Typha Angustifolia Research Articles

ABSTRACT This study presents the development of sustainable plaster-based composite materials reinforced with Typha angustifolia fibers (TAF), aiming to improve thermal insulation and mechanical performance for lightweight wall systems in hot-arid climates. TAF is a regionally abundant wetland plant in Algeria, characterized by low density and high cellulose content, making it a promising natural reinforcement. Composites were prepared by partially replacing sand with 0–2% TAF by weight. Experimental results revealed that TAF incorporation reduced dry density and thermal conductivity, enhancing insulation properties while moderately decreasing compressive strength. Despite this reduction, the composites maintained adequate structural integrity for use in non-load-bearing walls and building partitions. Thermal simulations comparing TAF-based wall assemblies with conventional hollow concrete block systems under the climatic conditions of M’sila, Algeria, demonstrated improved thermal inertia, reduced heat flux, and more stable indoor temperatures. Annual energy analysis showed a relative improvement (reduction) of 21.1% in overall energy performance. These findings suggest that Typha-reinforced plaster composites can serve as effective bio-based building materials, supporting sustainable design and construction in arid and semi-arid environments.

In the present study, mesoporous NiCo2O4 nanomaterials were successfully synthesized on nickel foam using an eco-friendly, facile, cost-effective and reagent-assisted hydrothermal method. The physico-chemical properties were analyzed by XRD, RAMAN, FTIR and FE-SEM characterization and results confirmed the formation of NiCo2O4 nanoparticles. By employing cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and NH4F as auxiliary reagents, two different samples were synthesized and the resulting NiCo2O4 nanoneedle arrays achieved, efficient charge transport, excellent specific capacitance (357F/g at 1A/g current density for NCO-N and 403F/g at 1A/g for NCO-C), good energy and power density and strong rate capability. Electrodes were synthesized by applying these materials on nickel foam (1 × 1 cm2) and underwent electrochemical characterizations. An asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated using NCO-C as positive electrode and Typha Angustifolia activated carbon (TAC) as negative electrode in 2M KOH electrolyte. The device exhibited high energy density of 33.22 Wh/kg and power density of 400W/kg at 0.2A/g. A good capacitance retention of 92.83% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles at 0.2A/g current density was achieved.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to present a thorough analysis of the Typha angustifolia paper-making process and demonstrate its potential as a sustainable substitute for conventional paper. From the study, it shows that it is possible to turn natural waste into a useful product that will save resources and the environment. Design/methodology/approach The paper-making process from wood involves several steps, starting from harvesting the trees to producing the useable sheet of paper. Here's the detailed process: harvesting and debarking, chipping, pulping, pulp processing, paper-making and finishing. Papers were made with various combinations; two factors were selected for the study: Grams per Square Meter (GSM) and natural binder concentration. Findings This study assesses the applicability and quality of the created paper by thorough testing and characterization, possibly establishing a standard for future uses in the creation of sustainable materials. Originality/value T. angustifolia leaves were used to convert into an useable, writable and/or printable paper. This work is not done by anyone, as no literature is available.

ABSTRACT Globally, the use of antibiotics has continuously increased for the treatment of contagious diseases in humans and animals. Continuous use of cephalexin (CPX) antibiotics resulted in adverse effects and environmental impacts. Due to its extensive use in medical treatments, cephalexin is commonly found in water bodies, with environmental concentrations ranging from ng/L to mg/L. The antibiotic CPX adsorbed from the aqueous solution by Typha angustifolia biochar was investigated. Detailed characterization of the biochar was analyzed through pHpzc, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM and BET. In order to investigate the effect of parameters, such as pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage, on the removal efficiency of CPX and response surface methodology, the central composite design (RSM-CCD) was applied. From the RSM, the recommended composition parameters consist of a dosage of 0.1161 g/L TBC, a contact time of 63 min and a solution pH of 5.4. These parameters yield a removal efficiency of 91.22%. Adsorption isotherms, particularly the Freundlich (R2 = 0.9868), suggest heterogeneous, multilayer adsorption mechanisms. Similarly, kinetic studies are best described by the pseudo-second-order model (R2 ≥ 0.9148) and follow a chemisorption mechanism. The present findings offer insights into the prospective development of T. angustifolia biochar as an effective and sustainable adsorbent for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants.

