Types Of Junctions Research Articles

Reduced Thermal Variation of Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Magnetically Stiffened Dual-W Composite Storage Layer for Spin-Transfer-Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory

This article reports a type of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with an expanded middle layer, for spin-transfer-torque magnetic random-access memory (STT-MRAM). This data-storage layer of the form Fe-Co-B/W/Co/W/Fe-Co-B sandwiches a ferromagnet with high exchange stiffness between two tungsten films, and thus is much less sensitive to temperature than that in a conventional MTJ. Such a storage layer is promising for spintronic memory that must operate across a wide range of temperatures, as in automobile applications.

Deep Line Drawing Vectorization via Line Subdivision and Topology Reconstruction

AbstractVectorizing line drawing is necessary for the digital workflows of 2D animation and engineering design. But it is challenging due to the ambiguity of topology, especially at junctions. Existing vectorization methods either suffer from low accuracy or cannot deal with high‐resolution images. To deal with a variety of challenging containing different kinds of complex junctions, we propose a two‐phase line drawing vectorization method that analyzes the global and local topology. In the first phase, we subdivide the lines into partial curves, and in the second phase, we reconstruct the topology at junctions. With the overall topology estimated in the two phases, we can trace and vectorize the curves. To qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate our method and compare it with the existing methods, we conduct extensive experiments on not only existing datasets but also our newly synthesized dataset which contains different types of complex and ambiguous junctions. Experimental statistics show that our method greatly outperforms existing methods in terms of computational speed and achieves visually better topology reconstruction accuracy.

ANALISIS PEMBANDINGAN TEKNIK ENSEMBLE SECARA BOOSTING(XGBOOST) DAN BAGGING (RANDOMFOREST) PADA KLASIFIKASI KATEGORI SAMBATAN SEKUENS DNA

<p class="JGI-AbstractIsi">Bioinformatics research currently supported by rapid growth of computation technology and algorithm. Ensemble decision tree is common method for classifying large and complex dataset such as DNA sequence. By implementing two classification methods with ensemble technique like xgboost and random Forest might improve the accuracy result on classifying DNA Sequence splice junction type. With 96,24% of xgboost accuracy and 95,11% of Random Forest accuracy, our conclusions the xgboost and random forest methods using right parameter setting are highly effective tool for classifying small example dataset. Analyzing both methods with their characteristics will give an overview on how they work to meet the needs in DNA splicing.</p>

Comparation Analysis of Ensemble Technique With Boosting(Xgboost) and Bagging (Randomforest) For Classify Splice Junction DNA Sequence Category

Bioinformatics research currently supported by rapid growth of computation technology and algorithm. Ensemble decision tree is common method for classifying large and complex dataset such as DNA sequence. By implementing two classification methods with ensemble technique like xgboost and random Forest might improve the accuracy result on classifying DNA Sequence splice junction type. With 96,24% of xgboost accuracy and 95,11% of Random Forest accuracy, our conclusions the xgboost and random forest methods using right parameter setting are highly effective tool for classifying small example dataset. Analyzing both methods with their characteristics will give an overview on how they work to meet the needs in DNA splicing.

Effect of Varying Ramp Angle and Leading-Edge Bluntness on the Behavior of Ramp Induced Shock Wave over Triple Ramped Cone Flare Configuration at Hypersonic Speed

Numerical simulation results are presented to show the effect of ramp angle variations and leading-edge bluntness on the flow around triple ramped cone flare in hypersonic flow. This study investigates the changes associated with shock wave boundary layer interaction due to ramp induced flow breakdown and the fluctuation in flow in the presence of blunted leading edge. This type of ramp junctions typically features in re-entry vehicles, engine intakes, system and sub-system junctions, control surfaces, etc. Ramp junctions usually are associated with strong separation bubble that has significant upstream influence impacting the effectiveness of aerodynamic surfaces, engine performance, thermal behavior and stability. Computation studies are carried out using finite volume-based RANS solver, accuracy of second order and considering compressible laminar flow characteristics, with solver settings provided similar to experimental conditions as per literature. Comprehensive double ramp studies with suggestions on reducing the separation bubble size are invariantly considered in literature, however there has been no study in understanding the inclusion of additional ramps in such flow scenarios, hence efforts are taken to understand the benefits and implications of including a third ramp along with varying bluntness on the bubble size and its upstream intensity.

