Types Of Chains Research Articles

Error Budget of Wafer Bonding Alignment System Based on Vision

Abstract Accurate wafer alignment is the key to achieving wafer bonding accuracy. High-precision wafer alignment systems typically use vision to locate the aligned Mark on two wafers, and use complex mechanisms to perform multiple composite movements to achieve functionality, making the coupling effect of multiple types of errors more complex and challenging the error budget of wafer alignment systems. This paper proposes an error budgeting method for such vision based multibody precision systems. This method takes the homogeneous transformation matrix (HTM) method as the core to model the system error and establish two types of error transfer chains. For the error chain involving visual measurement, an analysis method based on geometrical optics is proposed to consider the influence of the position and orientation errors of the optical path components. Then organize the possible error sources in the system and model the parameters of each error based on actual test results. Combined with the process flow, customize the error model for each link. Finally, perform Monte Carlo simulation. Using the aforementioned method to budget errors for a certain configuration of wafer alignment system, main error sources were identified, and accuracy indicators were proposed based on the alignment accuracy requirements of ± 200 nm. The rationality of the error budget conclusion in this study has been verified through experiments on the construction machine.

Targeting of biomolecular condensates to the autophagy pathway.

Biomolecular condensates are membraneless compartments formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. They can phase transit into gel-like and solid states. The amount and state of biomolecular condensates must be tightly regulated to maintain normal cellular function. Autophagy targets biomolecular condensates to the lysosome for degradation or other purposes, which we term biocondensophagy. In biocondensophagy, autophagy receptors recognize biomolecular condensates and target them to the autophagosome, the vesicle carrier of autophagy. Multiple types of autophagy receptors have been identified and they are specifically involved in targeting biomolecular condensates with different phase transition states. The receptors also organize the phase transition of biomolecular condensate to facilitate biocondensophagy. Here, we briefly discuss the latest discoveries regarding how biomolecular condensates are recognized by autophagy receptors.

Value chains and market analysis for the potential commodity of Tuah Tani Tonggak Negeri forest farmers group

The pattern of community involvement in forest edges has become a new trend in forest area management. KHDTK Kepau Jaya deployed a collaborative peat forest management program through the empowerment of the Forest Farmers Group (KTH) Tuah Tani Tonggak Negeri in a conservation partnership scheme. Therefore, the types of commodities with the most expanse potential were then identified. Furthermore, it was necessary to analyze the market chain, supply chain, and value-added from the potential commodities. This study employed a qualitative descriptive SWOT analysis while the market chain and value-added were analyzed by using value chain analysis by the Hayami method. The results found that red chili was the most potential commodity to be cultivated in the area of KHDTK Kepau Jaya by the KTH. This commodity had a turnover of IDR 47,000,000. The levels of the marketing chain were generally simple. Even though the biggest profit was obtained by UD Anugrah Tani, in this case, the largest percentage of added value per unit commodity was obtained by the farmers. The total value added in the first and second supply chain types were IDR 52,250,000 and IDR 4,562,000, respectively.

Tungsten oxide nanostructures peculiarity and photocatalytic activity for the efficient elimination of the organic pollutant.

The WO3 nanostructures were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal route in the presence of C14TAB and gemini-based twin-tail surfactant. The impact of using these special shape and size directing agents for the synthesis of nanostructures was observed in the form of different shapes and sizes. The WO3 web of chains type nanostructure was obtained using C14TAB in comparison to the cube-shaped nanoparticles through twin-tail surfactant. On contrary, the twin-tail surfactant provides sustainable and controlled growth of cube shape nanoparticles of size ~ 15nm nearly half of the size ~ 35nm obtained using conventional surfactant C14TAB, respectively. For the detailed structural features, the Williamson-Hall analysis method was implemented to find out the crystalline size and lattice strain of the prepared nanostructures. Owing to the strong quantum confinement effect, the WO3 cube-shaped nanoparticles with an optical band gap of 2.69eV of the prepared nanoparticles showed excellent photocatalytic efficacy toward organic pollutant (fast green FCF) compared to the web of chain nanostructures with an optical band gap of 2.66eV. The ability of the prepared systems to decompose the organic pollutant (fast green FCF) in water was tested under visible light irradiations. The percentage degradation was found to be 94% and 86% for WO3 cube-shaped nanoparticles and WO3 web of chains, respectively. The simplicity of the fabrication method and the high photocatalytic performance of the systems can be promising in environmental applications to treat water pollution.

