Types Of Boards Research Articles

Community engagement and building trust to resolve ethical challenges during humanitarian crises: experience from the CAGED study

BackgroundAccording to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre report on global human displacement, Ethiopia has the highest number of newly displaced people forced to flee their homes. Displaced people have arrived in other regions, sometimes leading to conflict. Several regions in Ethiopia experience on-going ethnic tensions and violence between tribes, which leaves smallholder farmers suspicious of any outside activities in their locale, assuming other ethnic groups may harm them. Changes in the central Ethiopian government have also led to suspicion of non-local agencies. The Campylobacter Genomics and Enteric Dysfunction (CAGED) research project’s objective is to improve the incomes, livelihoods and nutrition of smallholder farmers and was conducted during this period of increasing violence. The project aims to assess the impact of reducing exposure to chicken excreta on young children’s gut health and growth. This paper does not report empirical findings from CAGED, but is part of a series that aims to identify challenges in humanitarian research and reports on mitigation strategies during this research.DiscussionThis research is important to determine whether Campylobacter infection in chicken’s contributes to illness and stunting in children. However, violence against other researchers in different parts of Ethiopia led to mistrust and lack of engagement by the community with the researchers. Some reactions were so hostile that the team was fearful about returning to some households. As a result, the team designed strategies to respond, including establishing two types of community advisory boards. One used pre-existing village elder structures and another was composed of village youth. Data collection team members received training in principles of ethics, consent, and crisis management, and were provided on-going support from local and international principal investigators and the study’s ethics advisor.ConclusionThe hostility and mistrust led to fear among the data collectors. These and the resulting strategies to address them resulted in delays for the research. However, the interventions taken resulted in successful completion of the field activities. Moreover, the lessons learned from this project are already being implemented with other projects being conducted in various parts of Ethiopia.

Comparative Studies on Two Types of OSB Boards Obtained from Mixed Resinous and Fast-growing Hard Wood

The paper aims to compare the oriented strand boards (OSBs) made in the laboratory from a mixture of softwood species to those made from hardwood species, followed by their comparison to European and industry standards. In this regard, the main properties of the panels made in the laboratory were determined, including density, absorption, and swelling in thickness, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and internal bond. The analysis of the properties of swelling (24 h) and absorption (24 h) revealed that the mixture of softwood species was slightly better thanthe hardwood one. It was also shown that the panels manufactured from the mixture of hardwood species had better mechanical properties than those made of the softwood mixture (modulus of rupture (MOR) = 43.48 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity (MOE) = 7253 N/mm, and internal bond (IB) = 1.57 N/mm2). Additionally, the comparative analysis of properties indicates that the density is highly significant in determining the MOE values of the OSBs. This will allow softwood speciestobe replaced with other species of soft and fast-growing deciduous trees such as willow, birch, and poplar in the manufacture of oriented strand boards.

Contextual Anomaly Detection in Solder Paste Inspection with Multi-Task Learning

In this article, we study solder paste inspection (SPI), an important stage that is used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry, where abnormal boards should be detected. A highly accurate SPI can substantially reduce human expert involvement, as well as reduce the waste in disposing of the boards in good condition. A key difference today is that because of increasing demand in board customization, the number of board types increases substantially and quantity of the boards produced in each type decreases. Thus, the previous approaches where a fine-tuned model is developed for each board type are no longer viable. Intrinsically, our problem is an anomaly detection problem. A major specialty in today’s SPI is that the target tasks for prediction cannot be fully pre-determined due to context changes during the solder paste printing stage. Our experiences show that a conventional approach to first define a set of tasks and train these tasks offline will lead to low accuracy. Here, we propose a novel multi-task approach, where the performance of all target tasks is ensured simultaneously. We note that the SPI process is streamlined and automatic, allowing the SPI time for only a few seconds. We propose a fast clustering algorithm that reuses existing models to avoid retraining and fine tune in the inference phase. We evaluate our approach using 3-month data collected from production lines. We show that we can reduce 81.28% of false alarms. This can translate to annual savings of $11.3 million.