This study aims to investigate the potential of Typha angustifolia as a vegetation or macrophyte for palm oil mill effluent (POME) phytoremediation to reduce the contaminants before being discharged to receiving water bodies. The raw POME was diluted to 25% and 50% to ensure the growth of the plants. The experiments were conducted for 12 days and repeated three times. The 25% diluted POME systems showed the highest removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammoniacal nitrogen, and zinc, with average removal efficiencies of 65.5%, 59.9%, 82.2%, and 67.5%, respectively. Therefore, T. angustifolia has demonstrated its viability as a macrophyte for POME phytoremediation. Overall, the phytoremediation system was able to reduce the concentration of the pollutants in POME and safe to discharge following Malaysian POME discharge regulations.

River water pollution due to domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. One environmentally friendly approach to monitoring water quality is through the use of aquatic plants as bioindicators. This study aims to inventory the types of aquatic plants that have the potential to be bioindicators of river water quality based on their sensitivity to pollutants and their relationship to water quality. This study was conducted through a literature study by analyzing articles from the Google Scholar, DOAJ, and GARUDA databases, published between 2015-2025, totaling 52 relevant articles regarding aquatic plants as bioindicators of river water quality. Using a qualitative content analysis and descriptive synthesis approach. The results of the analysis indicate that 12 species of aquatic plants have the potential to be bioindicators of river water quality. Some prominent species include: Cyperus papyrus, Echinodorus palaefolius, Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrilla verticillata, Ipomoea aquatica, Lemna minor, Limnocharis flava, Microsorum pteropus, Nymphaea sp., Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia molesta, and Typha angustifolia. Based on their sensitivity to pollution, aquatic plants can be grouped into Eichhornia crassipes and Ipomoea aquatica (highly sensitive), Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta (sensitive), Nymphaea sp. and Limnocharis flava, Lemna minor, and Cyperus papyrus (pollution-tolerant), and Hydrilla verticillata and Microsorum pteropus (highly adaptable). This research can provide an alternative for assessing water quality through aquatic plants and increase public knowledge about aquatic plant species as bioindicators.

Peatlands lose their valuable carbon (C) sink function under intensive land use and turn into greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots. Despite scarce empirical evidence, paludiculture is expected to have significant GHG mitigation potential for organic soils. This study provides the first comprehensive dataset on full GHG balances for newly established fen paludicultures over a water table (WT) gradient spanning an annual mean WT of -0.29 to +0.04 m, stratified into moderately rewetted conditions (-0.30 < WT < -0.10 m) and rewetted conditions (WT ≥ -0.10 m). We used manual and novel automated chambers to measure annual carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide emissions from five typical fen plant species (Carex acutiformis, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, and Typha latifolia) newly established as peatland biomass crops in three temperate fen peatlands in southern Germany. Our study confirms a significant GHG mitigation potential for the tested plant species and found a C sink function of paludiculture. The results yield preliminary emission factors of -0.1 and -12.0 t CO2-equivalents ha-1 year-1 under moderately rewetted conditions (n = 39) and under rewetted conditions (n = 43), respectively. We further identify an optimal annual mean WT of -0.07 m for maximizing GHG reduction across all plant species and sites with a net C sink achieved at a mean annual WT of ≥ -0.12 m. Presuming the conversion of arable land into paludiculture, a mitigation potential of up to -51.9 t CO2-equivalents is attainable per hectare and year. These findings highlight that well-managed paludiculture could make a considerable contribution toward achieving the politically targeted CO2 sink function in the LULUCF sector.

A qualitative assessment of the biogas potential of organic wastes generated during the application of various methods of cyanobacteria control in water bodies is presented. Experiments have been carried out in the water area of the Moscow city backwaters using different organic substrates: barley straw, suspension of microalgae Chlorella kessleri, submerged higher aquatic vegetation, air-water macrophytes and chitosan. During the digestion process, the percentage of methane in the generated biogas was monitored. It is shown that the highest percentage of methane is formed during digestion of air-water macrophytes, namely, narrow-leaved hornwort (Typha angustifolia), marsh iris (Iris pseudacorus), yellow pond lily (Nuphar lutea), common reed (Phragmites australis), lake reed (Scirpus lac. Albescens), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). It is noted that in addition to the biogas produced, anaerobic digestion of organic waste produces compost, which can be further used as biofertiliser.