Hypersonic Flows Over Multi-Ramp Configurations

The effects of attaching multiple ramps to the standard double ramp configuration along with variations in ramp angle, free-stream Mach number and surface temperature are discussed in this investigation. This study investigates the changes associated with shock wave boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) due to ramp induced flow breakdown and the flow field fluctuation with changes in flow characteristics and design. This type of ramp junctions typically features in re-entry vehicles, engine intakes, system and sub-system junctions, control surfaces, etc. Ramp junctions usually are associated with strong separation bubble that has significant upstream influence impacting the effectiveness of aerodynamic surfaces, engine performance, thermal behavior and stability. Computation studies are carried out using Second order accurate, finite volume RANS solver considering compressible laminar flow characteristics, with solver settings provided like experimental conditions as per literature. Comprehensive double ramp studies with suggestions on reducing the separation bubble size are invariantly considered in literature, however there has been no study in understanding the inclusion of additional ramps in such flow scenarios. At the end of this study it was evident that such complex junction needs detailed understanding on how they benefit or impact the overall design of the system. It also gave a very good insight on the nature of flow around such complex junctions and instills motivation for detailed experimental understanding.

Theoretical insight into the thermoelectric behavior of tri-nuclear metal-string complexes laced with gold nanoelectrodes: A first-principles study

Metal-string complexes in the quasi-1D framework may play an important role in molecular electronics by serving not only as nanoscale interconnects but also as active functional elements for nanoelectronic devices. However, because of the potential volumetric heat generation across such nanojunctions, the circuit stability becomes often a major concern, which necessitates to study the heat transport properties at the molecular-scale. Here we report the thermoelectric behavior of various tr-nuclear metal-string complexes, [M − M − M](dpa)4(NCS)2 for M ∈{Cr,Ru}, bridging Au(111) nanowires as nanoelectrodes. Based on our charge transport analysis from first-principles, we find that the dominant transmission peaks tend to move away from the Fermi level upon systematic rutheniation in chromium-based metal-string complexes due mainly to the coupling of π* orbitals from Ru and σnb orbitals from Cr. Such type of a metal-string junction can also exhibit strong Coulomb interaction so that its thermoelectric behavior begins to deviate from the Wiedemann-Franz law. Our results further suggest that metal-string complexes can render better thermoelectric devices especially at the molecular-scale with the thermopower as high as 172 μV/K at 300 K. Considering the contributions from both electrons and phonons, even a high figure of merit of ZT ∼ 2 may be attained for Cr-Cr-Cr based metal-string molecular junctions at room temperature. Resonant enhancement in the thermoelectric efficiency appears to occur in such systems through alteration of inter-dot electrostatic interactions, which can be controlled by incorporating Cr and Ru atoms in such tri-nuclear metal-string complexes.

Mapping of Lymph Node Metastasis From Esophagogastric Junction Tumors: A Prospective Nationwide Multicenter Study.

The aim of the study was to determine the optimal extent of lymph node dissection for the 2 histological types of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) tumors based on the incidence of metastasis in a prospective nationwide multicenter study. Because most previous studies were retrospective, the optimal surgical procedure for EGJ tumors has not been standardized. Patients with cT2-T4 adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma located within 2.0 cm of the EGJ were enrolled before surgery. Surgeons dissected all lymph nodes prespecified in the protocol, using either the abdominal transhiatal or right transthoracic approach. The primary endpoint was the metastasis rate of each lymph node. Lymph nodes were classified according to metastasis rate, as follows: category-1 (strongly recommended for dissection), rate more than 10%; category-2 (weakly recommended for dissection), rate from 5% to 10%; and category-3 (not recommended for dissection), rate less than 5%. Between 2014 and 2017, 1065 patients with EGJ tumor were screened, and 371 were enrolled. Among 358 patients who underwent surgical resection, category-1 nodes included abdominal stations 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, and 11p, whereas category-2 nodes included abdominal stations 8a, 19, and lower mediastinal station 110. If esophageal involvement exceeded 2.0 cm, station 110 was assigned to category-1. Among 98 patients who had either adenocarcinoma with esophageal involvement over 3.0 cm or squamous cell carcinoma, there were no category-1 nodes in the upper/middle mediastinal field, whereas category-2 nodes included upper mediastinal station 106recR and middle mediastinal station 108. When esophageal involvement exceeded 4.0 cm, station 106recR was assigned to category-1. The study accurately identified the distribution of lymph node metastases from EGJ tumors and the optimal extent of subsequent lymph node dissection.

