Types Of Packaging Research Articles

Monitoring the Evolution of the Aroma Profile of Lager Beer in Aluminium Cans and Glass Bottles during the Natural Ageing Process by Means of HS-SPME/GC-MS and Multivariate Analysis

Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), sensory evaluation, and multivariate analysis were applied to monitor and compare the evolution of the aromatic profile of a lager beer in different types of containers (aluminum cans and glass bottles) during the natural ageing process. Samples were aged naturally for a year in the absence of light with a controlled temperature of around 14 °C +/- 0.5 °C. The sensory evaluation applied was a blind olfactometric triangle test between canned and bottled samples at different periods of aging: fresh, 6 months, and 11 months. The sensory evaluation showed that the panelists were able to differentiate between samples, except for the fresh samples from the brewery. A total of 34 volatile compounds were identified using the HS-SPME/GC-MS technique for both packaging types in this experiment. The application of multivariate analysis to the GC-MS data showed that the samples could not be differentiated according to the type of packaging but could be differentiated by the ageing time. The results showed that the combination of sensory, HS-SPME-GC-MS, and multivariate analysis seemed to be a valuable tool for monitoring and identifying possible changes in the aroma profile of a beer during its shelf life. Furthermore, the results showed that storing beer under optimal conditions helped preserve its quality during its shelf life, regardless of the type of packaging (aluminum can and glass bottle).

PENGARUH JENIS KEMASAN TERHADAP KUALITAS BUAH JERUK SIAM (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) PADA PERIODE MASA SIMPAN

Siamese orange is one of the fruits that produce vitamin C, containing 20-60 mg/100 ml. Siamese citrus production in Sambas Regency in 2016 – 2017 experienced an increase in growth of 28,937 quintals. In 2017 – 2018 it was 249,863 quintals. So that the total increase in Siamese oranges in 2016 – 2018 was 220,899 quintals. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the type of packaging on the quality of Siamese oranges during the shelf-life period. The approach technique used in this study is true experimental, with analysis using the ANOVA test. Based on the results of the analysis using the iodimetric method, it was found that for the treatment at room temperature of 27 C with a weight of 330 g there was an increase in the content of vitamin C by 6.96%, while for the skin it decreased by 14.25%. For a sample weight of 340 g, vitamin C levels increased by 1.34% and for skin, vitamin C levels decreased by 25.37%. Based on the analysis of the ANOVA test, it was found that at room temperature treatment of 27 C Fcount (1.05) was smaller than Ftable 5% (5.99) and for 1% (13.75), this showed no significant difference. Meanwhile, for the freezer temperature sample - 10 C, Fcount (1.25) is smaller than Ftable (5.99), while for 1% (13.75), the data is said to be not significantly different.

Characterizing the Impact of Package Type on Beer Stability

The brewing industry is highly competitive, driving the importance of beer stability. Brewers use both aluminum cans and glass bottles to distribute products; however, a direct comparison of the impact of these two package types on beer stability has yet to be conducted. Here, a non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to characterize changes in the metabolite profile of amber ale (AA) and India pale ale (IPA) packaged in cans and bottles over a 6-month aging period. A strong correlation by package type was observed for AA but not for IPA over all time points. Baseline differences in amino acids (glycine, tyrosine, and asparagine) and esters (isobutyl isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyl butyrate, and ethyl decanoate) were also observed in AA. Hop terpenes (humulene, pinocarvone, and α-calacorene) demonstrated package-dependent changes over time which appear to be influenced by metabolite water solubility. Overall, the results demonstrate that beer metabolites, and thus stability, are significantly impacted by package type.

