Type Of Autonomous Vehicle Research Articles

Intelligent vehicle navigation systems and autonomous driving technology: A comprehensive analysis

This paper conducts a comprehensive study and analysis of intelligent vehicle navigation systems and autonomous driving technology. We review the historical development of autonomous driving technology, discuss key concepts such as perception, decision-making, and control, explore various types of autonomous vehicles, and examine various aspects of intelligent vehicle navigation systems. Additionally, we investigate safety, reliability, legal frameworks in the field of autonomous driving, as well as future trends and ethical considerations. Finally, we summarize the main findings of the research and provide recommendations for future studies.

Deep Learning Enabled IRS for 6G Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Comprehensive Study

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) play an increasingly significant role in our life, where safe and effective vehicular networks supported by sixth-generation (6G) communication technologies are the essence of ITS. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications need to be studied to implement ITS in a secure, robust, and efficient manner, allowing massive connectivity in vehicular communications networks. Besides, with the rapid growth of different types of autonomous vehicles, it becomes challenging to facilitate the heterogeneous requirements of ITS. To meet the above needs, intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) are introduced to vehicular communications and ITS, containing the reflecting elements that can intelligently configure incident signals from and to vehicles. As a novel vehicular communication paradigm at its infancy, it is key to understand the latest research efforts on applying IRS to 6G ITS as well as the fundamental differences with other existing alternatives and the new challenges brought by implementing IRS in 6G ITS. In this paper, we provide a big picture of deep learning enabled IRS for 6G ITS and appraise most of the important literature in this field. By appraising and summarizing the existing literature, we also point out the challenges and worthwhile research directions related to IRS aided 6G ITS.

Markov chain-based traffic analysis on platooning effect among mixed semi- and fully-autonomous vehicles in a freeway lane

Focusing on a freeway lane running with mixed semi-autonomous vehicles (semi-AVs) and fully-autonomous vehicles (fully-AVs), this study aims to investigate the heterogeneous platooning effect of the two types of autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the travel efficiency of the mixed traffic. Such impact in the mixed semi-/fully-AV traffic, to the best of our knowledge, has not been well addressed in the literature as the existing mixed traffic studies on platooning effect typically focused on the traffic scenes with only human-driven vehicles (HVs) and fully-AVs. The existence of semi-AVs, which are optionally controlled by human drivers and semi-autonomous driving systems, and their significant difference in platooning behavior from the fully-AVs have received very limited attention. To fill the gap, we first characterize the semi- and fully-AVs’ difference in connection ability and willingness to platoon in the vehicle platooning process, and derive the heterogeneous platooning probabilities of semi- and fully-AVs. To formulate the platooned traffic after vehicle platooning process, we proceed to develop a novel Markov chain model to determine the probability distributions of vehicular platoon size and headway type among the mixed semi-/fully-AV traffic analytically. Furthermore, with the probability distributions, we derive the fundamental diagram (FD) and the capacity of the freeway lane for the mixed semi-/fully-AV traffic, and are thus able to investigate impact of platooning on the travel efficiency numerically. The developed models and unveiled insights in this study will help researchers and practitioners better understand the role, potential and prospect of automated transport system in the transitional stage with semi-AVs, which will be useful for guiding the mixed AV traffic management and control in near future.

Review and Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles - Current State and Challenges

Vehicles that can function independently of human control are known as autonomous vehicles. They detect their surroundings, make judgments, and steer clear of danger using a network of sensors and cameras fed data by complex computer algorithms. The findings of this study summarise the present status of autonomous car technology and its ramifications on society. The paper begins by discussing the different types of autonomous vehicles and the sensors and technologies used to enable their operation. It then examines the challenges that must be overcome to achieve widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles, including safety, regulation, and public acceptance. Finally, the paper also explores the potential benefits of autonomous vehicles, such as improved transportation efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and improved accessibility for people with disabilities.

Prototype Design and Experimental Evaluation of Autonomous Collaborative Communication System for Emerging Maritime Use Cases.

