Dependent Type Research Articles

Distribution-Path Dependent Nonlinear SPDEs with Application to Stochastic Transport Type Equations

By using a regularity approximation argument, the global existence and uniqueness are derived for a class of nonlinear SPDEs depending on both the whole history and the distribution under strong enough noise. As applications, the global existence and uniqueness are proved for distribution-path dependent stochastic transport type equations, which are arising from stochastic fluid mechanics with forces depending on the history and the environment. In particular, the distribution-path dependent stochastic Camassa-Holm equation with or without Coriolis effect has a unique global solution when the noise is strong enough, whereas for the deterministic model wave-breaking may occur. This indicates that the noise may prevent blow-up almost surely.

Classifying self-management clusters of patients with mild cognitive impairment associated with diabetes: A cross-sectional study.

This study aims to propose a self-management clusters classification method to determine the self-management ability of elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). MCI associated with DM is a common chronic disease in old adults. Self-management affects the disease progression of patients to a large extent. However, the comorbidity and patients' self-management ability are heterogeneous. A cross-sectional study based on cluster analysis is designed in this paper. The study included 235 participants. The diabetes self-management scale is used to evaluate the self-management ability of patients. SPSS 21.0 was used to analyse the data, including descriptive statistics, agglomerative hierarchical clustering with Ward's method before k-means clustering, k-means clustering analysis, analysis of variance and chi-square test. Three clusters of self-management styles were classified as follows: Disease neglect type, life oriented type and medical dependence type. Among all participants, the percentages of the three clusters above are 9.78%, 32.77% and 57.45%, respectively. The difference between the six dimensions of each cluster is statistically significant. This study classified three groups of self-management styles, and each group has its own self-management characteristics. The characteristics of the three clusters may help to provide personalized self-management strategies and delay the disease progression of MCI associated with DM patients. Typological methods can be used to discover the characteristics of patient clusters and provide personalized care to improve the efficiency of patient self-management to delay the progress of the disease. In our study, we invited patients and members of the public to participate in the research survey and conducted data collection.

Phase transitions and dynamics in ionic liquid crystals confined in nanopores.

We investigate the phase-transition behavior of ionic liquid crystals, namely 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [Cnmim]BF4, confined in cylindrical nanopores using differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray scattering, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Here, n is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl part of this ionic liquid crystal. For n = 10 and 12, the isotropic liquid phase changes to the smectic phase and then to a metastable phase for the cooling process. During the subsequent heating process, the metastable phase changes to the isotropic phase via crystalline phases. The transition temperatures for this ionic liquid crystal confined in nanopores decrease linearly with the increase in the inverse pore diameter, except for the transitions between the smectic and isotropic phases. In the metastable phase, the relaxation rate of the α-process shows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann type of temperature dependence for some temperature ranges. The glass transition temperature evaluated from the dynamics of the α-process decreases with the decrease in the pore diameter and increases with the increase in the carbon number n. The effect of confinement on the chain dynamics can clearly be observed for this ionic liquid crystal. For n = 10, the melting temperature of the crystalline phase is slightly higher than that of the smectic phase for the bulk, while, in the nanopores, the melting temperature of the smectic phase is higher than that of the crystalline phase. This suggests that the smectic phase can be thermodynamically stable, thanks to the confinement effect.

Social network type contributes to purpose in life among older people, mediated by social support

A sense of Purpose in Life is an important aspect of ageing well which is related to older adult’s social relationships. Social network types and the different sources of support they provide are theorized here as a pathway to maintaining a sense of purpose as we age. The study utilized a population sample from the 2016 and 2020 NZ Health, Work, and Retirement (NZHWR) longitudinal survey waves; N = 2869 (mean age of 65.82 years (SD = 6.40). A structural equation model investigated the relationship between Social Network Type and Purpose in Life and the mediating role of Social Support. The final model had a good fit to the data and explained 33.7% of the variance in Purpose in Life. Private, Self-Contained and Family Dependent network types (2016) were negatively related to Purpose in Life 4 years later (2020). Support from sense of Attachment, Reassurance of Worth, Reliable Alliance and Social Integration played a mediating role between Social Network type and Purpose in Life. These findings highlight the importance of social networks in maintaining a sense of purpose among older adults and highlight pathways for the types of networks, and kinds of social support they offer, which contribute to a sense of purpose in life. They underscore the importance of social support for the well-being of older adults and highlight the need to consider the quality and type of social networks and support they provide, when designing interventions to enhance well-being.

