Abstract: Transportation systems are fundamental to modern society, facilitating the movement of people and goods essential for economic development and social well-being. However, the efficiency and sustainability of these systems are often challenged by various factors, leading to transportation problems such as traffic congestion, inefficient route planning, and environmental degradation. This review paper comprehensively examines the analysis and solutions to transportation problems, encompassing a range of analytical techniques and innovative approaches. Beginning with an exploration of different types of transportation problems, including route optimization and capacity planning issues, the paper delves into the analytical techniques employed, such as linear programming and heuristic algorithms. Through case studies focusing on urban transportation networks and freight systems, key challenges such as data quality and technological constraints are identified. The paper then explores solutions, including the role of intelligent transportation systems, green initiatives, and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain. Finally, it outlines future directions, including the potential of autonomous vehicles and the importance of sustainable urban mobility planning. This review provides valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking to address transportation challenges and build resilient and efficient transportation systems for the future.