Cold‐Resistant Rubbers Based on Flexible Polymer Chains

Comprehensive SummaryAs one of the three types of polymeric materials, rubber has played an irreplaceable role in various fields such as industrial production, aerospace, military, and national defense. Improving the cold resistance of rubbers and extending their service temperature range have always been one of the main focuses in rubber research. However, there have been few detailed public reports or literatures on the progress or summary of cold‐resistant rubbers, creating an invisible barrier for new researchers wishing to enter this field of research. Therefore, starting from the basis of polymer physics, this review introduces the research difficulties in this field and systematically summarizes the research progress in constructing cold‐resistant rubbers based on three different types of flexible polymer chains in recent years. In addition, several important properties of cold‐resistant rubbers including mechanical performance, oil resistance, and self‐healing ability are also discussed along with the summary of recent progresses. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of cold‐resistant rubbers are discussed. It is hoped that this review will attract more attentions from polymer or material scientists, thus activating the fundamental research in the field of cold‐resistant rubber and promoting its practical application.

Phosphates Induced H-Type or J-Type Aggregation of Cationic Porphyrins with Varied Side Chains.

Non-covalent interactions have been extensively used to fabricate nanoscale architectures in supramolecular chemistry. However, the biomimetic self-assembly of diverse nanostructures in aqueous solution with reversibility induced by different important biomolecules remains a challenge. Here, we report the synthesis and aqueous self-assembly of two chiral cationic porphyrins substituted with different types of side chains (branched or linear). Helical H-aggregates are induced by pyrophosphate (PPi) as indicated by circular dichroism (CD) measurement, while J-aggregates are formed with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the two porphyrins. By modifying the peripheral side chains from linear to a branched structure, more pronounced H- or J-type aggregation was promoted through the interactions between cationic porphyrins and the biological phosphate ions. Moreover, the phosphate-induced self-assembly of the cationic porphyrins is reversible in the presence of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and repeated addition of phosphates.

Dual-Channel Supply Chain Pricing Decisions for Low-Carbon Consumers: A Review

As environmental awareness grows, consumers' green and low-carbon preferences have become essential factors for market enterprises to consider in decision-making. This paper conducts a literature review of dual-channel supply chain pricing decisions under the influence of consumers' low-carbon preference. The analysis is carried out from two aspects: dual-channel supply chain types and consumers' low-carbon preference. By combining psychological games and analyzing relevant literature, this paper provides insights into the factors that affect consumers' low-carbon preference and explores the synergies among various factors, including government policies. Moreover, this paper suggests future research directions, such as conducting empirical research on relevant models, to support the diversified development of the dual-channel field.

A simple approach for fabrication of low-temperature processible inverted organic solar cells

Small molecule electrolytes (SMEs) based on naphthalene diimide with various types of side chains, such as tosylate anion and zwitterion were synthesized for photovoltaic application as the cathode interlayer. These materials utilizedthe side chains to produce a beneficial interface dipole. With PM6:Y6BO as the active layer, the device based on NDIN-BS exhibited a PCE of 14.5%, which is almost the same as the PCE of the ZnO-based device (15.0%). The device based on NDIN-OTs exhibited a lower PCE of 14.2%, which mainly resulted from the significant decrease of the Jsc, but exhibit a higher FF due to the better contact with the active layer. This outcome showed that SMEs are suitable candidates to adjust the work function of ITO and provide an alternative to the ZnO interlayer, which relies on proper monitoring of the sol–gel transition by high annealing temperatures as high as 200 °C, leading to simplifying the manufacture of cost-effective OSCs.

Cellulose-Hemicellulose-Lignin Interaction in the Secondary Cell Wall of Coconut Endocarp.