Bioactive Vitamin C Content from Natural Selected Fruit Juices

The content of vitamin C in fruit juices can be lowered by alterations in storage and temperature. This study compared storage circumstances (temperature, duration, and packaging type) to determine which variable had the biggest influence on changes in the vitamin C content of juices (grapefruit, mandarin, peach, apple, pear, plum). Fruit juices held in glass (plastic) containers at 4 °C saw vitamin C losses in the range of 0.0–10.9% (2.4–17.4%) in 24 h, 1.4–22.6% (5.2–25.3%) in 48 h, and 2.8–37.0% (6.0–39.0%) in three days. By raising the storage temperature to 23 °C, vitamin C losses in glass (plastic) containers were found to be 1.4–19.1% (5.2–22.2%), 2.8–20.9% (5.9–25.9%), and 4.5–43.5% (6.0–38.7%) of the value after 24 h, 48 h, and three days, respectively. When decreasing the temperature to −18 °C in fruit juices stored in glass (plastic) containers, there were losses of vitamin C in 24 h in the range of 1.5–19.6% (3.0–20.0%), in 48 h, 4.5–26.1% (4.5–26.1%), and in three days, 6.0–43.1% (5.8–43.5%) of the value. The effect of temperature on vitamin C concentration has been proven. Fruit juice’s vitamin C is more stable when kept in glass containers as opposed to plastic ones, which have a limited shelf life.

Shelf Life Quality and Bioactive Constituents of Virgin Olive Oil Affected by Packaging Type and Storage Days

Shelf Life Quality and Bioactive Constituents of Virgin Olive Oil Affected by Packaging Type and Storage Days

Plastic pollution and the open burning of plastic wastes

The open burning of plastic wastes is a practice that is highly prevalent across the globe, toxic to human and environmental health, and a critical—but often overlooked—aspect of plastic pollution. Most of the countries where such burning is widespread have laws and policies in place against it; open burning continues nevertheless. In this article, using data from ethnographic fieldwork in urban and rural sites in India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Zambia, we examine local practices of open burning and investigate why regulations to tackle it have proven largely ineffective. Adopting a harm reduction approach, we then suggest preliminary measures to mitigate the health risks of open burning by targeting those plastics and packaging types that are most toxic when burned.

Feasibility of Child-Resistant and Senior-Friendly Press-Through Packages: Potential of Different Materials

Press-through packaging (PTP) is the most common type of drug packaging in Japan, and a production procedure for PTP has been established at an acceptable cost. However, unknown problems and new needs with regard to safety among users of various age-groups still need to be examined. Considering accident reports involving children and older adults, the safety and quality of PTP and new forms of PTP, such as child-resistant and senior-friendly (CRSF) packaging, should be evaluated. We conducted an ergonomic study on children and older adults to compare types of commonly used PTP and new varieties of PTP. Opening tests were attempted by children and older adults using a common type of PTP (Type A) and child-resistant (CR) PTP (Types B1 and B2) made from soft aluminum foil. The same opening test was conducted on older patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The results showed that CR PTP was difficult for children to open: only 1 out of 18 children could open Type B1. On the other hand, all eight of the older adults could open Type B1, and eight patients with RA could easily open Types B1 and B2. These findings suggest that the quality of CRSF PTP can be improved with the use of new materials.

High barrier green food packaging materials from composites hybridization

This research was done to study the effects of chemical modification on the mechanical, thermal and hydrophobic properties of treated Sansevieria trifasciata fibre (STF) in hybridized polymer composites. Processing of the composites was done by using an internal mixer machine. The processing parameters used were 135°C for temperature and a mixing rotor speed of 55 rpm for 15 mins. Filler loading was varied from 10% to 40% of STF and the fibre size used was 125 µm. The composite blends obtained then were pressed with a hot press machine to get samples for testing. Samples were evaluated via tensile tests, water absorption tests, water contact angle tests, antioxidant activity and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that chemical modification by using silane-coupling agent has improved tensile strength, strain values and decreased water absorption of the treated composites. Antioxidant activity in treated fibre was also higher than untreated fibre, due to the removal of the impurities during the treatment. SEM micrographs have proven that the treated fibre has produced a rougher surface for more inter-facial interactions between fibre and matrix. Treated composites have given higher contact angle values compared to untreated composites and polymer matrix, contributed by the increment of the hydrophobic surface of the materials. From the results obtained, the treated composites have the potentials to be applied as packaging films to prolong the shelf life of food products due to their high barrier properties to water and moisture, even higher than typical packaging plastic (i.e HDPE). Materials obtained are also suitable for natural antioxidant packaging film and biodegradable packaging applications.