This study systematically compares the environmental and economic performance of three wastewater treatment systems: constructed wetlands (CWs), microbial fuel cells (MFCs), and their integration (CW–MFC). Lab-scale units of each system were constructed using a multi-media matrix (gravel, zeolite, and granular activated carbon), composite native wetland species (Juncus effusus, Iris sp., and Typha angustifolia), carbon-based electrodes (graphite), and standard inoculum for CW and CW–MFC. The MFC system employed carbon-based electrodes and proton-exchange membrane. The experimental design included a parallel operation of all systems treating domestic wastewater under identical hydraulic and organic loading rates. Environmental impacts were quantified across construction and operational phases using life cycle assessment (LCA) with GaBi software 9.2, employing TRACI 2021 and ReCiPe 2016 methods, while techno-economic analysis (TEA) evaluated capital and operational costs. The key results indicate that CW demonstrates the lowest global warming potential (142.26 kg CO2-eq) due to its reliance on natural biological processes. The integrated CW–MFC system achieved enhanced pollutant removal (82.8%, 87.13%, 78.13%, and 90.3% for COD, NO3, TN, and TP) and bioenergy generation of 2.68 kWh, balancing environmental benefits with superior treatment efficiency. In contrast, the stand-alone MFC shows higher environmental burdens, primarily due to energy-intensive material requirements and fabrication processes. TEA results highlight CW as the most cost-effective solution (USD 627/m3), with CW–MFC emerging as a competitive alternative when considering environmental benefits and operational efficiencies (USD 718/m3). This study highlights the potential of hybrid systems, such as CW–MFC, to advance sustainable wastewater treatment technologies by minimizing environmental impacts and enhancing resource recovery, supporting their broader adoption in future water management strategies. Future research should focus on optimizing materials and energy use to improve scalability and feasibility.

This study examines the efficacy of Lepironia articulata and Typha angustifolia in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs) for removing organic pollutants and heavy metals from contaminated water over a 10-week monitoring period. For Lepironia articulata, the average COD, BOD₅, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations were 38.2 mg/L, 13.09 mg/L, 0.0416 mg/L, 0.0368 mg/L, 1.1539 mg/L, and 0.0096 mg/L, with corresponding removal efficiencies of 31.02%, 22.89%, 11.18%, 19.87%, 23.18%, and 22.53%, respectively. For Typha angustifolia, they were 50.7 mg/L, 11.43 mg/L, 0.0289 mg/L, 0.0163 mg/L, 0.9795 mg/L, and 0.0095 mg/L, with removal efficiencies of 8.24%, 38.34%, 37.16%, 57.41%, 32.83%, and 34.08%, respectively. FESEM-EDX imaging revealed distinct accumulation patterns, as Lepironia articulata tended to sequester more metals in its leaves, whereas Typha angustifolia retained a greater proportion in the stem. These findings highlight the complementary strengths of both macrophytes in mitigating organic and metal contaminants through wetland-based treatment.

Anthropogenic degradation of wetlands often leads to regional biotic homogenization and reduced plant diversity. This reduction is often attributed to the proliferation and dominance of a few generalist, often non-native, species. Biotic resistance from natives can sometimes impede the growth and spread of colonizers, but its dependence on environmental conditions is poorly understood. Based on field and modeling studies, we tested the predictions that (1) biotic resistance declines at higher nitrogen loading and (2) size influences colonization success. In a five-growing season mesocosm experiment, we grew three cattail taxa: Typha latifolia (native, large), Typha angustifolia (non-native, invasive, smallest), and Typha × glauca (hybrid, most invasive, large) as potential colonizers in the presence or absence of pre-established resident vegetation. At two sites differing in climate and growing season length, biotic resistance treatments were crossed with 12 nitrogen levels (inflows 0-45 g N m-2 year-1). Each treatment combination was replicated twice, totaling 48 mesocosms per site. Without residents, colonizers (as total biomass of all three cattail taxa) persisted and expanded clonally across all nitrogen levels. However, their expansion was generally lower when colonizing a pre-established resident community compare to bare ground. The magnitude of biotic resistance, measured as the effect of residents on colonizers' biomass, and its interaction with nitrogen differed between sites. As predicted, biotic resistance decreased with high nitrogen at the northern site, but at the southern site, residents nearly eliminated colonizers. As anticipated, smaller T. angustifolia was a poorer colonizer than the other taxa, while T. × glauca was the strongest colonizer, especially under high nitrogen conditions where biotic resistance was minimal. Our findings partially support the hypothesis that biotic resistance declines with nitrogen loading, indicating that additional research on the factors influencing the magnitude of biotic resistance is needed. Importantly, when combined with our finding that Typha can persist at all nutrient levels when natives are absent, this information could help identify wetlands particularly vulnerable to invasion, especially in environments experiencing concurrent nutrient enrichment and disturbances that expose bare ground.

