Typical Apartment Research Articles

WPŁYW ZASTOSOWANIA KOLEKTORÓW SŁONECZNYCH NA EKONOMIKĘ PRZYGOTOWANIA CIEPŁEJ WODY UŻYTKOWEJ

One of the principal actions arising from the need for rational energy management, is the increase of renewable energy sources use. Application of solar energy photothermal conversion for domestic hot water preparation is a solution that, by reducing demand for conventional energy, allows to minimize the cost of system operation effectively. In this paper, a performance of solar hot water installation working in a typical apartment building is analyzed. The building is located in Lublin, in the third climate zone. Energy demand for heating domestic water was monitored in 2010–2013. The operational effects of the system were comparedin terms of energy and cost with the most commonly used systems for domestic hot water heating.

Energy–exergy analysis and economic investigation of a cogeneration and trigeneration ORC–VCC hybrid system utilizing biomass fuel and solar power

The purpose of the present work is the thermodynamic modeling and economic analysis of a micro-scale tri/co-generation system capable of combined heat and power production and refrigeration, based on the joint operation of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and a Vapor Compression Cycle (VCC). The ORC expander, VCC compressor and electricity generator are connected to the same shaft. The condensation of both cycles takes place under a common pressure in a single condenser. A biomass boiler together with a module of Parabolic-Trough Collectors (PTC) provides heat to the ORC via two distinct intermediate pressurized water circuits. In trigeneration mode (summer operation), a portion of the power produced by the ORC expander is consumed by the VCC compressor, while any surplus power is converted to electricity. The heat generated in the condenser of the system is used to meet hot water demand. In cogeneration mode (winter operation) the VCC is disconnected, since no refrigeration is necessary.The performance of the system is assessed for subcritical operation pressures for the organic medium R245fa. Investigations on the effect of various parameters, such as condensation and evaporation temperatures on the system performance are carried out. The impact of superheating and installing a recuperator is also examined. In a base case scenario (evaporation temperature at 90°C without superheating) assuming an overall 50kWth heat input and a cooling load of 5kWth (during the summer), the net electric efficiency is 2.38%, with an electricity output equal to 1.42kWe and a heating output of 53.5kWth. The exergy efficiency of the ORC was estimated at about 7%.An economic analysis of the system is carried out for a case study considering a typical apartment block on a Greek Island, assuming PTC area of 50m2. The savings in fuel oil and electricity consumption account for an IRR around 12%, with a payback period of 7years.

P‐35: The Prospect Assessment of 65+ Inch TVs Based on the Size of Mainstream Living Rooms in China

The prospect of 65"+ high‐resolution TVs was assessed by analyzing the sizes of mainstream living rooms in China. Quantitative data analysis shows that 65‐77" high resolution TVs, which can fit into typical apartment elevators for transportation, are well suited for wall decoration and provide excellent visual experience at the meantime.

Retrofitting micro gas turbines for wet operation. A way to increase operational flexibility in distributed CHP plants

Abstract It is generally accepted that only flexible CHP plants could be a viable option in an electrical system with high penetration of variable renewables. Variable power-to-heat-ratios and decoupled power and heat generation will be basic requirements. Currently, the most common way to fulfill these specifications is the use of heat storage devices, whereas wet operation of gas turbines is an alternative way to achieve both goals. The current work is an analysis of a micro gas turbine adapted to operate with steam injection. A thermodynamic model is developed and a typical apartments building in Berlin, Germany is chosen as a case study. The study presumes the existence of a micro gas turbine and analyzes the results of its adaptation for wet operation. The environmental and economic performance of the new system is compared to that of its commercial counterpart. It is shown that the retrofitted turbine has longer annual operation time and higher electrical energy generation. The retrofit also proves to be an attractive investment for the German CHP market with internal rates of return reaching almost 20%.