Polynomial Time and Dependent Types

We combine dependent types with linear type systems that soundly and completely capture polynomial time computation. We explore two systems for capturing polynomial time: one system that disallows construction of iterable data, and one, based on the LFPL system of Martin Hofmann, that controls construction via a payment method. Both of these are extended to full dependent types via Quantitative Type Theory, allowing for arbitrary computation in types alongside guaranteed polynomial time computation in terms. We prove the soundness of the systems using a realisability technique due to Dal Lago and Hofmann. Our long-term goal is to combine the extensional reasoning of type theory with intensional reasoning about the resources intrinsically consumed by programs. This paper is a step along this path, which we hope will lead both to practical systems for reasoning about programs’ resource usage, and to theoretical use as a form of synthetic computational complexity theory .

Internalizing Indistinguishability with Dependent Types

In type systems with dependency tracking, programmers can assign an ordered set of levels to computations and prevent information flow from high-level computations to the low-level ones. The key notion in such systems is indistinguishability : a definition of program equivalence that takes into account the parts of the program that an observer may depend on. In this paper, we investigate the use of dependency tracking in the context of dependently-typed languages. We present the Dependent Calculus of Indistinguishability (DCOI), a system that adopts indistinguishability as the definition of equality used by the type checker. DCOI also internalizes that relation as an observer-indexed propositional equality type, so that programmers may reason about indistinguishability within the language. Our design generalizes and extends prior systems that combine dependency tracking with dependent types and is the first to support conversion and propositional equality at arbitrary observer levels. We have proven type soundness and noninterference theorems for DCOI and have developed a prototype implementation of its type checker.

Internal and Observational Parametricity for Cubical Agda

Two approaches exist to incorporate parametricity into proof assistants based on dependent type theory. On the one hand, parametricity translations conveniently compute parametricity statements and their proofs solely based on individual well-typed polymorphic programs. But they do not offer internal parametricity: formal proofs that any polymorphic program of a certain type satisfies its parametricity statement. On the other hand, internally parametric type theories augment plain type theory with additional primitives out of which internal parametricity can be derived. But those type theories lack mature proof assistant implementations and deriving parametricity in them involves low-level intractable proofs. In this paper, we contribute Agda --bridges: the first practical internally parametric proof assistant. We provide the first mechanized proofs of crucial theorems for internal parametricity, like the relativity theorem. We identify a high-level sufficient condition for proving internal parametricity which we call the structure relatedness principle (SRP) by analogy with the structure identity principle (SIP) of HoTT/UF. We state and prove a general parametricity theorem for types that satisfy the SRP. Our parametricity theorem lets us obtain one-liner proofs of standard internal free theorems. We observe that the SRP is harder to prove than the SIP and provide in Agda --bridges a shallowly embedded type theory to compose types that satisfy the SRP. This type theory is an observational type theory of logical relations and our parametricity theorem ought to be one of its inference rules.