Eco-friendly, highly fluorescent, and biocompatible carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized from Typha angustifolia by the hydrothermal method. Fabricated CQDs were assessed for its bioimaging properties, anticancer potential, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activities. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates an amorphous nature, with an average particle size of 11nm as observed in dynamic light scattering. TEM analysis revealed a uniform quasi-spherical-shaped structure. Photoluminescence studies reveal that CQDs exhibit an excitation at 390nm with emissions at 484nm and 474nm. Water-soluble CQDs showed a potent antiproliferative effect against human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines with an IC50 value of 70.55 ± 0.015µg/mL. Fluorescent studies revealed that CQDs enhanced the intracellular reactive oxygen species level leading to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential triggering the apoptotic pathway culminating to cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, CQDs showed a potent free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 21.1 ± 1.56μg/mL exhibiting 94.69 ± 2.4% scavenging activity at the highest dose of 100µg/mL. Furthermore, CQDs efficiently eradicated the biofilm-forming efficiency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which frequently affects immunocompromised cancer patients. Cellular internalization studies in P. aeruginosa showed intense green fluorescence revealing the applicability of CQDs for bioimaging. Overall, the results indicate that CQDs fabricated from a natural source can serve as an excellent nanotheranostic and anti-infective agent for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.

Typha angustifolia L. is a perennial marsh botanical drugs belonging to the genus Typha of the family Typhaceae, boasts a medicinal legacy spanning over 1900 years in China. Within traditional medicine, it is often used to treat a variety of bleeding disorders and gynecological diseases. Typha angustifolia contains various active components and metabolites including flavonoids, steroids, phenylpropanoids and organic acids. Over 94 compounds have been isolated and identified from T. angustifolia, demonstrating significant pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-atherosclerosis and anti-oxidation. In modern clinical practice, T. angustifolia is extensively utilized in treating dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, trauma bleeding, soft tissue contusion, hematochezia, hematuria and abnormal uterine bleeding. Typha angustifolia has a wide range of biological activities, making it a valuable resource for discovering potential drug candidates and developing new botanical supplements. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research status of T. angustifolia, encompassing its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and quality control, with the objective of enhancing our understanding of the application value and bioavailability of this traditional medicinal plant and offering a reference point for further research in this field.

This study examined the application of a pilot-scale Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (VFCW) system for secondary oil refinery effluent treatment at PPSDM MIGAS, Indonesia. The VFCW technique, known for its simplicity, minimal operational cost, and environmental friendliness, was used to reduce organic pollutants (BOD and COD) to meet the standards and minimize pollutant levels. The system, constructed with a closed pond including gravel and sand substrates, and planted with Typha angustifolia, was evaluated under Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) of 3, 4, and 5 days. The results showed BOD removal efficiencies of 52.9%, 54.4%, and 53.6%, and COD removal efficiencies of 35.7%, 49.1%, and 47.2% for hydraulic retention times of 3, 4, and 5 days, respectively. Statistical investigation (ANOVA) showed no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in BOD removal efficiencies across HRTs and COD removal for 4 and 5 days. These findings implied diminishing benefits after 4 days for organic matter removal operations. The limited BOD and COD removal, in contrast to other investigations, was due to the short acclimatization time (7 days) for the Typha angustifolia to drive oxygen sufficiency and biofilm formation. These findings underlined the capability of the VFCW system to reduce wastewater contaminants sustainably and economically in tropical areas such as Indonesia. A 4-day HRT is recommended for practical applications in refinery wastewater treatment with pollutant loads up to complement. Extended acclimatization duration and improved operational settings are recommended to enhance the performance of the VFCW. This study illustrates the feasibility of VFCW as a scalable and environmentally sustainable solution for wastewater control in the petroleum industry sector. Keywords: VFCW, organic pollutants, retention time, removal efficiency, acclimatization.