The coconut shell consists of three distinct layers: the skin-like outermost exocarp, the thick fibrous mesocarp, and the hard and tough inner endocarp. In this work, we focused on the endocarp because it features a unique combination of superior properties, including low weight, high strength, high hardness, and high toughness. These properties are usually mutually exclusive in synthesized composites. The microstructures of the secondary cell wall of the endocarp at the nanoscale, in which cellulose microfibrils are surrounded by hemicellulose and lignin, were generated. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations with PCFF force field were conducted to investigate the deformation and failure mechanisms under uniaxial shear and tension. Steered molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the interaction between different types of polymer chains. The results demonstrated that cellulose-hemicellulose and cellulose-lignin exhibit the strongest and weakest interactions, respectively. This conclusion was further validated against the DFT calculations. Additionally, through shear simulations of sandwiched polymer models, it was found that cellulose-hemicellulose-cellulose exhibits the highest strength and toughness, while cellulose-lignin-cellulose shows the lowest strength and toughness among all tested cases. This conclusion was further confirmed by uniaxial tension simulations of sandwiched polymer models. It was revealed that hydrogen bonds formed between the polymer chains are responsible for the observed strengthening and toughening behaviors. Additionally, it was interesting to note that failure mode under tension varies with the density of amorphous polymers located between cellulose bundles. The failure mode of multilayer polymer models under tension was also investigated. The findings of this work could potentially provide guidelines for the design of coconut-inspired lightweight cellular materials.

Valorization of Salmo salar Skin Waste for the Synthesis of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-1 (ACE1) Inhibitory Peptides.

One of potential inhibitors which is widely used for the clinical treatment of COVID-19 in comorbid patients is Angiostensin Converting Enzyme-1 (ACE1) inhibitor. A safer peptide-based ACE1 inhibitor derived from salmon skin collagen, that is considered as the by-product of the fish processing industry have been investigated in this study. The inhibitory activity against ACE1 was examined using in vitro and in silico methods. In vitro analysis includes the extraction of acid-soluble collagen, characterization using FTIR, Raman, UV–Vis, XRD, cytotoxicity assay, and determination of inhibition against ACE1. In silico method visualizes binding affinity, molecular interaction, and inhibition type of intact collagen and active peptides derived from collagen against ACE1 using molecular docking. The results of FTIR spectra detected amide functional groups (A, B, I, II, III) and imine proline/hydroxyproline, while the results of Raman displayed peak absorption of amide I, amide III, proline/hydroxyproline ring, phenylalanine, and protein backbone. Furthermore, UV–Vis spectra showed typical collagen absorption at 230 nm and based on XRD data, the chain types in the samples were α-helix. ACE1 inhibition activity was obtained in a concentration-dependent manner where the highest was 82.83% and 85.84% at concentrations of 1000, and 2000 µg/mL, respectively, and showed very low cytotoxicity at the concentration less than 1000 µg/mL. In silico study showed an interaction between ACE1 and collagen outside the active site with the affinity of − 213.89 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the active peptides of collagen displayed greater affinity compared to lisinopril, namely HF (His-Phe), WYT (Trp-Tyr-Thr), and WF (Trp-Phe) of − 11.52; − 10.22; − 9.58 kcal/mol, respectively. The salmon skin-derived collagen demonstrated ACE1 inhibition activity with a non-competitive inhibition mechanism. In contrast, the active peptides were predicted as potent competitive inhibitors against ACE1. This study indicated that valorization of fish by-product can lead to the production of a promising bioactive compound to treat COVID-19 patient with diabetic comorbid.

A Novel Hypothesis: Certain KIR/Cognate Ligand Containing Genotypes Differ in Frequency Among Patients With Myeloma and Have an Effect on Age of Disease Onset.