Syntactic Graph Attention Network for Aspect-Level Sentiment Analysis

Aspect-level sentiment classification (ASC) is designed to identify the sentiment orientation of given aspect terms in a sentence. Previous neural networks have used attention mechanisms to align context words with the appropriate aspect terms. Without considering syntactic dependencies, these models may erroneously focus on context words that are not related to the aspect terms. To address this issue, the graph convolution network (GCN) and the graph attention network (GAT) are proposed to build a graph based on the dependency parse tree, allowing the representations of context words to be propagated to the aspect terms according to their syntactic dependencies. However, these models consider all syntactic dependencies to be of the same type, and thus may result in inappropriate propagation of word representations in the graph. To further distinguish between the syntactic dependencies, this study proposes a syntactic graph attention network (SGAN) to incorporate the knowledge of dependency types into the graph attention network. The dependency types are modeled as edge embeddings to learn the attention weight of each edge according to its dependency type. By considering different dependency types and their weights, the proposed method can block inappropriate propagation to better associate the context words to aspect terms. To increase training process stability and enrich the diversity of graph representations, a weighted multihead attention is applied to compose the graph representations generated by different heads. The experimental results on five benchmark datasets show that the SGAN yields more accurate results than existing methods.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДЕФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ОХОРОННИХ СПОРУД ІЗ ПОДРІБНЕНОЇ ПОРОДИ В УМОВАХ СТАТИЧНОГО НАВАНТАЖЕННЯ

Purpose. Investigate the deformation properties of structures made of ground rock under static load conditions to preserve the integrity of the side rocks in the produced space of the coal massif and the operational state of the preparatory mine workings along the length of the excavation site. Methodology. In laboratory conditions, experimental samples of protective structures made of ground rock of heterogeneous granulometric composition were subjected to static loading under conditions of uniaxial and compression compression. Results. It was experimentally established that under the conditions of uniaxial compression of protective structures made of ground rock with the possibility of its lateral expansion, the effect of forming the bearing capacity is manifested in the relative change of the volume of the embedded material in the range of values , when, after increasing the relative deformation, the resistance reaches the maximum compaction of the rock . In such conditions, it is necessary to ensure the stability of the bearing pillar of the embedded material. During compressive compression of crushed rock, such an effect is achieved in conditions where the relative change in the volume of the embedded material is . After maximum compaction , the resistance of protective structures increases. Scientific novelty. The type of functional dependence between the relative deformation is established protective structures made of crushed rock and relative volume of the embedded material under static load under uniaxial and compressive compression, which allows to evaluate the bearing capacity of flexible supports. Practical significance. In order to assess the stability of protective structures made of crushed rock, which are in different compression conditions during the unloading of coal massif, it is necessary to take into account the compaction coefficient of the original material and the longitudinal deformation of the support under load. Keywords: coal massif, guard building, ground rock, uniaxial compression, compressive compression.

Spatiotemporal Propagation Learning for Network-Wide Flight Delay Prediction

Accurate and interpretable delay predictions are vital for decision-making in the aviation industry. However, effectively incorporating spatiotemporal dependencies and external factors related to delay propagation remains a challenge. To address this challenge, we propose the SpatioTemporal Propagation Network (STPN), a novel space-time separable graph convolutional network that models delay propagation by considering both spatial and temporal factors. STPN uses a multi-graph convolution model that considers both geographic proximity and airline schedules from a spatial perspective, while employing a multi-head self-attention mechanism that can be learned end-to-end and explicitly accounts for various types of temporal dependencies in delay time series from a temporal perspective. Experiments on two real-world delay datasets show that STPN outperforms state-of-the-art methods for multi-step ahead arrival and departure delay prediction in large-scale airport networks. Additionally, the counterfactuals generated by STPN provide evidence of its ability to learn explainable delay propagation patterns. Comprehensive experiments also demonstrate that STPN sets a robust benchmark for general spatiotemporal forecasting. The code for STPN is available at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/Kaimaoge/STPN</uri> .

Psychological Nicotine Dependence Using Kano Test of Social Nicotine Dependence Scale in Tobacco Users Visiting Tobacco Cessation Center