Abstract Pucai () (Typha angustifolia L.), within the Typha spp., is a distinctive semiaquatic vegetable. Lignin and chlorophyll are two crucial traits and quality indicators for Pucai. In this study, we assembled a 207.00-Mb high-quality gapless genome of Pucai, telomere-to-telomere (T2T) level with a contig N50 length of 13.73 Mb. The most abundant type of repetitive sequence, comprising 16.98% of the genome, is the long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RT). A total of 30 telomeres and 15 centromeric regions were predicted. Gene families related to lignin, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and disease resistance were greatly expanded, which played important roles in the adaptation of Pucai to wetlands. The slow evolution of Pucai was indicated by the σ whole-genome duplication (WGD)-associated Ks peaks from different Poales and the low activity of recent LTR-RT in Pucai. Meanwhile, we found a unique WGD event in Typhaceae. A statistical analysis and annotation of genomic variations were conducted in interspecies and intraspecies of Typha. Based on the T2T genome, we constructed lignin and chlorophyll metabolic pathways of Pucai. Subsequently, the candidate structural genes and transcription factors that regulate lignin and chlorophyll biosynthesis were identified. The T2T genomic resources will provide molecular information for lignin and chlorophyll accumulation and help to understand genome evolution in Pucai.

Biological control of invasive thrips is a challenge in many agricultural systems, partly because of a lack of knowledge about their life cycle and interactions with their environment. Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an invasive species causing damage to many crops worldwide and on which our knowledge is still limited. We studied the developmental time of T. parvispinus under three different fluctuating temperature regimes, its predatory behaviour against the eggs of a phytoseiid predatory mite and the effect of different food sources on its oviposition rate. We showed that T. parvispinus adult females and L2 larvae can feed on a limited number of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) eggs and that their predatory behaviour is significantly affected by the nutritional quality of the host plant and the presence of pollen. Additionally, the oviposition rate of T. parvispinus females over six days was not positively affected by the presence of Typha angustifolia pollen, Artemia cysts or prey mites on bean leaves. Finally, we showed that the developmental time of T. parvispinus is relatively fast and comparable to that of the invasive thrips species Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Our study provides further insight into the feeding behaviour of T. parvispinus as an omnivorous pest species and its interactions with its predators. Thrips parvispinus is unlikely to have a negative effect on phytoseiid mite populations and the use of supplementary food to support predatory mites in the crop does not seem to pose a risk of significantly increasing T. parvispinus populations.

In China, Typhae Pollen (TP) has been extensively utilized as a medicinal product, which is the dried pollen from the male inflorescences of Typha angustifolia L. (TA), Typha orientalis Presl (TO), or species within the same genus. However, existing methods for differentiating the botanical origin and controlling the quality of TP are confusing, unreliable, and unsystematic. This study aims to elucidate the microstructural similarities and differences between pollen grains of the two species and to develop a comprehensive method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of multiple flavonoids and phenolic acids in TP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine the dried pollen grains. A comprehensive analytical approach was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze 17 flavonoids and phenolic acids. Discrepancies in constituents were further explored using partial least squares discrimination analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. Microscopic examination revealed distinct differences between the pollen grains of the two species, which could be distinguished using SEM. The analytical methods established for these 17 constituents-comprising 13 flavonoids and 4 phenolic acids-proved reliable and accurate. The flavonoid glycosides in TP could be categorized into three distinct groups. In TA, the average contents of constituents 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 were higher than in TO, whereas the reverse was true for constituents 7, 14, 16, and 17. Constituents 9, 10, and 13 were unique to TO. And constituent 14 should be chosen as a more appropriate quality indicator for TO. Chemometric techniques effectively differentiated between TA and TO. This study contributes to enhancing quality control and facilitating botanical origin identification of TP and provides an experimental foundation for improving its standards.