Unraveling the Failure Modes of Molecular Diodes: The Importance of the Monolayer Formation Protocol and Anchoring Group to Minimize Leakage Currents

The failure modes of molecular junctions have been only sporadically investigated, but they are important to understand so they can be prevented and molecular junctions can be optimized. Although it is commonly accepted that the performance and electrical characteristics of molecular tunneling junctions depend strongly on the supramolecular structure of the molecules inside the junctions, how sensitive molecular junctions are to small supramolecular changes and the factors that cause disorder are poorly understood for most types of molecular junctions. This paper shows that the performance of a large-area molecular diode depends on the choice of the anchoring group and solvent used for the formation of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) in which both affect the surface coverage and the occurrence of disordered SAM domains. As a result, the rectification ratio was reduced by more than a factor of 10 across a series of molecular diodes, containing a diphenylacetylene backbone and a ferrocenyl terminus. The diodes failed because of leakage currents flowing across defective parts in the SAM lowering the rectification ratios, while the yield in working junctions or the electronic structure of the SAMs was remarkably insensitive to defects inside the SAMs. Thus, a judicious choice of anchoring group and solvent used in the SAM formation process can result in a 10-fold improvement in the performance of molecular diodes.

Spin-Dependent Transport in van der Waals Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with Fe3GeTe2 Electrodes.

van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, stacking different two-dimensional materials, have opened up unprecedented opportunities to explore new physics and device concepts. Especially interesting are recently discovered two-dimensional magnetic vdW materials, providing new paradigms for spintronic applications. Here, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we investigate the spin-dependent electronic transport across vdW magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) composed of Fe3GeTe2 ferromagnetic electrodes and a graphene or hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) spacer layer. For both types of junctions, we find that the junction resistance changes by thousands of percent when the magnetization of the electrodes is switched from parallel to antiparallel. Such a giant tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect is driven by dissimilar electronic structure of the two spin-conducting channels in Fe3GeTe2, resulting in a mismatch between the incoming and outgoing Bloch states in the electrodes and thus suppressed transmission for an antiparallel-aligned MTJ. The vdW bonding between electrodes and a spacer layer makes this result virtually independent of the type of the spacer layer, making the predicted giant TMR effect robust with respect to strain, interface distance, and other parameters, which may vary in the experiment. We hope that our results will further stimulate experimental studies of vdW MTJs and pave the way for their applications in spintronics.

Current status of surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction

Adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG) refers to the tumor invading the esophagogastric junction and Siewert type is the most practical classification at present. There are many surgical controversies about AEG, mainly focusing on Siewert Ⅱ type. In this paper, definition and classification of AEG, epidemiological characteristics, pathological TNM staging, rules of lymph node metastasis and dissection, esophageal resection margin, gastric resection scope, surgical approach and other issues are investigated combined with recent high-quality evidence. Key words: Adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction; Siewert type; Surgical treatment; Lymph node dissection; Surgical approach

Cell junctions and oral health.

The oral cavity and its appendices are exposed to considerable environmental and mechanical stress. Cell junctions play a pivotal role in this context. Among those, gap junctions permit the exchange of compounds between cells, thereby controlling processes such as cell growth and differentiation. Tight junctions restrict paracellular transportation and inhibit movement of integral membrane proteins between the different plasma membrane poles. Adherens junctions attach cells one to another and provide a solid backbone for resisting to mechanistical stress. The integrity of oral mucosa, normal tooth development and saliva secretion depend on the proper function of all these types of cell junctions. Furthermore, deregulation of junctional proteins and/or mutations in their genes can alter tissue functioning and may result in various human disorders, including dental and periodontal problems, salivary gland malfunction, hereditary and infectious diseases as well as tumorigenesis. The present manuscript reviews the role of cell junctions in the (patho)physiology of the oral cavity and its appendices, including salivary glands.