Research on the merels game in medieval China

The merels game is a kind of board game that has been played in the Mediterranean region since the Antiquity and spread all over Eurasia during the Middle Age. There are three types of merels boards in China, among which the type with three-layer concentric squares and diagonals is the most common. After reviewing all the available archaeological data, this article shows that this game spread to China along the grassland Silk Roads. It was introduced into the Bohai State at the latest during the Tang Dynasty (AD ninth century) and became popular in the northern grassland and northeast China regions during the Liao and Jin Dynasties (AD tenth-thirteenth centuries). It spreads to the Central Plains as early as the Northern Song Dynasty and kept on circulating during the following centuries. During the Ming Dynasty, it was called “Macheng” and became a popular chess game often played in the streets.

Type Of Board And Sustainability Reporting

The research examined the relationship between BODT (board of director type) and CSR (corporate sustainability reporting), annual report disclosure and performance by using a sampling of companies listed on the S&P 500 for 2015. The data came from annual reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Global Reporting Initiative. The study considered the relationship between BODT with emphasis on CEO (Chief Executive officer)-only and non-CEO-only boards and corporate sustainability reporting. Past research has found the CEO-only board relates to lower corporate performance and has seen significant use since the advent of the Sarbanes-Oxley Law that required boards that are more independent. The CEO-only board is an elaboration of an independent board or directors, whose only management member of the board is the CEO. The study used CEO-duality, another powerful influencer of boards, as a theoretical proxy for the CEO-only board. Regulators and investors are demanding higher level CSR reporting and information; therefore, the findings are of interest to both companies considering board of director type and regulators and investors. The quantitative categorical research study found a significant relationship between CEO-only boards and higher levels of disclosure and reporting. No significant relationship between CEO-only board and greater ROA was found. A possible reason for the differences in outcomes between the past research regarding independent boards that did not consider the CEO-only member and CSR reporting and the research presented in this study was the role of the lead independent director as a member of the CEO-only board not considered in this study.

PERFORMANCE OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION, DIRECTOR EXPERIENCE, AND MODERATION EFFECTS OF BOARD CHARACTERISTICS, BIDDER CHARACTERISTICS, AND TYPE OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION

This research focuses on influence of the experience of independent directors (two tier systems) on mergers acquisitions performance and considers several other factors as moderation. Purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the experience of independent directors to be moderated by board characteristics, bidder characteristics, and types of merger acquisitions on merger and acquisition performance and to be controlled by independent director’s age. Research obtained from the company's financial and annual report data in 2009 - 2019. The dependent variable used in this study was merger and acquisition performance. Independent variable used in this study is independent director experience. Moderating variables in this are board characteristics, bidder characteristics, mergers and acquisitions types. The results of this study proves that the experience of director experience positively influences performance of merger and acquisition, board and bidder characteristics, type of merger and acquisition strengthen the positive influence of the experience of independent directors on merger and acquisition performance.

Flexible Fabric-Based IDC Sensors for Conformal Curved Surface Applications

Interdigital capacitor (IDC) sensors are attractive in-situ sensors that can be used to measure permittivity variations in materials. Such sensors could be powerful enablers for cable insulation aging detection. Since insulation aging is correlated with a change in its material permittivity an IDC can measure that change via its measured capacitance. A new thin, flexible fabric-based IDC sensor is introduced for application on conformal curved surfaces such as an electrical cable surface. A multielectrode IDC and its backplane were fabricated using conductive copper polyester taffeta fabrics that were adhesively bonded to nonconductive polyester fabric. The sensor because of its soft flexible structure eliminates the problem of sensor conductor damage which is common for printed circuit board (PCB) type sensors when conformed to the surface of a cable. It also significantly reduces the airgap between the electrodes and the surface that they must contact in order to measure the capacitance. Airgap reduction and consistency are important in order to accurately predict permittivity variations in cable insulation material due to aging. Both PCB-based sensors and the new fabric-based sensors were built and tested on unaged cables and cables that underwent accelerated aging. Results demonstrate the proposed advantages of the novel fabric-based IDC sensor.

Institutional Review Board Quality, Private Equity, and Promoting Ethical Human Subjects Research.