The conversion of aquatic biomass into biochar offers a sustainable strategy for improving soil fertility and mitigating ecological imbalances caused by its rapid proliferation. In this study, Typha angustifolia, a widely distributed aquatic weed, was utilized for biochar production. Three biochar types (TABC400, TABC500, and TABC600) were synthesized through pyrolysis at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C temperature. It was hypothesized that Typha angustifolia biochar would positively influence the growth and development of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). The results demonstrate that biochar yield subsequently decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature, with the highest yield at 400 °C temperature (49.03%), followed by 500 °C (38.02%) and 600 °C temperature (32.01%). However, carbon content 67.01 to 83.12%, higher heating value (17.31 to 27.42 MJ/kg), and mineral contents (K, Mg, P, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) increase significantly with higher pyrolysis temperature. However, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, bulk density, moisture contents, and volatile context exhibited an inverse relationship with pyrolysis temperature, highlighting biochar stability and its potential for soil amendment. Among the three synthesized biochar, the 4%TABC600 (600 °C) revealed the most substantial improvement in plant height (110.11 ± 4.12 cm), plant dry biomass (6.12 ± 0.41 gm), and chlorophyll contact (39.34 ± 3.33 SPAD values), whereas the 2% and 6% TABC600 demonstrated significant influence on fruit yield (9.11 ± 2.11 gm) and fruit weight (750.44 ± 7.83 g), and chlorophyll contact (32–38 SPAD values). Based on our results, we can conclude that Typha angustifolia biochar prepared at 600 °C (TABC600) has great potential as a biofertilizer, promoting soil fertility and growth and development of crops, particularly for vegetable cultivation such as okra.

The results of the study of leaf anatomy and leaf epidermal ultrastructure of the heliophytic plant Typha angustifolia L. (Typhaceae), which grew in natural conditions: in the water on the bank of the Venetian Strait of the Dnipro River (Kyiv) and on land near the Strait, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are presented. The common and distinctive features of the anatomical signs and the ultrastructure of epidermal cells of T. angustifolia leaves in the phase of vegetative growth of plants were revealed. The anatomical and morphological characteristics of leaves of two ecotypes of T. angustifolia that grew in water and on the terrestrial soil did not differ; the type of mesophyll and the presence of two zones in the epidermis (the zone of cоnvex vault and stomata zone) is stable features for this species. Differences in the size of the leaf blade, the density of stomata, and the density of wax coating on the surface of epidermal cells of the cоnvex vault zone, and also the presence of amorphous silicon in the cell walls of the epidermis are adaptive, and plastic traits that vary depending on the conditions of cattail growth. Besides, scanning electron microscopy of the leaf epidermis of cattail grown in water and on terrestrial soil revealed that growth in water causes the formation of stomata that are deepened into the epidermis, as well as the presence of closed stomata on the lower epidermis, while in the leaves of terrestrial cattail, all stomata were open and located at the same level as the regular epidermal cells. It is assumed that the deepening of stomata into the epidermis contributes to the optimal water balance of leaves under wave action of Strait and high humidity around the leaves of air-water cattail. The obtained results are discussed as a manifestation of phenotypic plasticity and the possible use of epidermal wax as an adaptive marker of heliophytes for growth in different water supply conditions.

The mechanism of multiple enzymes mediated drug metabolism in gut microbiota is still unclear. This study explores multiple enzyme interaction process of typhactyloside (TYP) with gut microbiota and its lipid-lowering pharmacological activity. TYP, with bioavailability of only 2.78%, is an active component of Typha angustifolia L. and Pushen capsules which is clinically treated for hyperlipidemia. The metabolic process of TYP is identified, and key enzymes involved in TYP metabolism are validated through gene knockout and overexpression techniques. Through overexpressing α-rhamnosidase (Rha) in Escherichia coli, TYP is verified to metabolize into isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin (M1) and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside (M2) after removing rhamnose through Rha. Besides, knockout of β-glucosidase (Glu) confirms that TYP generates M3 through Glu after removing glucose. Combined with molecular docking, M3 is transformed to generate 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (M4), protocatechuic acid (M5), and 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (M6) through flavonoid reductase (Flr) and chalcone isomerase (Chi). In conclusion, multiple enzymes involved in TYP metabolism (Rha/Glu→Flr→Chi) are identified. Through in vivo experiments, combined use of M3 and M5 also shows excellent anti-hyperlipidemia efficacy. This is the first study on complex metabolism mechanism and pharmacological activity of natural flavonoids mediated by multiple enzymes, which provide insight to investigate analogous natural products.