The influence of n-type and p-type dopants on the interfacial charge transfer and the band structure of Bi2MoO6 to enhance solar H2 production

NiO and CdS loaded Bi2MoO6 nanocompositephotocatalysts were synthesized by using hydrothermal method followed by an impregnation method. The performances of the synthesized materials were evaluated for H2 production under direct solar light irradiation.Among the synthesized catalysts, 1 wt% NiO/CdS-Bi2MoO6 showed the highest H2 production.The characterization results revealed that the porous and orthorhombic structure of Bi2MoO6. The heterojunctions at the interfaces of NiO(p-type) and CdS(n-type) nanocrystals with Bi2MoO6(n-type) nanoparticles were revealed by HRTEM images.The n-n and p-n type junctions at the interfaces of the nanocrystals played very important roles to improve the interfacial charge transfer (IFCT) and to extend the life time of the photogenerated charge carriers, these phenomena were confirmed by the photoelectrochemical and photoluminescence studies. The donor (n-type) and acceptor (p-type) dopants on Bi2MoO6significantly reduced the band gap and shifted the light absorption edge position to longer wavelength than the single doped materials, which was confirmed by DR UV–vis spectroscopy. Hence,the favourable characteristic changes on Bi2MoO6created by the presence of both NiO and CdSsynergistically enhanced the rate of H2 production 3 times higher than that of the pristineBi2MoO6.This work provides aprofundity on the development of solar light responsive Bi2MoO6 based photocatalysts for H2 production.

Observations of 5.9‐GHz Radio Propagation and 802.11p Network Performance at Road Junctions

AbstractThe propagation of 5.9‐GHz radio signals and performance of an 802.11p network were measured at three road junctions each having a different density of buildings. The maximum range for which acceptable performance (defined as where the packet delivery ratio was greater than 90%) was dependent on the junction but lies in the range of 45–70 m. While reflections from transient vehicles were often found to have a small positive impact on network performance, this could not be relied upon to provide a reliable improvement in communications. The received signal strength was dependent on the junction type with the strong reflections from buildings located on the opposite side of a T‐junction leading to higher signal strength. Finally, an empirical relationship between the packet delivery ratio and the received signal strength has been established that will allow modelers to link signal strength to network performance for field conditions.

Nano-antenna enhanced waveguide integrated light source based on an MIS tunnel junction.

Ultrafast electro-optical conversion at nanoscale is of fundamental interest for information transfer and optical interconnects. Light emission from a quantum tunnel junction provides an opportunity owing to its unique capability of ultrafast response and small footprint. However, the main challenge to the wide adoption of the tunnel junction is its low emission efficiency caused by the low inelastic electron tunneling proportion and radiation efficiency. In this Letter, an electrically driven silicon light source with its efficiency enhanced by using a nano-antenna in a metal-insulator-semiconductor junction is proposed. Strong plasmon confinement in the nano-antenna provides large local density of optical states and bridges the wave vector mismatch between nanoscale volume field confinement and far-field radiation. Two orders of magnitude of emission enhancement are achieved over typical planar MIS junctions.

Imaging and mechanical characterization of different junctions in spider orb webs

Spider silk and spider orb webs are among the most studied biological materials and structures owing to their outstanding mechanical properties. A key feature that contributes significantly to the robustness and capability to absorb high kinetic energy of spider webs is the presence of junctions connecting different silk threads. Surprisingly, in spite of their fundamental function, the mechanics of spider web junctions have never been reported. Herein, through mechanical characterization and imaging, we show for the first time that spider orb webs host two different types of junction, produced by different silk glands, which have different morphology, and load bearing capability. These differences can be explained in view of the different roles they play in the web, i.e. allowing for a localized damage control or anchoring the whole structure to the surrounding environment.

