Colicin Typing Research Articles

ソンネ菌のコリシン型とR因子型について

The colicine type and drug-resistance pattern of R factor were investigated by using 514 strains of Shigella sonnei originated from 51 dysenteric patients in Gunma Prefecture over a 5-year period of 1958 to 1960, 1962, and 1966. The results obtained by Abbott and Shannon's method are summarized as follows.The strains isolated from 1958 to 1960 and in 1962 were divided into two colicine types, 6 and 12. Then 472 strains were isolated from 31 outbreaks in 1966 and divided into seven types: 6 (41.9%), 14 (32.3%), 12 (9.7%), 9A (6.5%), 4A (3.2%), 13A (3.2%), and 0 (3.2%), the last of which produced no colicine.This survey has disclosed that colicine type 14 has increased in frequency of isolation. It is well known that changes in colicine type are caused by superinfection of the col+ strain with other transmissible col factor. From these facts and from the epidemiological results, the increase in colicine type 14 may be accounted for by superinfection of col I to Shigella sonnei colicine type 6.The drug-resistance patterns of R factors of the Shigella strains isolated in 1966 were TC. CM. SM. SA in 81.8%, CM. SM. SA in 4.6%, and TC in 13.6%.It was found from these surveys that there was a close relationship between colicine type 14 and the quadruple (TC. CM. SM. SA) resistance pattern of R factors.In addition to these surveys, colicine typing was performed on 221 Escherichia coli strains by Abbott and Shannon's method. The results indicated that there were ten colicine types: 1A, 2, 3A, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 13A.

Colicine Type of Shigella Sonnei Isolated from Mass Outbreak Cases in Yamaguchi Prefecture and its Neighboring Prefectures

Colicine Type of <I>Shigella Sonnei</I> Isolated from Mass Outbreak Cases in Yamaguchi Prefecture and its Neighboring Prefectures

Colicine typing of Shigella sonnei. II. The relation between colicine typing methods of Abbott and Shannon and of the authors.

Colicine typing of Shigella sonnei using the methods of Naito et al. and Abbott and Shannon were performed in parallel on a large number of epidemic strains, the indicator strains used in both methods, and on stock strains used to test the accuracy of the indicators. The following results were obtained after typing 462 epidemic strains: by Naito's method, 18 strains were in A1, 87 in A2, 33 in B1, 253 in B2, 38 in C1, 3 in C2, 2 in D, and 3 in E, and 25 strains were unclassifiable; while by Abbott and Shannon's method, using the present authors' simplified designation, 189 strains were in type 6/11, 124 in type 4/14, 85 in type O, and 41 in type 8, and 23 strains were either in other types or found unclassifiable. Naito's type A was in large part, equivalent to Abbott and Shannon's type O, but included some type 6/11 and type 4/14 strains. Naito's type B consisted of types 6/11, 4/14, 3A and 13, and type E consisted of 1A, IB, 3, 5, 9, and 10. Type C coincided with type 8 and type D with type 12. In addition, there were strains determined to be Abbott and Shannon's types 6/11, 4/14, 2, 7 and 9. The Abbott and Shannon's method revealed the possibilities of these strains to be classified in further detail. This is considered to be attributable not merely to the lack of indicators in the Naito's method corresponding to those of Abbott and Shannon's, but also to insufficient production of certain colicines in the Naito's method. Because of the type distribution found in Japan at present, further investigation should be done so that types 6 and 11, and types 4 and 14 can be separated.