Evaluating the quality and effectiveness of the institutional review boards (IRBs) responsible for overseeing research involving human participants is critically important but perpetually challenging. Seemingly common-sense measures, such as the number of proposals approved with and without major modifications and the number of unexpected adverse events occurring in approved protocols, can be misleading indicators of participant protection, and regulatory compliance may not correspond to achieving ethical goals. These measurement challenges make it difficult to assess the validity of concerns about different IRB models. A group of U.S. senators recently raised questions about the increasing use of for-profit IRBs to review research proposals (as opposed to boards typically housed at academic medical centers and health care institutions) and, more specifically, about the growing trend of private equity ownership and consolidation of for-profit IRBs. Although all IRBs face pressure to speed reviews and none are entirely free of conflicts of interest, the private equity model is particularly susceptible to approaches that could undercut the ethical mission of IRBs to protect and promote the rights and welfare of research participants. Ideally, the quality of board oversight could be measured directly, rather than relying on the heuristic of board type; this article describes several current efforts toward this goal. In the meantime, one improvement may be to pursue a new model of IRB oversight: independent nonprofit boards that stand apart from research institutions, take advantage of business approaches to research review, and minimize conflicts of interest.

تقدير تركيز العناصر والأكاسيد في غبار أسقف الأسبستوس المستخدمة في منازل بلدة القلوعة، اليمن

تمّ في هذه الدّراسة تقدير تركيز العناصر والأكاسيد في أسبستوس الإسمنت المتموّج المستخدم كأسقف في منازل بلدة القلوّعة-عدن، اليمن وذلك خلال الفترة من آب وحتّى أيلول 2018م. هناك العديد من المنازل الّتي بنيت في عدن بين عامي 1880-1990م، لذلك يعدّ استخدام إسمنت الأسبستوس المتموّج كأغطية وأسقف هذه المباني والجراجات شائعا. يمكن لدقائق ألياف الأسبستوس أن تبقى معلّقة في الهواء لفترة وتنتقل بالرّياح لمسافات طويلة قبل وقوعها. إنّ مخاطر تطوّر الأمراض المرتبطة بالأسبستوس، مثل سرطان الرّئة، يرتبط بمستوى وفترة التّعرّض له. تمّ جمع عيّنات الغبار من مناطق مختلفة في بلدة القلّوعة وأرسلت للمركز القومي للبحوث-القاهرة لتحليلها باستخدام تقنيّة المجهر الضّوئي المستقطب (كوانتا فيج-250) باتّباع طريقة التّحليل EPA 600/R-93/116. أظهرت النّتائج الكلّيّة لمسح عيّنات الغبار وجود ألياف الاسبستوس بأقطار تتراوح ما بين 6-18 مايكرومتر، بينما التّحليل الكمّي باستخدام مجهر الضّوء المستقطب المرتبط بــ EDAX TEAM أظهرت متوسّطات تراكيز 39، 536.، 19.2، 31.8، 36.7 و28.4 (وزن/وزن%) للعناصر: كربون، أوكسجين، مغنيسيوم، ألمنيوم، سيليكون والكالسيوم على التّرتيب، بينما كانت تراكيز الأكاسيد CO2، MgO، Al2O3، SiO2، CaO، SO3، Fe2O3، K2O و :Cl2O 46.4، 13.6 ، 34.8، 47.5 ، 29.0، 29.1، 31.5، 32.0و 43.8 (وزن/وزن%) على التّوالي. ينبغي تغليف ألواح الأسبستوس المستخدمة في البناء بمادة واقية لمنع أو تقليل مخاطر الأسبستوس وعلى المسؤولين إيقاف تأثير الأسبستوس على البيئة وصحّة الأنسان.

Properties evaluation by thickness and type of oriented strand boards manufactured in continuous press line

Oriented strand boards (OSB) are widely used in construction replacing plywood. There are four types of boards (OSB/1, OSB/2, OSB/3, OSB/4) carried out depending on the conditions of uses. The present research aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical performance of these types of boards, with 10 mm, 11 mm, 18 mm and 22 mm thicknesses. The boards were industrially manufactured using the continue press line. The results showed that the compression grade increased with decreasing of the wood strands densities, from 1.3 (OSB/1) to 1.1 (OSB/3). Thickness swelling values were lower for OSB/3 and OSB/2 with 35% and 14%, when compared to OSB/1. For these boards a slight increase in adhesive content and a lower speed of pressing line was set considering that they are designated for the exterior use. An increase in density with about 7.6% led to an increase with about 19% of modulus of rupture (MOR), when compare OSB 10 mm with OSB 22 mm. Improvements with 27% to 22% MOR and 13% to 10% modulus of elasticity (MOE) in case of OSB/3 and OSB/2 compared to OSB/1 were found. Internal bond (IB) values were with about 32% higher for OSB/3 than those reached by OSB/1 and the thinner boards registered 25% higher IB values even after boiling test, compared to the thicker ones.