Understanding Customer Preferences of Delivery Services for Online Grocery Retailing in South Korea

With the rapid growth of online grocery shopping in South Korea, e-grocery retailers have faced intense competition. Consequently, they attempt to differentiate themselves by offering diversified delivery services, such as providing early morning delivery services or eco-friendly packaging. The purpose of this paper is to analyze consumer preferences with regards to delivery services with different delivery times and packaging types targeting South Korea’s online grocery markets. Specifically, six delivery types consisting of combinations of two delivery time options (dawn, daytime) and three packaging types (paper box, market cooler bag, personal icebox) are examined. A survey was conducted in July 2020 with 218 consumers who regularly buy fresh food online. The collected data were analyzed by means of a conjoint analysis and ANOVA. The present study finds that customers most strongly prefer dawn delivery using a personal icebox, followed by dawn delivery using a market cooler bag, with daytime delivery using a paper box being the least preferable. Furthermore, consumers value the packaging type more than the delivery time when selecting a delivery service. Lastly, the preferences of consumers regarding delivery service types differ according to their characteristics. This study is expected to contribute to the establishment of a delivery strategy for online grocery companies.

Current state and research directions for disposable versus reusable packaging: A systematic literature review of comparative studies

AbstractThe use of disposable and reusable packaging is a hot topic in policy and practice, but different studies have come to different conclusions on when each packaging type is the more sustainable alternative. The purpose of this paper is to map and review scientific literature that compares disposable and reusable packaging for food, beverages and e‐commerce from a sustainability perspective. The methodology is a systematic literature review, which identifies 91 scientific papers. The paper describes and analyses the origin, characteristics and state of current knowledge and then proposes future research directions within five areas. It identifies and presents what is known in literature to achieve environmental and social sustainability, as well as circularity for disposable compared to reusable packaging. The review shows that the literature is to great extent qualitative, often studying individual products in a specific context. European studies dominate the current literature, and many of them revolve around a few types of products and packaging. Slightly under half of the studies use the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The review of these studies provides some indicative suggestions for when disposable and reusable packaging is environmentally preferable, but the number of LCA studies is too limited, and their content too fragmented to draw general conclusions about this. Overall, the review of 91 articles shows a great need for continued research that compares the environmental efficiency of disposable and reusable packaging. It also highlights the necessity for more knowledge to be able to clearly state under what conditions and in what contexts disposable and reusable packaging are the most sustainable options.

Occurrence of Phthalate Esters in Coffee and Risk Assessment.

Coffee, one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, is commercialized as powder and beans in different types of packaging and extracted through several methods. In this regard, the present study focused on evaluating the concentration of two of the most used phthalates in plastic materials (bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di-butyl phthalate (DBP)) in coffee powder and beverages to assess their migration from different packaging and machines. Furthermore, the levels of exposure to these endocrine disruptors in regular coffee consumers were estimated. Samples of packaged coffee powder/beans (n = 60) from different forms of packaging (multilayer bag, aluminum tin, and paper pod) and coffee beverages (n = 40) that were differently extracted (by professional espresso machine (PEM), Moka pot (MP), and home espresso machine (HEM)) were analyzed by extraction of the lipid fraction, purification, and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Risk due to consumption of coffee (1-6 cups) was assessed based on tolerable daily intake (TDI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). No significant differences emerged in DBP and DEHP concentrations among different types of packaging (multilayer, aluminum, and paper), whereas higher levels of DEHP were reported in beverages extracted by PEM (6.65, 2.58-11.32) than by MP (0.78, 0.59-0.91) and HEM (0.83, 0.62-0.98). The presence of higher DEHP levels in coffee beverages than in coffee powder may be due to its leaching through machine components. However, the levels of PAEs did not exceed the specific migration limits (SMLs) set out for food contact materials (FCM), and exposure to PAEs from coffee beverages was low, justifying the small risk due of its consumption. Consequently, coffee can be considered a safe beverage for exposure to some phthalic acid esters (PAEs).

