in a typical northern European suburban area. The goal was to study the size of the areas needed and amount of waste generated to achieve a certain relative and absolute dose reduction. The results showed that removing the topsoil from areas larger than 3000 m2 around the houses in the study neighbourhood results in only marginal reduction in radiation exposure. If, on average, 5 cm of topsoil is removed over 3000 m2, then 150 m3 of waste would be generated. However, in this scenario adjacent properties benefit from each other’s decontamination, leading to a smaller amount of waste for a given reduction in future radiation exposure per inhabitant of these dwellings. Additionally, it was shown that topsoil removal over limited areas has a higher impact on the absolute dose reduction at an observation point inside or outside the houses with higher initial dose.

One-pot Synthesis of 2D SnS2 Nanorods with High Energy Density and Long Term Stability for High-Performance Hybrid Supercapacitor

Two dimensional (2D) microstructure materials have attracted considerable attention due to their short-diffusion path length and large interfacial areas for hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) in recent years. In the typical layered metal chalcogenides family, tin sulfide (SnS2) is one of the important binary compounds explored for energy storage applications. A reasonable construction of a 2D microstructure for HSCs is proposed. The structural study revealed the nanorods-like morphology with high purity and crystallinity of the sample. The 2D SnS2 nanorods were synthesized through a controlled strategy and tested as an active electrode material for HSCs. The electrochemical properties of SnS2 nanorods were examined through different experimental measurements, including both two- and three-electrode systems. In a three-electrode system, the as-synthesized 2D SnS2 nanorods exhibit superior electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of (270 F g−1 at 10 mVs−1, and 162.2 F g−1 at 3 A g−1) and excellent cycling stability (9% capacitance loss after 8000 repeated CV cycles), due to efficient ion transport between the electrolyte to the active electrode, and charge transport between electrode and current collector, respectively. More importantly, aqueous HSCs were assembled using 2D SnS2//rGO as positive and negative electrodes operating in a wide and stable potential window up to 1.6 V in 1 M NaOH electrolyte. Moreover, HSCs deliver a high specific capacitance of (108 F g−1 at 5 mVs−1, and 92.4 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), a high specific energy of 32.8 Wh kg−1 along with excellent electrochemical stability (93% retention after 4000 cycles) due to the morphology assisted activity and unique structure of the electrode material. Additionally, we demonstrated the single HSC cell which provided sufficient energy to turn on a red LED of 20 mW and emit light over a certain period of time opens up possible realistic applications. The results manifest that the proposed hydrothermal assisted synthesis has promising applications in producing high-performance energy storage devices.

Rapid learning of object names in dogs

Learning object names after few exposures, is thought to be a typically human capacity. Previous accounts of similar skills in dogs did not include control testing procedures, leaving unanswered the question whether this ability is uniquely human. To investigate the presence of the capacity to rapidly learn words in dogs, we tested object-name learning after four exposures in two dogs with knowledge of multiple toy-names. The dogs were exposed to new object-names either while playing with the objects with the owner who named those in a social context or during an exclusion-based task similar to those used in previous studies. The dogs were then tested on the learning outcome of the new object-names. Both dogs succeeded after exposure in the social context but not after exposure to the exclusion-based task. Their memory of the object-names lasted for at least two minutes and tended to decay after retention intervals of 10 min and 1 h. This reveals that rapid object-name learning is possible for a non-human species (dogs), although memory consolidation may require more exposures. We suggest that rapid learning presupposes learning in a social context. To investigate whether rapid learning of object names in a social context is restricted to dogs that have already shown the ability to learn multiple object-names, we used the same procedure with 20 typical family dogs. These dogs did not demonstrate any evidence of learning the object names. This suggests that only a few subjects show this ability. Future studies should investigate whether this outstanding capacity stems from the exceptional talent of some individuals or whether it emerges from previous experience with object name learning.

Microbe-Assisted Assembly of Ti3C2Tx MXene on Fungi-Derived Nanoribbon Heterostructures for Ultrastable Sodium and Potassium Ion Storage.