Stability of light steel walls in compression with plasterboards on one or both sides

In light steel framing, the compression resistance of the walls may be improved by the stabilising effect of plasterboard attached to one or both sides of the wall. This paper presents the results of 28 load tests on 2·4 m high walls using 75, 100 and 150 mm deep C-sections in 1·2 to 1·6 mm thick steel with various types of board. The results were compared to the methodology in the standards BS EN 1993-1-3 and BS 5950-5, taking account of restraint to minor axis buckling. The test results showed that the lateral restraint provided by 12 or 15 mm thick fire-resistant or moisture-resistant plasterboard fixed to one flange is equivalent to an effective length reduction factor of 0·7 in the minor axis direction for a 100 mm × 1·6 mm C-section in a 2·4 m high wall. A theory is developed based on distortional buckling of the C-sections, which allows the test results to be extended to other wall heights and section sizes. The failure loads were predicted by finite-element modelling by considering initial imperfections in the C-sections and the torsional restraint due to the boards.

Mercury contamination of soil and water media from different illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining operations (galamsey)

Environmental media contamination with mercury, because of illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining (popularly called galamsey), is a major concern in Ghana; yet specific details as to how such contaminations are influenced or distributed across different galamsey operations have been lacking. We monitored mercury levels across nine different galamsey operations (Washing Board, Washing Plant, Anwona, Dig and Wash, Dredging, Underground Abandoned Shaft, Underground Sample Pit, Chamfi and Mill House) in three hotspot assemblies (Tarkwa Nsuaem, Amenfi East and Prestea Huni Valley) of the Western Region of Ghana. Triplicate samples each of background soil, surface water/drainage, slurry/sludge and galamsey waste materials (totaling 160) were obtained and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to determine total Hg concentrations. From the comparison of mean ranked concentration of mercury, using the Kruskal-Wallis Test, it was realized that the observed differences in ranking was significant for all four environmental media considered. Thus, the poor handling, usage and disposal of mercury from the different galamsey activities did result in elevation of harmful quantities of mercury into the environment. Overall, the highest median value obtained for mercury was recorded at the Mill House galamsey sites and within slurry/sludge medium. This was followed by Chamfi, Washing Board, Washing Plant, Anwona, Dig and Wash and Dredging in descending order, with the Underground Abandoned Shaft and Underground Sample Pit galamsey types recording values below detection limit. In terms of their contribution to mercury contamination to the environment, Mill House, Chamfi, Anwona, Washing Board and Washing Plant galamsey types recorded the highest mean rankings. Overall, key priority information required for influencing reclamation and cleanup policy decisions for mercury, for the many affected wastelands across the country, can be derived from this paper.

Analysis of the Thermal Insulation and Fire-Resistance Capacity of Particleboards Made from Vine (Vitis vinifera L.) Prunings.

In Europe, vine (Vitis vinifera L.) prunings are one of the most abundant types of agricultural waste. It is, therefore, essential to organize the removal of vine waste from the fields in order to prevent the spread of fires, pests, or diseases. Using plant biomass in buildings will help achieve greater energy efficiency and cause less environmental pollution. The objectives of this work were to minimize burning of agricultural waste, reduce the use of natural wood, and obtain a product by using vine pruning waste to manufacture particleboards, assessing their use as an insulating material and their fire-resistance qualities. Eight types of boards were manufactured with vine prunings (two particle sizes, two times, and two pressures), using 9% by weight of urea-formaldehyde as a bonding resin. Experimental tests were conducted to determine the physical, mechanical, thermal, and fire-resistance properties. In general, the panels manufactured performed well as a thermal insulating material with a conductivity between 0.0642 and 0.0676 W/m·K and a classification of Bd0 according to the European standards on fire resistance; some of them may be used to manufacture furniture, interior décor, and load-bearing panels in dry conditions.