Research on Ventilation Plan of Summer in Kangding

Indoor thermal environment in kangding was tested on a typical day of summer, it was found that due to outdoor severe cold environment conditions, even in summer 66.4percent of local residents used heating equipments to keep warm with doors and windows closed, thus causing unhealthy indoor air quality (IAQ). So with a local typical apartment as an example, the air changes under the condition of local window tightness was calculated. Results showed that when the doors and windows were closed, indoor air changes was mostly between 0.13-1∼0.24h-1, far from required 0.5h-1 of relevant standard specification. Proper ventilation was an effective measure to improve IAQ. Therefore the required ventilation time with different opening areas was calculated. Results showed that required ventilation time was respectively 5.42∼24.30mins with full opening areas, 15.89∼49.09mins with opening scale of 1/2 and 31.30∼100.22mins with opening scale of 1/4. And proper period of ventilation time which was affected by local residents’ living habits, rooms’ function, outdoor environment conditions and the required ventilation time was discussed.

Impacts of Air-drying Shelter on Indoor Thermal Environment in Turfan

In Turfan, with a long hot summer, local solar radiation was very strong, air-drying shelter which was closely integrated with local culture and production was a common local architectural form. In this paper, a typical apartment was selected to simulate indoor thermal and wet environment all the year around of two conditions of with and without drying room on the roofs, and indoor operating temperature and relative humidity in typical months and typical days were analyzed. As a result, in summer indoor operating temperature could be lower than those without drying rooms by a maximum reduction of 2.46°C, improving thermal and wet environment effectively, due to which human thermal comfort was better accordingly. However in winter because of drying room's sheltering of solar radiation, indoor operating temperature was slightly lower that without air-drying shelter on the roof, unfavorable to improve indoor thermal environment. Taking local long and hot summer into comprehensive consideration, local air-drying shelter was helpful for the improvement of indoor thermal environment throughout the year.

The Study of the Beijing Traffic Noise Pollution Control Countermeasures

Traffic noise is a major source of noise pollution in the urban environment, including road traffic noise and rail traffic noise, which has become one of the domestic large and medium cities in environmental issues to be solved. This paper analyzes the status of the Beijing traffic noise pollution and control strategies, and a typical apartment block selected as a case, analyzes its noise pollution elements, severity, time distribution, and draws a noise map of the plane area and a dormitory building in the noise conditions typical time. Last we discussed and gave the method based on noise control measures.

Central Ventilation System with Heat Recovery as One of the Measures to Upgrade Energy Efficiency of Historic Buildings

Improving thermal shield in buildings and reducing energy consumption have become major problems to be solved for the recent decades. Natural ventilation accounts for nearly half of heat losses in existing buildings. A controlled heat recovery ventilation system makes it possible to reduce irrational heat losses and improve microclimatic comfort. A typical historic residential apartment building constructed before industrial times in Saint-Petersburg is subject of this article. Options of centralized controlled heat recovery ventilation systems for old historic apartment buildings in Saint-Petersburg are suggested in this article.

Energy retrofit of residential building envelopes in Israel: A cost-benefit analysis

It is often taken for granted that thermal renovation of building envelopes not only conserves operational energy and reduces the environmental impact of generating electricity, but is also economically beneficial to the individual homeowner. While this may be true in cold climates, it may not necessarily be true in the case of Israel, most of which has a relatively mild Mediterranean climate but parts of which are hot and arid. This study, which sought to address this question, comprised two stages: a) Analysis of the direct economic benefits to the individual homeowner of different strategies for refurbishing the envelope of an existing building; and b) Examination of other (external) benefits to society arising from electricity conservation resulting from such retrofit. The analysis demonstrates that in Israel, given current electricity prices and building construction costs, insulating the roof is a cost-effective strategy – but the payback period is 15–30 years, making it unattractive to most homeowners. Insulating the external walls of a typical apartment results in electricity savings comparable to only one third of the retrofit cost, and is thus not economically viable. Accounting for the external benefits to society does make some marginal retrofits more attractive, but not sufficiently to justify most envelope retrofit options. This highlights the importance of adopting stringent standards for new construction, since the marginal cost of additional thermal insulation in new buildings is far lower than the cost of renovating them.