Natural killer (NK) cells are known to have cytotoxic effects mediated through killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their cognate ligands. Role of KIRs in myeloma is yet unresolved. KIR genotypes and ligands of 204 newly diagnosed MM patients are compared with 424 healthy subjects. Statistical analysis included t-test, chi-square and binary logistic regression. KIR ligands were significantly more (C2C2: 27.5% vs 15.1%; OR 2.128; 95% CI, 1.417-3.196; P < .001) or less (C1C2: 40.2% vs 51.9%; OR 0.623; 95% CI, 0.444-0.874; P=.006) frequent among MM. Co-occurrence of genotype AA with C2C2 was also higher in frequency among MM (OR 2.509; 95% CI, 1.171-5.378; P=.015) likewise cAB1 with C1C2 was less frequent (OR 0.553; 95% CI, 0.333-0.919; P=.021). Genotypes AA with C1C1, cAB1 with C1C2 or C1C2 alone were associated with a delay (median age: 61 [48-73]; P=.044; 62 [31-81]; P=.030 or 59 [31-85]; P=.028), but AA with C2C2 with an earlier age of onset (48 [29-77]; P=.042). In multivariate analysis including R-ISS, light chain, KIR genotype/ligands; ligand C1C2 (P=.02) and genotype AA-C1C1 (P=.037) were independently associated with age of onset ≥60. C1C2 and C2C2 alone or in combination with KIR genotype (cAB1 and AA, respectively), is observed in less or higher frequency among MM cases and associated with delayed/earlier age of onset, respectively. Genotype AA-C1C1 although in similar frequency between patients and healthy subjects, is also associated with delay. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating an association between KIR and MM onset age, independent from R-ISS or light chain type.

Impact of Resolvin-D1 in the resolution of atrial inflammation and arrhythmogenic cardiac remodelling in a rat model of myosin light chain 4 (MYL-4) mutation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common heart rhythm disorder. AF risk factors include age, hypertension, obesity, or myocardial infarction. AF can cause severe complications such as stroke and sudden death. Hence, AF is a major public health issue. Proteins called actins and myosins interact to allow myocardial contractions. A mutation affecting the gene encoding a myosin light chain type 4 (MYL-4) protein is associated with a genetically inheritable form of AF. Furthermore, we have recently demonstrated that MYL-4 rats develop atrial inflammation and fibrosis. Conventional anti-inflammatory medications are ineffective against AF. Bioactive endogenous autacoids, called specialized proresolving mediators, including resolvin-D1: RvD1, have been described to promoting inflammation-resolution and potentially reduce AF occurrence. To elucidate the impact of a triggered resolution of inflammation in the prevention of AF. Resolution of atrial inflammation by daily treatment with RvD1 prevents the development of AF in a rat model of MYL-4 mutation. We have developed a colony of male and female Sprague-Dawley Knock-In rats, mutated on the Myl-4 gene. A dose of 2 μg/kg/d RvD1 (or equivalent dose of vehicle) was administered to wild-type (WT) and MYL-4 rats for 21 days. AF was assessed by in vivo electrophysiological study. The structure of the atria was studied by echocardiography, histology and electron microscopy. The expression levels of proteins (by western blotting) and genes (by qPCR) involved in inflammation and cellular apoptosis have been assessed in the right and left atria of MYL-4 rats compared to WT. Compared to WT rat, MYL-4 mutation causes an increased risk of AF, associated with an inflammatory and apoptotic profile in the atria. We observed that daily treatment with RvD1 prevents atrial inflammation (IL-1β), reduces cell death (Bax, Bcl2) and attenuates atrial structural remodelling (dilation, hypertrophy). Inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of arrhythmogenic atrial remodeling observed in rats carrying MYL4 mutation. In addition, this project contributes to highlight the potential therapeutic effects of the RvD1 treatment, to resolve inflammation and prevent AF in the context of a rhythm disturbances provoked by cardiac mutations.

Short Essay on the Literature Review of the Service Supply Chain

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the concrete type of service supply chain, which has been remaining on a conceptual level in previous studies. For this purpose, this study analyzed the differentiation of service supply chain, which could be hardly explained by the traditional manufacturing supply chain architecture.&#x0D; Design/methodology/approach: The research method was conducted through in-depth literature review. It was intended to identify the structure and characteristics of the service supply chain through an in-depth literature review in the service and supply chain fields.&#x0D; Findings: The service industry is made up of a wide range of fields and has various characteristics. The characteristics of the service industry are expected to be more diverse and complicated depending on the tangibility spectrum or servitised degree of the combination of tangible products and intangible services. According to the literature review, remarkable differences were shown between the type of the traditional manufacturing-oriented supply chain and that of the logistics service supply chain in respect of industrial architecture and direction of the entities in the supply chain.&#x0D; Research limitations/implications: This study cannot suggest general service supply chain types through literature review. The reason may be that it was difficult to generalize the types of service supply chains due to the diversity of the service industry and the characteristics of services that are different from tangible products. It was also difficult to apply the methodology to scientifically distinguish service supply chain to the traditional supply chain.&#x0D; Originality/value: The research results of this study on the service supply chain are meaningful in both academic and practical aspects. Academically, it provides the foundation for research on the service supply chain structure. In practice, it suggests the possibility that service companies can also use supply chain management as a business strategy.