Use of Open Data to Assess Cyclist Safety in London

This study develops a predictive model for cycling collisions in London. Specifically, the effects of bus lanes, parking or loading facilities, and multilane roads on the risk of cycling collisions are considered. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first such predictive collision model that develops covariates to measure the characteristics of different types of road infrastructure within zones. A kernel density estimator is used to identify 90 collision hotspots. Each hotspot is populated with information regarding the highway infrastructure within it. A multiple linear regression model tests for the statistical significance of the infrastructure variables. Bus lanes, multilane roads, and 30-mph speed limits are found to affect cycle collision counts, whereas junction density has the largest impact on collision density. Speed limits of 20 mph affect collision counts to a lesser degree than 30 mph, indicating potential safety improvement from reducing speed limits. One-way roads are found to reduce the risk of collisions, along with the provision of priority junctions. This infers that other junction types, such as roundabouts and signalized junctions, present a higher collision risk. The models produce conflicting results on parking or loading provision. The models are expanded to include sociodemographic variables, such as population and employment. The combined model offers no performance improvement over the infrastructure-only model, although a potential link between public transport provision and reducing cycle collisions warrants further investigation.

The 0–π Phase Transition in Epitaxial NbN/Ni60Cu40/NbN Josephson Junctions**Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No XDA18000000.

We fabricate high quality superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor (SFS) Josephson junctions using epitaxial NbN/Ni60Cu40/NbN trilayer heterostructures. Both experimental measurements and theoretical calculations of the ferromagnet layer thickness dependence of the Josephson critical current are performed. We observe the damped oscillation behavior of the critical current as a function of the ferromagnetic layer thickness at 4.2 K, which shows a 0–π phase transition in this type of magnetic Josephson junction. Clear 0–π and reverse π–0 phase transitions occur around the Ni60Cu40 thicknesses of 3.2 and 6.7 nm. Numerical calculations based on the quasi-classical Usadel equation and the Green function fit well with the experimental results. Compared with the dirty limit, the intermediate regime without the dead layer gives better fit for our SFS Josephson junctions because of the epitaxial structure. Both of the 0- and π-phase junctions show the ideal magnetic field dependence with a Fraunhofer-like pattern at 4.2 K.

Fixing the direction of droplets in a bifurcating microfluidic junction

We present a novel type of microfluidic bifurcating junctions which fixes the droplet’s route. Unlike in regular junctions, where a droplet chooses one of two outputs depending on the (often instantaneous) flow distribution, our modifications direct droplets only to one preferred outlet. As we show, this solution works properly regardless of the variations of flow distribution in a wide range of its amplitude. Such modified junctions allow for the encoding of the droplet’s traffic in the geometry of the device. We compare in a series of experiments different junctions having channels of uniform square cross section. Our observations revealed that a small, local modification of the junction in the form of an additional shallow slit imposes a significant consequence for the flow of droplets at an entire microfluidic network’s scale. Another interesting and helpful feature of these new junctions is that they keep the integrity of long droplets, unlike regular junctions, which tend to split long droplets. Our experimental investigations revealed a complex transformation of the long droplet during its transfer through the modified junction. We show that this transformation resembles the Baker’s transform and can be used for the enhancement of mixing inside the droplets. Finally, we show two examples of microfluidic devices where the deterministic character of these modified junctions is utilized to obtain new, non-trivial functionalities. This approach can be used for the engineering of microfluidic devices with embedded procedures replacing active elements like valves or magnetic/electric fields.

Pedestrian crashes at priority-controlled junctions, roundabouts, and signalized junctions: The UK case study

Objectives: Over half of pedestrians killed and seriously injured in Great Britain in 2015 were involved in crashes at junctions. This study investigates the nature of these crashes.Methods: A study was conducted into pedestrian casualty crashes at priority controlled junctions, roundabouts and signalised junctions in England between 2005 and 2015 using information from the UK STATS19 accident database, the UK National Travel Survey and the UK National Census. Consideration was given to coding frequencies of contributory factors, exposure (in terms of miles walked or driven) as well as age, gender and the resident deprivation index of the road users involved.Results and Conclusions: In terms of indicative blame, the coding frequencies of subjectively determined pedestrian actions and behaviour factors which might have contributed to pedestrian casualty crashes were found to be between 1.6 and 2.8 times the frequencies of driver actions and behavioural factors. Substantial social gradients were found in pedestrian casualty rates per miles walked and in the driver involvement rates per mile driven with those from the most deprived quintile having higher rates. In addition, it was found that female pedestrians, aged 60 years and over, had higher pedestrian casualty rates, per billion miles walked, for all three junction types, when compared with males and females under the age of 60 years, apart from male pedestrians aged 16 years and younger at priority controlled junctions.