Automated systems have been seamlessly integrated into several industries as part of their industrial automation processes. Employing automated systems, such as autonomous vehicles, allows industries to increase productivity, benefit from a wide range of technologies and capabilities, and improve workplace safety. So far, most of the existing systems consider utilizing one type of autonomous vehicle. In this work, we propose a collaboration of different types of unmanned vehicles in maritime offshore scenarios. Providing high capacity, extended coverage, and better quality of services, autonomous collaborative systems can enable emerging maritime use cases, such as remote monitoring and navigation assistance. Motivated by these potential benefits, we propose the deployment of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in an autonomous collaborative communication system. Specifically, we design high-speed, directional communication links between a terrestrial control station and the two unmanned vehicles. Using measurement and simulation results, we evaluate the performance of the designed links in different communication scenarios and we show the benefits of employing multiple autonomous vehicles in the proposed communication system.

Korišćenje samovozećih vozila u transportu

The objective of this paper is to examine the types of autonomous vehicles already employed in transportation. It exemplifies the segments of transportation which already use autonomous vehicles. This paper gives an insight of the places in the world where autonomous vehicles are put in use. Furthermore, companies such as Volvo, Volkswagen, Airbus and WAYMO have showed their models of driverless vehicles ranging from trucks, buses, shuttles and helicopters. Moreover, the paper provides a description, testing methods, use and features of the each vehicle presented. In short, this paper aims to raise consciousness about the future of not just public transportation but also transportation of any other type such as good's transportation, delivery, vehicles provided for sightseeing, aircrafts etc.

An Autonomous Solar-Powered Marine Robotic Observatory for Permanent Monitoring of Large Areas of Shallow Water.

Apart from their ecological value, the world’s oceans are among the planet’s most valuable resources, a rich source of food and wealth and in urgent need of protection. This article describes BUSCAMOS-RobObs, a robot-based observatory, consisting of an autonomous solar-powered marine robot with specialized sensing systems designed to carry out long-term observation missions in the inland sea of the Mar Menor in southeastern Spain. This highly specialised device is unique because it has the capacity to anchor itself to the seabed and become a “buoy”, either to take measurements at specific points or to recharge its batteries. It thus avoids drifting and possible accidents in the buoy mode, especially near the coast, and resumes monitoring tasks when the required energy levels are reached. The robot is equipped with a broad range of sensors, including side scan sonar, sub-bottom sonar, laser systems, ultrasound sonar, depth meters, a multi-parametric probe and a GPS, which can collect georeferenced oceanic data. Although various types of autonomous vehicles have been described in the literature, they all have limited autonomy (even in the long term) as regards operational time and covering the seabed. The article describes a permanent monitoring mission in the Mar Menor, with a combination of solar energy and a decision-making strategy as regards the optimum route to be followed. The energy and mission simulation results, as well as an account of actual monitoring missions are also included.

Ar neblaivus asmuo turi teisę valdyti autonominį automobilį?

Author analyzes whether an intoxicated person has the right to use an autonomous vehicle in the context of current laws and the duty of care. In the first part of the article, the author discusses the commonalities and unique features of an autonomous vehicle. Firstly, the article compares different types of autonomous vehicles, in order to determine the concept of this type of vehicle. It is established, that henceforth the author will only focus on a fully autonomous vehicle. Secondly, once it is established which autonomous vehicle level is going to be the main focus of this article, the article distinguishes the unique features of fully autonomous vehicle and its management features. The results showed that fully autonomous vehicles can be used in any kind of environment without any interaction of a person and is expected to provide extra movement of freedom for disabled people. Furthermore, it is not enough for an autonomous vehicle to simply work as intended. The autonomous system has to be the safety net and provide the redundancy. After identifying autonomous vehicle‘s unique features, the author analyses the development progress and forecast of laws in United States of America (hereinafter – USA) and European Union. The results show, that USA is one of the leading countries in autonomous vehicle development. The ability to enact separate laws from the federal government, allows states to try out different kind of laws in order to regulate autonomous vehicle use. Meanwhile, the European Union takes a more conservative approach, by undergoing various experiments and researches in order to ascertain the safety of autonomous vehicles. It is also established that in USA, the laws do not prohibit an intoxicated person from using an autonomous vehicles, meanwhile in European Union, due to the lack of laws, it is prohibited [...].