Colicine typing and colicinogeny of Shigella sonnei

The authors made investigation on Abbott and Shannon's colicine typing scheme by means of colicinogenic strains used in the classification of colicines by Fredericq; the results were as follows.1. Colicines produced by each colicine type were; 1A=K, 1B=? 2=I, 3=?, 3A≈D 4=I, 5=? 6=E1, 8=E (3), 9=E (3), 10=?, 11≈K1+?, 12=E (3), 13≈E1, and 14=E1+I. Among colicine types which produce two different colicines, only type 14 coincided with the inhibition pattern of colicinogenic strain (CA 62=E1+I).2. As to the two unstable colicine types 4/14 and 11/6, type 14 produced colicine I and colicine active to E1, and type 11 produced colicine K and colicine active to E1. According to these facts, the transference of colicine types was frequently noticed.3. Colicinogeny of 272 isolated of Shigella sonnei had two different colicines, E1+I at the rate of 64.7% (type 14) and E1+I at the rate of 8.1% (type 4/14), colicine E1 at the rate of 20.5% (type 6), colicine I at the rate of 3.3% (type 4), colicine E3 at the rate of 2.2% (type 6), colicine E3 at the rate of 0.7% (type 8) and colicine K at the rate of 0.7% (type 1A).4. Abbott and Shannon's colicine typing method can be available even in the use of the mutants resistant to colicines.

Colicine Typing of Shigella Sonnei; A Year's Work from May 1965

Colicine Typing of <I>Shigella Sonnei</I>; A Year's Work from May 1965

Influence of the State of Fimbriation on Transmission of the Colicinogenic Factor colI between Strains of Shigella flexneri

SUMMARY: The colicinogenic factor colI derived from Shigella sonnei colicine type 2 (Abbott &amp; Shannon, 1958) was transmitted between different strains of Shigella flexneri in serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c, 5a, X and Y when donor and acceptor strains were grown together in mixed culture in aerobic static broth for a period of 20 hr or 48 hr at 37·. The rate of transfer was influenced by the state of fimbriation of the acceptor bacteria, but not by that of the donor bacteria. The proportion of acceptor organisms acquiring colI was very high, e.g. 15-40 % in 20 hr and 50-95 % in 48 hr, when the acceptor was genotypically fimbriate and in the fimbriate phase (Fim+F); but it was much lower, e.g. 0-5 % in 20 hr and 1-15 % in 48 hr, when the acceptor was either genotypically non-fimbriate (Fim−) or genotypically fimbriate but in the non-fimbriate phase (Fim+N). Although it facilitated the transmission of colI, the presence of fimbriae was not essential for transmission, since transmission at a low rate was obtained in most crosses of Fim− donors with Fim− acceptors. Only 1 out of 17 strains of S. flexneri tested as acceptors failed to acquire colI in any test. Transmission did not take place within the first 2 hr of mixed culture; it occurred mainly during the period of slow growth after the end of the exponential phase (i.e. between 8 and 48 hr) when, with fimbriate organisms, a pellicle of bacteria had developed on the surface of the broth. The rate of transmission was very much decreased when pellicle formation was prevented by intermittent or continuous agitation of the culture. Experiments in which the donor bacteria were killed by adding streptomycin at 8 hr showed that an extensive ‘epidemic’ spread of colI took place within the acceptor population during the later stages of culture. When stationary-phase (1-10 days) broth cultures of donor and acceptor bacteria were mixed together and incubated without the addition of fresh broth, the rates of transfer at 20 and 48 hr were as high as in the mixed cultures grown from small inocula. Transmission also occurred with high frequency in a defined medium containing glucose, NH4 + and nicotinic acid.

Some studies on the epidemiology of Sonne dysentery. Changes in colicine type and antibiotic resistance between 1956 and 1965.

The colicine type and antibiotic resistance have been determined on strains ofSh. sonneiderived from 9419 incidents of Sonne dysentery in London between October 1956 and March 1965.The most striking observation has been the appearance of strains with patterns of colicine production and antibiotic resistance new to the area. These changes are best regarded as a result of the interaction and transfer of characters betweenSh. sonneiand other intestinal organisms.The general tendency has been for strains ofSh. sonneito become increasingly resistant to antibiotics but this has not been an uninterrupted process. The proportion of drug-resistant strains at any one time depended on the properties of the current epidemic strain.Spread of Sonne dysentery was essentially local, but some strains ofSh. sonneiwere found to spread much more widely than others. Most, but not all, of the strains resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline possessed only limited powers of spreading.

A new colicine type (type 15) of Shigella sonnei.