Gradual-onset surfing-related injuries in New Zealand: A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesGradual-onset injuries associated with surfing have not previously been closely examined. This study investigated the duration, mechanisms, body locations and types of gradual-onset injuries in a sample of New Zealand surfers. DesignRetrospective, cross-sectional online survey. MethodsSelf-identified surfers reported gradual-onset surfing-related injuries experienced in the preceding 12 months. ResultsRespondents (n=1473, age range 8–74 years) reported a total of 550 gradual-onset major injuries: 44% acute duration (<3 months) and 56% chronic (≥3 months). The injury incidence proportion was 27%. Shoulder (146 injuries, 64% chronic), low back (115 injuries, 58% chronic) and neck (105 injuries, 46% chronic) were the most commonly reported injury locations. Prolonged paddling was the most commonly reported mechanism of injury (40% of all injuries). Incidence proportion for gradual-onset major injuries was 6% higher for greater surfing abilities compared to lower abilities (p=0.01), and 13% higher for long boarders compared to short boarders (p=0.001). Respondents reporting any gradual-onset surfing injury, compared to those with no injury, averaged 3 more years surfing experience (p<0.001), were 3 years older (p<0.001), and reported 43h more surfing exposure in the preceding 12 months (p<0.001). ConclusionsThe most common gradual-onset surfing injuries involved the shoulder, low back, and neck, most frequently attributable to paddling. Risk factors for these injuries included board type, higher ability, older age, more hours/year, and years of surfing. These findings affirm the existence of sufficient injury burden to justify investigation of surfing injury prevention initiatives.

The possible use of surian tree (Toona sinensis Roem) branches as an alternative raw material in the production of composite boards

The current research focuses on the utilization of branches and twigs of surian as raw material for making composite boards in an effort to utilize the waste part of surian stem wood waste. The types of particle board and oriented strand board were bonded with phenol formaldehyde (PF) of 10% resin content. Variations of board density and board types were focused in this research. The boards were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). The results showed that the density of the board affected the physical and mechanical properties of the composite board. Strand boards were better than particle boards with regard to mechanical properties. Physical properties that met the testing standards were moisture content, density, water absorption and thickness swell for both after soaking 2 h in water, while for the mechanical properties test, only modulus of elasticity (MOE) met the standards. However, for further study, it seemed that generally this initial study informed that it was possible to make composite boards from the raw materials, both branches and twigs, with the additional treatment such as changing the size of particles and strands that could improve the properties of the board.

Acoustical behaviour of natural fibres-based composite boards as sound-absorbing materials

The studies on acoustical behaviour of composite boards made from five different types of natural fibres (bagasse, bamboo, banana, coir and corn husk) have been carried out for their utilization as sound-absorbing materials. The composite boards of all five types of fibres were prepared in three different density range (low, medium and high). The ranges of low, medium and high density boards varied from 280 to 300 kg/m3, 320 to 350 kg/m3 and 400 to 450 kg/m3, respectively. The porosity, which was calculated based on bulk board density and fibre density, was found to vary from 50 to 79% depending upon the types of fibres and density of board. The damping coefficient (tan δ) was determined using dynamic mechanical analyzer and found maximum (0.09) in banana and corn husk fibre boards having density 280–297 kg/m3). The variation of sound absorption coefficient of fibre boards with frequency (up to 4 kHz) was measured. The noise reduction coefficient (NRC), which was calculated as an average of sound absorption coefficient values at 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz, was found to decrease with the increase in board densities for all the five types of boards. The maximum NRC value of 0.40 was found for banana fibre boards having density of 280 kg/m3 and therefore found comparatively more suitable as sound absorbing material.

The Influence of Processing and Particle Size on Binderless Particleboards Made from Arundo donax L. Rhizome.

The giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is considered one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species. The main method by which this species propagates is by growth of scattered fragments of rhizome, spreading without control with very strong, deep roots. Agricultural waste consists of lignocellulosic materials that can substitute natural wood and offer a suitable alternative with which to manufacture boards for furniture, packaging and building purposes. The objectives of this work were to obtain binderless particleboards using giant reed rhizome as the raw material, to evaluate their mechanical and physical properties according to the applicable European standards and to assess the self-binding mechanism of the particles in the board. Six types of boards (12 classes) were manufactured with giant reed rhizome biomass. They were manufactured with a temperature of 110 °C, a pressure of 2.5 MPa and pressing times of 7 and 15 min, applying one or two pressing cycles. The results achieved for modulus of rupture (14.2 N/mm2), modulus of elasticity (2052.45 N/mm2) and internal bonding strength (1.12 N/mm2) show that the mechanical properties were improved by using a smaller rhizome particle size and two pressing cycles.