아파트의 리모델링시 적합한 열관류율 대안의 도출

본 연구에서는 2020년까지 리모델링을 하는 국내 아파트에 에너지절약을 할 수 있는 방안을 제공하기 위하여 해외 패시브하우스에 적용된 에너지절약을 위한 기술들에 대해 알아보고 이를 통하여 우리나라에 적용 가능한 패시브적인 요소기술을 도출하였다. 또한 이를 적용 시 에너지절감율을 알아보기 위하여 국내의 건물에너지효율등급인증제도를 사용하여 선정한 5개 사례의 에너지절감율을 산출하고 등급을 부여하여 분석하였다. 그리고 이를 통하여 에너지를 절약할 수 있는 합리적인 열관류율 대안을 도출하고, 국내에서 추진되는 아파트 리모델링 프로젝트에 제시하였으며, 이 방안은 표준주택 대비 에너지를 40%이상 절약 할 수 있다. This paper proposes an energy conservation scheme when apartment remodeling is provided, which analyzes the energy conservation techniques that are suitable for overseas passive houses. Subsequently, a passive solution that is more suitable for our country is derived. In order to examine the energy saving rate applying to passive solution, it evaluates the energy saving rate of 5 specific cases by taking advantage of internal building energy efficiency rating certification system, classifies them and analyzes them. Finally, a rational alternative is devised, and then which is implemented in the internal apartment housing remodeling project. This scheme can save 40% of the energy in comparison with typical apartment building.

Feasibility of Underfloor Heating Using Solar Energy

This study explores the economic feasibility of the underfloor heating system in North Cyprus. A case study of typical residential apartment 150m to compare the annual cost savings during the winter season between first the apartment depending only on split unit and second use solar energy to heat the underfloor. The initial investment or new life cycle investments are 10000TL with 4 solar collector units. The solar energy is cost effective, therefore as a result of the comparison the annual cost savings were 3260TL.The Solar panels which were used to collect 33.88kWh/day of energy. The feasibility of this study was determined by criteria like Net Present Value NPV, Simple Payback period SPB, Savings-to-Investment Ratio SIR, Internal Rate of Return IRR. NPV which was obtained greater than zero, IRR percentage was larger than the discount rate. The utilize of solar energy reduced the electricity cost and energy consumption.

Comparative study of continuous versus intermittent heating for local residential building: Case studies in Jordan

In this work, a comparative study of continuous versus intermittent heating in homes was performed. The thermal response factor and intermittent heating factor was found for a typical apartment building in Amman, Jordan. A comparison between several wall, roof, and floor constructions and several levels of insulation thickness was made and the heating load calculations for those constructions (steady state analysis and dynamic behavior) were performed.It was found that more comfort and more fuel saving and less initial and running costs were achieved when continuous heating at low temperature was adopted. Also, the optimization of continuous and intermittent heating was studied in order to minimize fuel economy and maximize thermal comfort. It was found that for high insulated apartment buildings, the continuous operation of the boiler at low water temperature is more economical than when it is operated intermittently at high temperature for more than 14h per day.

Photovoltaics in urban environment: A case study for typical apartment buildings in Greece

Abstract This paper aims at estimating the potential of PV systems applied on buildings (BAPVs) within a typical Greek building block. For the purpose of the study a block located in the municipality of Thessaloniki in northern Greece was chosen. The block consists of multistory residential buildings of various heights and represents the typical Greek building block. A detailed shading study of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the residential building block was carried out and is presented in the paper. The shading study was carried out using the Google Sketchup and PVsyst software tools, leading to significant conclusions firstly about shading losses of PVs in multistory building topologies and secondly about the actual available areas for PVs in a typical urban building block. Finally, an economic assessment of the PV systems examined was carried out, focusing on their feasibility and based on the feed-in tariff terms which have been enacted exclusively for residential PV installations since 2009. It was found that the majority of installations have a maximum six-year payback period.