Effects of mango peel ethanolic extract as antioxidant in quail diets on performance, carcass traits, and meat lipid stability.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of mango peel ethanolic extract (MPEE) as antioxidant in quail diets containing two lipid sources, on performance, carcass characteristics, and lipid stability of in natura and frozen meat. A total of 432 meat quails were used, males and females, from 7 to 42days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 levels of MPEE (0, 500, and 1000mg/kg) and 2 lipid sources (soybean and sunflower oil), totaling 6 treatments with 6 replications of 12 birds. In order to evaluate the meat lipid stability, carcass samples were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with 2 levels of MPEE (0 and 1000mg/kg), 2 lipid sources (soybean and sunflower oil), 2 types of packaging (conventional and vacuum), and 3 storage times (0, 60, and 120days), totaling 16 treatments with 6 replications. There was no effect of interaction (P > 0.05) between the factors on the performance variables and carcass characteristics. Oil types and MPEE levels did not influence (P > 0.05) performance. For carcass characteristics, it was found to be increased (P < 0.05) in breast meat yield due to the inclusion of MPEE. For the meat lipid stability, there was only an effect of interaction (P < 0.05) between type of packaging and storage time. The inclusion of 1000mg/kg of MPEE provided greater meat lipid stability, enabling the use of common packaging for the storage of quail meat for up to 120days.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN THE AKSU-ZHABAGLY BIOSPHERE RESERVE OF KAZAKHSTAN

Based on the analysis of the current development state of the tourism development in Aksu-Zhabagly Biosphere Reserve (BR), this paper discusses how to properly handle the contradiction between nature protection and tourism development, determines the problems existing in tourism development, and proposes a strategy for the development of eco-tourism in Kazakhstan. The aim of the study is to give some recommendations for the Aksu-Zhabgly ecotourism destination by employing a combination of field observation, examination, evaluation, and SWOT analysis. The strategic suggestions for the future development of tourism in Aksu-Zhabagly BR were determined mainly by the SWOT analysis results. The study results showed that the main strengths are convenient accessibility, diversified wild animals and plants, rich natural values, tranquil life in a typical rural setting, and favorable climatic conditions in the summer. And the low quality of tourist services, lack of competition among tourist destinations, lack of necessary infrastructure for tourists, lack of investment capital for tourism development, and lack of access to credit for small business development were determined as the main weakness. The results also revealed the preparation of different types of tour packages, the development of community tourism groups in Zhabagly, the potential for the production and sale of folk crafts and souvenirs, and improving accessibility (rehabilitation of roads, public transport) are the main opportunities. Finally, the hazards of increased influx of tourists, monopolization of tourist revenues and uncontrolled development of tourism, unlimited use of social opportunities and natural resources, loss of newly acquired image through the supply of low-quality goods, and the inability of other neighboring settlements to compete with Zhabagly village were proved to be the main threat to the effective implementation of sustainable development of tourism in the Aksu-Zhabagly tourist site.