1. A new colicine type (type 15) of Shigella sonnei is described.2. The epidemiological circumstances associated with its appearance in Edinburgh and Glasgow are summarized.3. Our indices of reliability as an epidemiological marker are fulfilled by this new type.

Colicine Typing of Shigella sonnei

ABSTRACTThe colicine typing method of Shigella sonnei is described with experimental evidence supporting it as well as the manner of selection of eight indicator strains. The disparity of principle between this method and that of Abbott and Shannon's method is (1) selection of the indicators only from wild strains existing in this country, (2) employment of heart infusion broth for colicine production, (3) performance of the typing within 48 hours, and (4) determination of types and subtypes of test‐strains by combining their colicinogenic activity against the indicators and their sensitivity to colicines produced by the indicators. A modification of the method is advocated which requires three days to extract colicine by cultivation and one day for sensitivity tests and which uses peptone as the sole nutriment in media. The efficiency of the technique of Abbott and Shannon, McGeachie and McCormick, and the authors' two methods was compared using the selected indicators. Only the technique of McGeachie and McCormick showed some discrepancies.

A Bacteriocin specifically affecting DNA Synthesis in Bacillus megaterium

The mode of action of megacin C, a bacteriocin of the colicin type formed by Bacillus megaterium , has been examined. Adsorption of a single particle of megacin C is sufficient to kill sensitive bacteria. Fixation of the bacteriocin is followed by inhibition of DNA synthesis whereas protein and bulk RNA synthesis are little affected. At high concentrations of megacin C extremely rapid and gross breakdown of DNA takes place and protein and RNA synthesis are now also inhibited, although breakdown of the latter is not observed. Prior treatment of bacteria with chloramphenicol and streptomycin inhibits megacin-induced DNA breakdown and it is suggested that fixation of the bacteriocin by the cells may induce the formation of a specific deoxyribonuclease.

COLICINE PRODUCTION AS AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MARKER OF SHIGELLA SONNEI.

1. Modifications of the technique of colicine typing are reported which allow more rapid and economical identification of Shigella sonnei for epidemiological purposes without loss of accuracy.2. The technique is epidemiologically valid as judged by the constancy of type in repeated isolations from individuals and the uniformity of type in epidemics; it is considered that the few instances of lack of uniformity in these indices are probably examples of true mixed type infection. There is no evidence of type instability in vitro.3. Type incidence differs significantly from that reported in two other centres; a new colicine type (Type 14) is described which brings the total of recognizable types to 16. It is considered that in addition to the five types which were previously thought distinctive, three other Types, 6, 11 and 14, can now be so regarded.4. There is a need for continued studies to resolve the few discrepancies associated with infection by more than one type either in the individual or in an epidemic; it is hoped that colicine typing will reawaken interest in Sonne dysentery.This investigation was supported (in part) by Public Health Service Research Grant AI– 04833–01.from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

A Simple Apparatus for Colicine Typing

Journal of Applied BacteriologyVolume 26, Issue 2 p. 246-248 A Simple Apparatus for Colicine Typing A. H. Wahba, A. H. Wahba Cross-Infection Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, London N.W.9Search for more papers by this authorO. M. Lidwell, O. M. Lidwell Cross-Infection Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, London N.W.9Search for more papers by this author A. H. Wahba, A. H. Wahba Cross-Infection Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, London N.W.9Search for more papers by this authorO. M. Lidwell, O. M. Lidwell Cross-Infection Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, London N.W.9Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1963 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1963.tb04774.xCitations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume26, Issue2August 1963Pages 246-248 RelatedInformation

The colicine typing of coliform bacilli in the study of cross-infection in urology.

Three hundred and fourteen strains of coliform bacilli (79 Klebsiella and 235 E. coli), mostly isolated from urine, were investigated for their production of, or sensitivity to, certain colicines. Only one Klebsiella strain showed colicine activity, but in 204 of the E. coli strains colicine production or sensitivity was demonstrated. Colicine typing was of considerable value in epidemiological investigations of post-operative urinary infections due to E. coli.