Domestic hot water consumption vs. solar thermal energy storage: The optimum size of the storage tank

Many efforts have been made in order to adequate the production of a solar thermal collector field to the consumption of domestic hot water of the inhabitants of a building. In that sense, much has been achieved in different domains: research agencies, government policies and manufacturers. However, most of the design rules of the solar plants are based on steady state models, whereas solar irradiance, consumption and thermal accumulation are inherently transient processes. As a result of this lack of physical accuracy, thermal storage tanks are sometimes left to be as large as the designer decides without any aforementioned precise recommendation. This can be a problem if solar thermal systems are meant to be implemented in nowadays buildings, where there is a shortage of space. In addition to that, an excessive storage volume could not result more efficient in many residential applications, but costly, extreme in space consumption and in some cases too heavy.A proprietary transient simulation program has been developed and validated with a detailed measurement campaign in an experimental facility. In situ environmental data have been obtained through a whole year of operation. They have been gathered at intervals of 10min for a solar plant of 50m2 with a storage tank of 3m3, including the equipment for domestic hot water production of a typical apartment building.This program has been used to obtain the design and dimensioning criteria of DHW solar plants under daily transient conditions throughout a year and more specifically the size of the storage tank for a multi storey apartment building.Comparison of the simulation results with the current Spanish regulation applicable, “Código Técnico de la Edificación” (CTE 2006), offers fruitful details and establishes solar facilities dimensioning criteria.

A Long-Term Modelling Study of Ventilation and VOC Distribution in Multi-family Residential Buildings in the Severe Cold Region of China

In this paper, a long-term numerical study which examines the unique airflow pattern and the corresponding VOC distribution within a typical apartment building in the severe cold region of China is described. A VOC model was developed to simulate the time-dependent emission rates with adsorption and desorption. This model was then integrated with COMIS, a multi-zone airflow model. The target VOC for study was benzene. The results show various downward tendencies for benzene concentrations in all the dwellings. In addition, it was found that the season when emission occurs must be taken into consideration. Lastly, a mechanical ventilation strategy was proposed which can guarantee the stability of air-exchange rates and isolate VOC emission sources in each apartment by preventing contaminants from being transported to upper-levels of a building through the stairwell.

OWNER PREFERENCES REGARDING RENOVATION MEASURES – THE DEMONSTRATION OF USING MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING / SAVININKŲ TEIKIAMI PRIORITETAI PASTATŲ ATNAUJINIMO PRIEMONĖMS: DAUGIAKRITERINIŲ SPRENDIMO PRIĖMIMO METODŲ TAIKYMO PAVYZDYS

The article describes typical apartment buildings built in Swedish residential areas in the ‘50s, ‘60s and 70's. Each of these buildings included calculations on the effects and investment cost of a number of renovation measures aimed at improving energy efficiency. By applying multi-criteria decision making methods Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Multiplicative Exponential Weighting (MEW) and Complex Proportion Assessment (COPRAS), the preferences of building owners regarding renovation measures were studied. The study highlighted four important criteria, including the use of energy from district heating and electricity, investment cost and payback period. The owner preferences were found to have a major impact on the outcome of the study. These owners gave sufficient weight to renovation measures within a short payback period. Renovation actions falling out to be quite attractive are additional thermal insulation in the attic and heat recovery from exhaust air. Santrauka Straipsnyje išnagrinėti trys tipiniai švedų daugiabučiai, pastatyti 6-ajame, 7-ajame ir 8-ajame dešimtmečiais. Buvo atlikti kiekvieno šių pastatų atnaujinimo priemonių skaičiavimai, įvertinantys efektyvumą ir investavimo apimtis, kuriomis siekiama didinti energijos vartojimo efektyvumą. Taikant daugiakriterinius sprendimo priemimo metodus, tokius kaip Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Multiplicative Exponential Weighting (MEW) and COmplex PRoportion Assessment (COPRAS), buvo tiriami savininkų teikiami prioritetai pastatų atnaujinimo priemonėms. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas vertinant keturis pastatų kriterijus: energija, vartojama centralizuotam šildymui, ir elektros energija, investicijų sąnaudos ir atsipirkimo laikotarpis. Atlikus skaičiavimus buvo nustatyta, kad didelę įtaką tyrimo rezultatams daro savininku nuomonė. Šie savininkai daugiausia demesio skyrė trumpam renovacijos priemonių atsipirkimo laikotarpiui. Viena patrauklesnių renovacijos priemonių yra papildoma šilumos izoliacija palėpėje ir šilumos gavimas iš ištraukiamo oro.