Abstract Background: The study aimed to assess the psychological dependence of tobacco use among patients visiting the Tobacco Cessation Center. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling technique. The information was recorded on a structured pro forma through the interview which included demographic details, dependence status based on tobacco use history, behavior, and the Kano Test of Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) for psychological dependence. Results: The mean KTSND score was 14.3 ± 4.1. About 52.1% responded probably yes for tobacco use itself as a disease. 40.4% responded probably no for tobacco use as a part of culture. 56.1% responded probably yes for tobacco use as one of life’s pleasures. 44.6% responded probably no for respect in tobacco use lifestyle and 40.7% subjects also responded probably no for tobacco use sometimes enriching life. 41.8% responded probably yes for tobacco use have physical or mental effects and 69.6% also responded probably yes for tobacco use have effects to relieve stress. 47.9% responded probably yes for tobacco use enhancing the functions of tobacco users’ brains. 37.1% responded probably no for doctors exaggerating the ill effects of tobacco use. 54.3% responded probably yes for tobacco use by people in all places. Conclusion: It is important to understand the two different types of nicotine dependence and the scale used to assess them in the clinical practice of tobacco cessation. The social nicotine dependence in the study was moderate permissive level. Glorification, justification, and denial are important constructs in understanding psychological nicotine dependence using the KTSND scale.

Youth's internet dependence forming factors as a global public health problem.

Aim: The aim is to study the main factors of youth's Internet dependence formation. Materials and Methods: We conducted psychodiagnostic examination of students in the National Academy of Internal Affairs. The research involved 154 students: full-time students aged 18-25 (n = 78) and part-time students aged 26-35 (n = 76). Results: The degree of prevalence of various types of Internet dependence among young people was determined. It was determined that the problem of Internet dependence requires consideration of socio-demographic, socio-psychological, individual, and psychological, as well as organizational factors. Conclusions: It was found that the number of Internet-dependent people among youth is currently growing rapidly. The most favorable individual-typological properties of a personality for the development of Internet dependence are introversion, anxiety, sensitivity, and aggressiveness. Internet dependence is a type of social dependence. An Internet-dependent individual suffers from the inability to maintain harmonious interpersonal contacts and resolve personal issues that are distorted by the virtual environment. Deviations from normal behavior in society change the peaceful way of life and affect public health.

The diffusion scattering parameters identification for a modified model of viral infection in the conditions of logistic dynamics of immunological cells

Based on the modification of the infectious disease model, taking into account diffusion disturbances and logistic dynamics of immunological cells, separate approaches to the diffusion scattering parameters identification for different types of functional dependence of diffusion coefficients and given redefinition conditions are proposed. A special step-by-step procedure for numerically asymptotic approximation of the solution to the corresponding singularly perturbed model problem with a delay has been improved. The results of computer experiments on identifying the unknown diffusion scattering parameters are presented. It is noted that the identification and application of variable diffusion coefficients will provide a more accurate prediction of the dynamics of an infectious disease, which is significant in decision-making regarding the use of various medical procedures.

ДЕГИДРИРОВАНИЕ ЭТИЛБЕНЗОЛА В ПРИСУТСТВИИ ЖЕЛЕЗООКСИДНЫХ КАТАЛИЗАТОРОВ, ПРОМОТИРОВАННЫХ КАЛИЕМ, ЦЕРИЕМ И МОЛИБДЕНОМ: КИНЕТИЧЕСКОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ

The present work is devoted to assessing the effect of the chemical composition of iron oxide catalysts promoted with potassium, cerium and molybdenum on their activity, quantified as ethylbenzene conversion, and selectivity of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation and interpreting the results obtained using kinetic modeling. The concentrations of the components of the reaction mixture, the conversion of ethylbenzene and selectivity of the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation were experimentally determined in the presence of synthesized iron oxide catalysts. A kinetic model of the process has been developed in the form of a system of differential equations that describes changes of the reaction system components concentration according to the mass action law. The experimental concentrations of the reaction mixture components, the ethylbenzene conversion and selectivity were described by the kinetic model by the use in the model of the following type of dependencies of the reaction rate coefficients on temperature: k i = k i0 T n i exp⁡(- B i T m i ) , where ki0, Bi, ni, mi are coefficients independent of temperature; T is the process temperature, K. As a result of kinetic modeling, the following patterns were established. The rate of the forward reaction of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation C6H5-C2H5 ⇆ C6H5-C2H3 + H2 is much greater than the rate of the reverse reaction, so chemical equilibrium in the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation reaction is not achieved. The effect of the reverse reaction on the kinetics of the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation process is minimal. The rate of the direct reaction of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation C6H5-C2H5 ⇆ C6H5-C2H3 + H2 is much higher than the rates of the reactions C6H5-C2H5 → C6H6 + C2H4 and C6H5-C2H5 + H2 →C6H5-CH3 + CH4. In this regard, the conversion of ethylbenzene is determined by the rate coefficient of the forward reaction in the reversible reaction of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation C6H5-C2H5 ⇆ C6H5-C2H3 + H2. The selectivity is determined by the ratio of the rate (or the ratio of the rate coefficient) of the direct reaction of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation C6H5-C2H5 ⇆ C6H5-C2H3 + H2 to the sum of the rates (or the sum of rate coefficient) of the direct reaction of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation and the dealkylation reaction of ethylbenzene C6H5-C2H5 ⇆ C6H6 + C2H4. It has been shown that an increase of the ethylbenzene conversion can be achieved, first of all, by promoting the iron oxide catalyst with the potassium compound. Pre-exponential factors and activation energies for all iron oxide catalysts promoted with the potassium compound do not change when cerium or molybdenum compounds are introduced into the catalyst, that is, in the process under consideration, the contribution of cerium and molybdenum compounds to the chemical properties of the iron oxide catalyst is insignificant.

Optimal time-consistent reinsurance and investment strategies for multiple dependent types of insurance business and a unified investment framework

Optimal time-consistent reinsurance and investment strategies for multiple dependent types of insurance business and a unified investment framework

Efficiency gains in value-at-risk and expected shortfall estimation by using copulas and full maximum likelihood

We provide Monte Carlo evidence on the efficiency gains obtained in GARCH-based estimations of value-at-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES) by incorporating dependence information through copulas and subsequently using full maximum likelihood (FML) estimates. First, we consider an individual returns series; in this case, the efficiency gain stems from exploiting the relationship with another returns series using a copula model. Second, we consider a portfolio returns series obtained as a linear combination of returns series related through a copula model; in this case, the efficiency gain stems from using FML estimates instead of two-stage ML estimates. We consider three copulas models in order to analyze the effect of the type and degree of tail dependence on the results. Our results show that, in these situations, using copula models and FML leads to a substantial reduction in the mean squared error of the VaR and ES estimates when there is a relatively high degree of dependence between returns (up to 70% in the presence of lower-tail dependence) and a notable improvement in the performance of backtesting procedures.

In-silico Study of Epicathecin from Cinnamomum verum Against Insulin Receptor for Diabetes Mellitus

Obesity has become more common in recent years. Fatalism can raise the chance of fatal metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Type 2 diabetes is one of the metabolic illnesses brought on by fat. Insulin receptor resistance, also known as non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes, is a consequence of type 2 diabetes. Reduced insulin sensitivity and the inability of pancreatic beta cells to produce enough insulin to offset the development of resistance are the main causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin receptor problems that decrease INSR expression on the cell surface and follow receptor abnormalities are the common mechanisms behind insulin receptor resistance. The single-nucleotide found in INSR. Increasing the expression of 4IBM is one strategy to combat its effects on insulin receptor function and increased risk of INSR-mediated illnesses. Based on earlier studies, cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), a traditional plant, has been shown to have potential as a treatment for a number of illnesses, including diabetes mellitus. Using Autodock 4 and the Lamarckian genetic algorithm as a basis, this in-silico study intends to investigate the potential of active compounds found in cinnamon and their role as 4IBM protein inhibitors for therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The binding energy ranged from -7.95 to -6.15 kcal/mol, according to docking data, with the compound epicatechin having the lowest binding energy and an inhibitory constant of 7.80. Further investigation into the active ingredients in cinnamon and their potential use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus can be based on the findings of this study.

A neurophysiological signature of dynamic emotion recognition associated with social communication skills and cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in children.