Tuning the Sharing Modes and Composition in a Tetrahedral GeX2 (X = S, Se) System via One-Dimensional Confinement.

The packing and connectivity of tetrahedral units are central themes in the structural and electronic properties of a host of solids. Here, we report one-dimensional (1D) chains of GeX2 (X = S or Se) with modification of the tetrahedral connectivity at the single-chain limit. Precise tuning of the edge- and corner-sharing modes between GeX2 blocks is achieved by diameter-dependent 1D confinement inside a carbon nanotube. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy directly confirms the existence of two distinct types of GeX2 chains. Density functional theory calculations corroborate the diameter-dependent stability of the system and reveal an intriguing electronic structure that sensitively depends on tetrahedral connectivity and composition. GeS2(1-x)Se2x compound chains are also realized, which demonstrate the tunability of the system's semiconducting properties through composition engineering.

Phase Transition and Phase Separation in Realistic Thylakoid Lipid Membrane of Marine Algae in All-Atom Simulations.

Thylakoid membranes are specialized membranes predominantly composed of uncommon galacto- and sulfolipids, having distinct roles in photosynthesis. Large acyl chain variety and richness in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of thylakoid lipids further add to the compositional complexity. The function of these membrane systems is intimately dependent on the fluidity of its lipid matrix, which is strongly modulated by the lipid composition and temperature. The present work, employing extensive atomistic simulations, provides the first atomistic view of the phase transition and domain coexistence in a model membrane composed of thylakoid lipids of a commercially important red alga Gracilaria corticata between 10 and 40 °C. The growth and photosynthetic activity of marine algae are greatly influenced by the seawater temperature. So far, little is known about the molecular organization of lipids in thylakoid membranes, in particular their adaptive arrangements under temperature stress. Our simulations show that the algal thylakoid membrane undergoes a transition from a gel-like phase at a low temperature, 10-15 °C, to a homogeneous liquid-crystalline phase at a high temperature, 40 °C. Clear evidence of spontaneous phase separation into coexisting nanoscale domains is detected at intermediate temperatures nearing the optimal growth temperature range. Particularly, at 25-30 °C, we identified the formation of a stable ripple phase, where the gel-like domains rich in saturated and nearly hexagonally packed lipids were separated from fluid-like domains enriched in lipids containing PUFA chains. The phase separation is driven by the spontaneous and preferential segregation of lipids into differentially ordered domains, mainly depending on the acyl chain types. Cholesterol impairs the phase transition and the emergence of domains and induces a fairly uniform liquid-ordered phase in the membrane over the temperatures studied. This work improves the understanding of the properties and reorganization of lipids in the thylakoid membrane in response to temperature variation.

Rosin side chain type catalyst-free vitrimers with high cross-link density, mechanical strength, and thermal stability

Rosin side chain type catalyst-free vitrimers with high cross-link density, mechanical strength, and thermal stability

Highly Thermally Stable, Reversible, and Flexible Main Chain Type Benzoxazine Hybrid Incorporating Both Polydimethylsiloxane and Double-Decker Shaped Polyhedral Silsesquioxane Units through Diels-Alder Reaction.