As a typical family of two-dimensional (2D) materials, MXenes present physiochemical properties and potential for use in energy storage applications. However, MXenes suffer some of the inherent disadvantages of 2D materials, such as severe restacking during processing and service and low capacity of energy storage. Herein, a MXene@N-doped carbonaceous nanofiber structure is designed as the anode for high-performance sodium- and potassium-ion batteries through an in situ bioadsorption strategy; that is, Ti3C2Tx nanosheets are assembled onto Aspergillus niger biofungal nanoribbons and converted into a 2D/1D heterostructure. This microorganism-derived 2D MXene-1D N-doped carbonaceous nanofiber structure with fully opened pores and transport channels delivers high reversible capacity and long-term stability to store both Na+ (349.2 mAh g-1 at 0.1A g-1 for 1000 cycles) and K+ (201.5 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 for 1000 cycles). Ion-diffusion kinetics analysis and density functional theory calculations reveal that this porous hybrid structure promotes the conduction and transport of Na and K ions and fully utilizes the inherent advantages of the 2D material. Therefore, this work expands the potential of MXene materials and provides a good strategy to address the challenges of 2D energy storage materials.

A Family Systems Curriculum: Evaluating Skills and Empathy.

Training residents in family-centered approaches offers an opportunity to investigate how learners translate skills to real clinical encounters. Previous evaluations of a family systems curriculum have relied on self-assessment and narrative reflection to assess resident learning. Assessment of learning using encounter observation and objective tools, including evaluation of empathy, allows for a deeper understanding of how residents transform curricular education into clinical practice. We evaluated resident learning from a longitudinal family systems curriculum delivered during the third year of a four-year residency training program. Using the Family-Centered Observation Form (FCOF), we analyzed seven pre- and postcurriculum videotaped encounters for changes in family-centered interviewing skills. We assessed changes in empathy before and after the curriculum using the Jefferson Empathy Scale. There was a trend toward improvement in all family-centered skills, as measured by the FCOF, though the improvements were only statistically significant in the area of rapport building. Statistically significant improvement in empathy occurred for all participants. Narrative reflection demonstrated that residents found the curriculum valuable in ways that we were unable to objectively measure. Training in family systems can enhance patient interactions and may improve empathy. Evaluation of family-centered skills is challenging and takes a significant amount of time and planning. The FCOF can help learners identify how to use family-centered concepts and skills in a typical family medicine outpatient visit. Further study is needed to determine whether patients seen by doctors who use family-oriented skills have better experiences or outcomes.

AN ADULT-MINDED BABY: AN EVIL PRODIGY IN FAMILY GUY?

The article aims at analysis of the baby’s idiolect in the animated series “Family Guy”, featuring a typical American family. The study focuses on Stewie Griffin’s remarks, the baby in the family, and the way his speech violates age stereotypes (about baby’s talk, the way of thinking, basic needs, life goals, etc.). The conversation, discourse and corpus analyses have been used to single out Stewie’s specific vocabulary – through the word list, keyword list, KWIC – he uses while communicating with his family. His speech is opposed to infant-directed speech to show the contrast between baby-mother and mother-baby discourse. The findings show that the most frequent words in the corpus are “mind”, “device”, “machine”, “victory”, “hell”, “power” that reveal Stewie’s genius nature and intentions of world domination. The key word combinations, that are unique in the research corpus, are mainly related to the semantic field of science (“ultra violet scanning light”, “theory of molecular propulsion”) and technology (“mind-control device”, “time machine”, “penultimate adjustment”). It contradicts age expectations based on the fact that infants of Stewie’s age are supposed to speak in combinations of sounds and simple words. Moreover, Stewie’s idiolect consists of words with negative semantic prosody (“contempible”, “oppressive”, “tyranny”) that emphasize the fact that he is a villain in the animated series. The dialogues between Lois, Stewie’s mother, and the baby reveal Lois’s tendency to use infant-directed speech, e.g. simple sentences in forms of orders, exclamations when she talks to her son. The infant, on the contrary, violates expectations and uses advanced languag

Peroxiredoxin-I Sustains Inflammation During Pancreatitis.

Peroxiredoxin-I Sustains Inflammation During Pancreatitis.

The Distribution of Wealth Since the Great Recession

Two things have happened to the wealth of American households since the Great Recession started in 2007. First, the distribution became much more unequal; second, the wealth of the typical family dropped sharply, and, at least through 2016, did not recover. These changes are largely due to the sharp drop in homeownership. From 2007 to 2015, the homeownership rate fell by four and one-half percentage points - over six million families. The proportional decline was similar for all large racial and ethnic categories: White, Black, Hispanic, and other (mostly Asian). For the 60 percent of us who comprise the broad middle class, the equity in our homes is still our most valuable asset, and this is true for those of us whose net worth is around $50,000 on up to those of us who are millionaires; but as of 2016 we were typically 30 percent poorer than we were in 2007.