Readability of statutory letters issued by Forensic Services in NHS Scotland.

Written material provides an important way for services to communicate with patients. Those who require detention under the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 or the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 in Forensic Services within NHS Scotland are usually issued with statutory letters that contain information about their detention. To ensure that letters are readable by patients, templates of such letters were obtained from all health boards in Scotland and analysed using readability indices. Response rate across health boards was 92% (12/13). The results were compared according to readability threshold, types of letters, legal orders and health boards. Between 11.9% and 57.6% of issued letters were found not to be readable. It was also found that there were significant differences in readability across health boards. The study modified the original template of letters, and post-modification readability significantly improved. It may be helpful for patients if NHS Scotland issued such letters with improved readability or introduced a standard template.

Performance of new hyper-lift trawl door for both mid-water and bottom trawling

A hyper-lift trawl door (HLTD) which is not heavily dependent on the bottom for its hydrodynamic performance was developed for both bottom and midwater trawling. Flume tank experiments were conducted on simplified HLTD models with an aspect ratio of 1.0 and camber ratios of 15%, 20%, and 25%. When the distance between the lower wing-end plate of the HLTD and the sea bottom approached 0.01c (where c is chord), the maximum lift coefficient decreased 32–39% compared with that in a free stream sufficiency off bottom. When a steel shoe was installed with a gap of 0.1c between the shoe and the lower wing-end plate, the maximum lift coefficient was greatly improved both in free stream and near the bottom. For HLTDs with camber ratios of 15%, 20%, and 25%, the lift coefficient was 2.14 at the attack angle (α) of 35°, 2.33 (α = 38°), and 2.45 (α = 40°) when in the free stream, and was 2.23 (α = 28°), 2.37 (α = 30°), and 2.46 (α = 32°) when near the bottom. Additionally, towing tank experiments with a 1/10 scale trawl model and four types of otter boards, including vertical V-type, biplane type, rectangular flat type, and the HLTD with a steel shoe, were carried out. It was found that the spread performance of the HLTD was best even though its wing area was only 70% of those of other doors. Furthermore, we compared the performance of the HLTD (with a steel shoe) with that of the vertical V-type door for bottom trawling at sea, and found that the HLTD had superior performance in spreading a trawl. Therefore, the HLTD with a steel shoe was verified as suitable for application in both mid-water and bottom trawling.

Multi-drug Resistant and Extended Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Salmonella Species Isolated from Fresh Chicken Liver Samples

Background Emergence of antibiotic resistance among microbes contaminating the fresh meat products is a global public health concern as they can be easily transmitted to humans through their consumption and contact. Objective The current study was conducted to determine the distribution of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella species isolated from fresh chicken liver samples with special emphasis on extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Method A total of 200 fresh chicken liver samples were cultivated for the isolation of Salmonella and further subcultivated to detect extended spectrum beta-lactamase production among them. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done by disk diffusion method using a panel of 7 antimicrobials. Result Out of 200 samples analyzed, 61 (30.5%) samples harbored Salmonella species out of which 15 (7.5%) samples showed the presence of Salmonella Typhi. A significant association was noted in the incidence of Salmonella with various factors pertaining to the butchers, such as age, sex, literacy rate, practices of washing knives and chopping board, wearing aprons and gloves and type of water used (p < 0.05). Salmonella isolates were highly sensitive to amikacin (82.0%) and least sensitive to tetracycline (3.3%). All the isolates were resistant to colistin. Sixty (98.4%) isolates were identified as multi-drug resistant (MDR). The total number of extended spectrum betalactamase producers reported among Salmonella isolates was 29 (47.5%). Conclusion The results indicate that the fresh chicken liver samples sold in Bharatpur Metropolis are reservoirs of multi-drug resistant Salmonella, including extended spectrum betalactamase producers, that could potentially be transmitted to the humans by direct contact or through inadequate cooking.