Trapping array-based preparative two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the purification of four components in tobacco leaves

Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has gained increased attention because of its high peak capacity for separating complex samples. However, preparative 2D-LC aimed at isolating compounds is significantly different compared with one-dimensional liquid chromatography (1D-LC) in terms of method development and system configuration; thus, it is less developed than its analytical counterpart. The use of 2D-LC in large-scale product preparation has rarely been reported. Hence, a preparative 2D-LC system was developed in this study. The system was composed of one set of preparative LC modules as a separation system, with a dilution pump, switch valves, and trap column array as the interface, to enable the simultaneous isolation of several compounds. Tobacco was used as a sample, and the developed system was applied to isolate nicotine, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and solanesol. The chromatographic conditions were developed by investigating the trapping efficiency of different types of trap column packings, and chromatographic behaviors under different overload conditions. The four compounds were isolated in one 2D-LC run with high purity. The developed system features low cost because it employs medium-pressure isolation, excellent automation owing to its use of an online column switch, high stability, and capability for large-scale production. The isolation of chemicals from tobacco leaves as pharmaceutical raw materials could aid in the development of the tobacco industry and promote the local agricultural economy.

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Flexible sensing enabled packaging performance optimization system (FS-PPOS) for lamb loss reduction control in E-commerce supply chain

This paper proposed a flexible sensing enabled packaging performance optimization system (FS-PPOS) to improve loss reduction control for different packaged lamb in e-commerce supply chain. Through Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), key decision-making factors (DMFs) on a farm-to-consumer e-commerce model for packaged lamb were evaluated. Simultaneously, the proposed FS-PPOS comprehensively considered the impact of quality, micro-environmental and economic factors on different packaged lamb by flexible sensing, data analysis, and investigation, etc. The evaluation results of different packaging types influenced by packaging effects at different temperatures were visually displayed by packaging performance grading. Verified by variable temperature experiments, it was concluded that vacuum packaging was more advantageous in medium and long-distance, which could achieve a maximum efficiency improvement of 28%. Modified atmosphere packaging was preferred in short and medium supply chain with a maximum efficiency improvement of 11.7%, while conventional packaging was only selected in short-distance. The FS-PPOS not only proposed optimal method for packaging lamb loss control, but could also be adopted by e-commerce management in other packaged meat supply chain, such as beef and chicken, etc.

Investigation of Information Printed on The Blister Pack of Loxoprofen Sodium Tablets

Introduction: Loxoprofen sodium was selected as a commonly used medicine. The loxoprofen sodium tablets are marketed by 22 companies in Japan. The 22 different packaging types for this single active ingredient are served. We investigated the specifications printed on the 10-tablet blister pack. Methods: Regarding specifications printing, using the 22 loxoprofen sodium products, the survey items included how many times each of the specific printing was printed on the 10-tablet blister pack. About the questionnaire survey, a question I assessed the desired number of specifications. Question II assessed the direct printing of the drug name on each of the tablets and the size of tablet. The target population of the survey consisted of prescribing doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and non-healthcare workers. Result: The number of instances in which the drug name was listed ranged from 3 to 22 on the 10-tablet blister pack. The tablet identification code was printed ranged 0 - 10. Eleven products had no medical effect information on the pack. The expiration date was printed on two products. The serial number was not printed on one product. On the questionnaire survey, the desired number of instances that the standard dose was printed was significantly higher for nurses and pharmacists than for prescribing doctors and non-healthcare workers. Nurses considered information about medical effects to be important. Pharmacists demanded more barcodes. Several identification codes were requested by health care professionals. Although many of the tablets were 9 mm in size, the respondents desired smaller tablets. Conclusion: There were gaps between the amount of information printed on the pack and that was considered desirable by healthcare professionals and non-healthcare workers. Our findings indicate that multiple items are considered useful for developing packages for oral drugs marketed in the future as well as in ensuring safe and secure pharmacological therapy