Emotion recognition is a core feature of social perception. In particular, perception of dynamic facial emotional expressions is a major feature of the third visual pathway. However, the classical N170 visual evoked signal does not provide a pure correlate of such processing. Indeed, independent component analysis has demonstrated that the N170 component is already active at the time of the P100, and is therefore distorted by early components. Here we implemented, a dynamic face emotional paradigm to isolate a more pure face expression selective N170. We searched for a neural correlate of perception of dynamic facial emotional expressions, by starting with a face baseline from which a facial expression evolved. This allowed for a specific facial expression contrast signal which we aimed to relate with social communication abilities and cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) and Magnetic Resonance (MRS) measures in 35 typically developing (TD) children, (10-16 years) sex-matched, during emotion recognition of an avatar morphing/unmorphing from neutral to happy/sad expressions. This task allowed for the elimination of the contribution low-level visual components, in particular the P100, by morphing baseline isoluminant neutral faces into specific expressions, isolating dynamic emotion recognition. Therefore, it was possible to isolate a dynamic face sensitive N170 devoid of interactions with earlier components. We found delayed N170 and P300, with a hysteresis type of dependence on stimulus trajectory (morphing/unmorphing), with hemispheric lateralization. The delayed N170 is generated by an extrastriate source, which can be related to the third visual pathway specialized in biological motion processing. GABA levels in visual cortex were related with N170 amplitude and latency and predictive of worse social communication performance (SCQ scores). N170 latencies reflected delayed processing speed of emotional expressions and related to worse social communication scores. In sum, we found a specific N170 electrophysiological signature of dynamic face processing related to social communication abilities and cortical GABA levels. These findings have potential clinical significance supporting the hypothesis of a spectrum of social communication abilities and the identification of a specific face-expression sensitive N170 which can potentially be used in the development of diagnostic and intervention tools.

지방교육행정 공무원의 갈등관리유형과 직무만족도의 관계에서 의사소통능력의 매개효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find an effective conflict management method and lead a successful professional life by increasing job satisfaction by verifying the mediating effect of communication ability in the re-lationship between conflict management type and job satisfaction of local education administrative officials.&#x0D; Methods To this end, a survey was conducted using the conflict management type scale, communication ability scale, and job satisfaction scale, targeting 404 grade 5 local education administration officials in 2023, and re-gression analysis was conducted using the SPSS WIN 23.0 program and the SPSS Macro.&#x0D; Results Research results are as follows. First, the conflict management type of local education administration of-ficials had a significant effect on communication ability. Second, the type of conflict management of local educa-tion administration officials had an effect on job satisfaction. Third, among the conflict management types of local education administrative officials, the cooperation, avoidance, and compromise types had a partial mediating ef-fect in which communication ability had a direct effect on job satisfaction, while the competition type had a com-plete mediating effect with only an indirect effect. However, in the dependent type, communication skills did not mediate job satisfaction.&#x0D; Conclusions These results require efforts to convert the conflict management type into a cooperative and com-promise type that seeks to obtain the best interests of both sides of the conflict situation through efficient com-munication skills and to resolve it rationally. This suggests the need for customized education that provides pro-grams that can enhance communication skills according to the conflict management type of the students.

Island effects and amelioration by resumption in Jordanian Arabic: An auditory acceptability‐judgment study

AbstractThis study brings evidence from Jordanian Arabic, a primarily spoken grammatical‐resumption language, into the (formal‐experimental) empirical base of both theories of island effects and theories of island amelioration by resumption. We report four auditory judgment studies exploring two dependency types and four island types with a gap or resumption in the tail of the dependency, yielding 16 distinct quantified effects. Our experiments identified two notable sources of variation: variation across dependency types in the sets of island effects that occur with gaps and variation across island types in amelioration by resumption. We discuss the challenges these results raise for four major classes of theories of island effects, and we point to paths forward for each. We also discuss the consequences of the variation in amelioration for theories of the source of resumption, concluding that both base generation and movement must be available options to learners of Jordanian Arabic. We also observe some evidence of individual variation in the availability of resumption across dependency types that could be explored in future studies.