This work synthesizes a new bifunctional furan derivative (PDMS-FBZ) through a sequence of hydrosilylation of nadic anhydride (ND) with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), reaction of the product with p-aminophenol to form PDMS-ND-OH, and its subsequent Mannich reaction with furfurylamine and CH2 O. Then, the main chain-type copolymer PDMS-DABZ-DDSQ is prepared through a Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition of PDMS-FBZ with the bismaleimide-functionalized double-decker silsesquioxane derivative DDSQ-BMI. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirm the structure of this PDMS-DABZ-DDSQ copolymer; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) reveal it to have high flexibility and high thermal stability (Tg = 177 °C; Td10 = 441 °C; char yield = 60.1 wt%); contact angle measurements reveal a low surface free energy (18.18 mJ m-2 ) after thermal ring-opening polymerization, because the inorganic PDMS and DDSQ units are dispersed well, as revealed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This PDMS-DABZ-DDSQ copolymer possesses reversible properties arising from the DA and retro-DA reactions, suggesting its possible application as a functional high-performance material.

Study on Silicon-Containing Main Chain Type Polybenzoxazines with Both High Heat Resistance and Low Dielectric Constant

Study on Silicon-Containing Main Chain Type Polybenzoxazines with Both High Heat Resistance and Low Dielectric Constant

Abstract 6073: Distinct subtype of multiple myeloma revealed by whole genome and transcriptome sequencing

Abstract Background: Advanced sequencing technologies have contributed to identifying genomic and transcriptomic features of various types of tumors. Despite several sequencing data from multiple myeloma (MM) being generated, understanding various properties of MM remained insufficient. Methods: The patients confirmed with MM by bone marrow examination were analyzed in the study. Myeloma cells were enriched from the bone marrow aspirates of the patients using CD138. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS) were performed for isolated myeloma cells. Mutational signatures were analyzed using somatic mutations detected by WGS. Results: A total of 37 MM patients (median age 67) were enrolled in this study. WGS revealed somatic mutations of an average of 8872 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 934 insertions and deletions (Indels) from the patients, respectively. By the analysis of structural variants, 7 chromothripsis and 4 chromoplexy patients were identified. Mutational signature analysis showed that single base substitution (SBS) 9 signature largely varied between patients. SBS9 signature high patients were mostly diagnosed with non-IgG/non-IgA heavy chain and lambda light chain type myeloma. Notably, IgD myeloma patients were solely detected in the SBS9 signature high group compared to the low group (p = 0.001). Gene expression patterns obtained from WTS were well-divided into SBS9 signature high and low groups, and analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEG) between SBS9 signature high and low groups implied IgD myeloma features including high expression of IGHD. As a validation test, we tried mutational signature analysis on whole exome sequencing (WES) data of 784 MM patients from the MMRF database. Of the 38 patients with more than 500 exonic mutations, only the SBS9 signature high group had IgD myeloma candidates, whereas the SBS9 signature low group had no IgD myeloma candidate (p = 0.014). Conclusions: DNA and RNA sequencing of myeloma patients could classify specific subtypes of disease categories. Further study for SBS 9 signature high and IgD myeloma is needed to discover the underlying mechanism of distinct features and to find out their clinical implication. Citation Format: Sheehyun Kim, Hyundong Yoon, Youngil Koh, Sung-Soo Yoon. Distinct subtype of multiple myeloma revealed by whole genome and transcriptome sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6073.

Who is the core? Reveal the heterogeneity of global rare earth trade structure from the perspective of industrial chain

Most of the studies on rare earth trade are conducted within the framework of a single product, while the complex industrial structure of rare earth is easy to be neglected. It is still mysterious about the global trade structure and dynamics of rare earth, especially the heterogeneity of trade patterns, trade divisions and determinants. In this paper, with the help of an interdependence identification system, complex network method, GIS space technology and panel regression, the structure, dynamics, and determinants of the international trade network on rare earth are revealed based on industrial chain classification and limited data sources. The results indicate that the global rare earth trade is closely related to China's policy, and the downstream occupies the primary position in the international rare earth supply chain. China has already replaced the developed countries as the core node of the trade network of the whole rare earth industry chain, especially in the downstream field, and continuously promotes the growth and development of global trade community. The world has formed four trade centers, namely East Asia, Europe, North America and Australia, but the dominance of East Asia has been strengthened. The overall decline in global dependence on rare earth means that more and more countries have gained trade advantages, and China has changed from the supply type of the whole industrial chain to the coexistence of supply and demand. Finally, the paper reveals the significant heterogeneity in the determinants of global rare earth trade structure, the downstream has unique technology and relationship thresholds effect.