Analisa Kuantitas dan Komposisi Timbulan Sampah Makanan Supermarket di Surabaya

One of the serious problems being faced by several countries is food waste. The percentage of food waste generated in Indonesia in the last 20 years has tended to increase. In 2000, food waste generation in Indonesia was 39%, while in 2019 it increased to 55%. And 44% of food waste is food that is still suitable for consumption. There are various factors that can affect the amount of food waste generation. One of them is food waste behavior or someone's behavior towards food waste. In this study, researchers will analyze the quantity and composition of waste and also packaging type of waste generation from a supermarket located in Surabaya, East Java. As for this research, it used a survey collection technique in the form of secondary data, namely data collected by researchers from one of the supermarkets in Surabaya. Secondary data on waste composition and generation obtained are Oily fruits/seeds (peanuts, green beans, and coconut), Grains (wheat, rice, corn, wheat flour), Vegetables, Meat (beef, goat, chicken, pork), fish, milk, eggs, starchy foods, sugar, oil and fat. From the data that has been obtained, it is known that the generation of food waste at the Supermarket X is 40.8 kg per day with the dominating composition of waste consisting of vegetables, fruit and meat.

Fatigue behavior of 3D stacked packaging structures under extreme thermal cycling condition

In deep space exploration environment, electronic devices face severe tests. C4 solder joints and TSV, as the weak links of the three-dimensional packaging structure, have a significant impact on the reliability of the packaging structure. This work focuses on the typical three-dimensional packaging structure and utilizes finite element software to analyze the influence of extreme thermal cycling on the fatigue life of packaging structure. The results show that under the extreme temperature range of -100∼120 °C, the maximum stress concentration of a typical 3D packaging structure occurs at the interface between the TSV and Si chip, and the TSV and C4 solder joints remote from the center bear greater stress and strain. The maximum stress of TSV appears at the end edge of TSV at the upper left corner. The maximum stress of the C4 welding spot appears on the second welding spot in the rightmost column. The most dangerous TSV fatigue life is 1.07 × 107 cycles calculated by combining the finite element simulation results with the Coffin Manson model. The life of the most dangerous C4 solder joint is 2892 cycles. C4 solder joint is the failure-sensitive location of the three-dimensional packaging structure under extreme ambient temperature, and optimization design is required in the subsequent work to improve its reliable life.

Benefits of using Plastic Crate compared to Poly Sack during Transportation of Vegetables

Broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower are some of the common vegetables that are grown and traded in Bhutan. It is cultivated in one part of the country and then transported to urban areas of the country for marketing. Poly sacks are commonly used for packing and transporting these vegetables. Plastic crates are recommended and promoted for use in packing and transporting vegetables but there is no study that has been conducted to prove their benefits. The aim of this study was to assess the transportation damage and economic benefit of using plastic crates during the transportation of vegetables compared to that of the poly sack. Broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower were harvested in the late afternoon from Chali Gewog, sorted, packed and transported to the market in Bumthang town in the same evening. At the market, vegetables were assessed for transportation damage and physiological loss of weight was recorded. Broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower packed in poly packs reported transportation damage of 8.75, 8.33 and 12.50 heads against 0.96, 0.44 and 0.41 percent for the plastic crate-packed vegetable samples with significant differences at P≤0.05. Poly-packed samples had significantly higher PLW of 2.02 kg, 2.83 kg and 3.40 kg compared to much lower PLW of 0.21 kg, 0.24 kg and 0.36 kg for broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower, respectively. Among the vegetables packed in poly sacks, transportation damage was significantly higher for cauliflower at 12.5 heads compared to 8.75 and 8.33 heads for broccoli and cabbage. Transportation damage was minimal and not significantly different between the three vegetables for plastic crates sample. Harvesting damage of 0.35 was observed in broccoli while cabbage and cauliflower did not have harvesting damage. Physiological loss of weight was significantly higher in cauliflower for both packaging types. The net return from broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower packed in plastic crates was higher at Nu.27779.4, Nu.8252.48, Nu.31127.4 compared to Nu.25232, Nu.7540 and Nu.26852 for poly sack packages, respectively. It is recommended that use of plastic crates for handling and transportation of broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower be encouraged and promoted among the stakeholders.