A CFD Simulation Study of VOC and Formaldehyde Indoor Air Pollution Dispersion in an Apartment as Part of an Indoor Pollution Management Plan

This paper is a preliminary report of an indoor pollution case study in a complex of apartments as a part of an Indoor Pollution Management Plan (IPMP). It describes the calculation by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques and presents the predicted air flow, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde contaminant distributions in an apartment comprised of a full-scale kitchen with open access to a living room, ventilated by an exhaust hood. The CFD Code PHOENICS®, which is based on solving the full 3-D Navier Stokes equations for turbulent flow and scalar conservation equations, was used. Major kitchen indoor pollution sources, VOCs and formaldehyde emitting materials and their emission characteristics were calculated through the use of emission factors. A typical apartment was used under case study and its detailed geometry was applied for the CFD model. To analyze the characteristics of the indoor environment, different mixing ventilation schemes (different locations of the cooker/oven and air inlets) were chosen as the parameters to investigate the indoor environment. The fields of VOCs and formaldehyde for several air inlets window positions, and ventilation parameters were calculated and compared. It was concluded that CFD methods can be used as a useful tool to assist the rational design of indoor spaces.

Theoretical investigation of the performance of a novel loop heat pipe solar water heating system for use in Beijing, China

A novel loop heat pipe (LHP) solar water heating system for typical apartment buildings in Beijing was designed to enable effective collection of solar heat, distance transport, and efficient conversion of solar heat into hot water. Taking consideration of the heat balances occurring in various parts of the loop, such as the solar absorber, heat pipe loop, heat exchanger and storage tank, a computer model was developed to investigate the thermal performance of the system. With the specified system structure, the efficiency of the solar system was found to be a function of its operational characteristics - working temperature of the loop heat pipe, water flow rate across the heat exchanger, and external parameters, including ambient temperature, temperature of water across the exchanger and solar radiation. The relationship between the efficiency of the system and these parameters was established, analysed and discussed in detail. The study suggested that the loop heat pipe should be operated at around 72 °C and the water across the heat exchanger should be maintained at 5.1 l/min. Any variation in system structure, i.e., glazing cover and height difference between the absorber and heat exchanger, would lead to different system performance. The glazing covers could be made using either borosilicate or polycarbonate, but borosilicate is to be preferred as it performs better and achieves higher efficiency at higher temperature operation. The height difference between the absorber and heat exchanger in the design was 1.9 m which is an adequate distance causing no constraint to heat pipe heat transfer. These simulation results were validated with the primary testing results.

PM1 and PM2.5 ionic composition and VOCs measurements in two typical apartments in Athens, Greece: investigation of smoking contribution to indoor air concentrations

During the last decades, the air quality of the city of Athens has been quite aggravated. Scientific interest has been focused on health effects caused by both outdoor and indoor air pollution. The purpose of this study was the presentation of results from air quality measurements in two similar typical Athenian apartments in the same suburban area. In addition, smoking contribution is investigated, as it is the main factor which differentiates the two apartments. The results showed that it is the outdoor environment that mainly contributes to the air quality of the non-smokers' house. In the second apartment, PM2.5, PM1, and benzene concentrations were found significantly higher due to smoking activity. In contrast, no clear difference in particulate matter ionic composition between the two areas was observed, although in the smoker's house, ion concentrations were found elevated. This observation amplifies the assumption that in the smoker's apartment, significant outdoor sources' contribution cannot be excluded.

Influence of Heat Gains on Typical Apartment House Heat Energy Consumption in Latvia, Simplified Calculation Method

Influence of Heat Gains on Typical Apartment House Heat Energy Consumption in Latvia, Simplified Calculation Method