A Particle Filtering-based Framework for Real-time Fault Diagnosis of Autonomous Vehicles


 
 
 Reliability and supervision of autonomous systems and their corresponding subsystems, can be significantly improved using advanced methods of anomaly detection and fault diagnosis. A reliable fault detection module can improve the autonomy of the vehicle itself, by leading to efficient fault tolerant control designs and mission scheduling. This paper presents a fault detection framework for incipient faults that take place on the actuators of an autonomous-small scale hovercraft. The enabling technologies borrow from the fields of modeling, data processing, Bayesian estimation theory and in particular a technique called particle filtering. Condition indicators or features are derived based on first principles modeling of the actuator’s and the vehicle’s dynamics. The fault detection algorithm fuses information obtained from different subsystems of the vehicle that use distinct sets of sensors, producing a robust degree of confidence. In addition, the algorithm is decoupled from the control system. This achieves the goal of minimizing the fault masking, or the compensation of fault-induced navigational errors by the control system, and allows for early detection even for small fault conditions. The efficacy of the diagnostic approach is demonstrated via simulation results. The proposed fault detection methodology can be easily leveraged to other types of autonomous vehicles.
 
 

What Will the Law Do About Autonomous Vehicles?

Autonomous vehicles are just beginning to emerge on roads and highways all over the world. The autonomous vehicle prototypes available now provide some clues to understanding how law will apply to this developing technology. There appear to be several types of autonomous vehicles. Most of the experimental autonomous vehicles tend to be either self-contained or interconnected or some combination of these two types. Another category of autonomous vehicles, a self-willed autonomous vehicle, appears only in fiction - often fantasy or horror stories about vehicles run amok or falling in love with humans. More benign self-willed vehicles include Herbie the Love Bug and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Until the singularity, when machines are smarter than humans are, self-willed autonomous vehicles are likely to exist in our imaginations, rather than on the roads.It is not clear what the market for autonomous vehicles will be. Driving enthusiasts will probably avoid them. However, differently abled persons, such as persons with disabilities, as well as children and the elderly are likely to find autonomous vehicles especially attractive.Autonomous vehicles may possibly appeal to commuters, who find long daily commutes over boring roads tedious. However, whether ordinary consumers will be inclined to purchase autonomous vehicles remains a matter of speculation.In very general terms, autonomous vehicles are self-driving cars operated by artificial intelligence using automated controls and, usually, GPS. Internal vehicle sensors constantly monitor the car’s mechanical operation - such as its speed, steering, braking, and the like. The differences between the self-contained and interconnected autonomous vehicles lie in the ways in which the two types assess the dynamic driving environment on the roads where they travel.Self-contained autonomous vehicles gather and keep all information within the vehicle. They collect data from outward facing sensors (cameras, lidar, radar, etc.) to visualize and predict the changing roadway situation around the moving car. Most of the self-contained autonomous vehicle prototypes require that roadways on which these vehicles travel be mapped in advance by a human driver.On the other hand, the interconnected type of autonomous vehicle relies on real-time communications from other vehicles or the roadside to provide data about what is happening in the roadway environment in which it operates. Interconnected autonomous vehicles do not require pre-mapped routes, but rather rely on data about the driving environment that is communicated into the vehicle from outside sources.These technical differences result in a number of interesting legal questions that may have different answers depending on the type of autonomous vehicle. How should legal rules determine civil and criminal legal liability, for example, when an autonomous vehicle breaks a traffic rule or damages another’s vehicle or is involved in vehicular manslaughter? Products liability could be placed on the manufacturer or seller of the vehicle, on the hardware provider, or on the maker of the software used by the vehicle’s artificial intelligence. Privacy rights, insurance law, and regulatory jurisdiction have yet to be determined. As autonomous vehicles’ new, innovative transportation technology develops, the law also will need to innovate.

Mimicking human driving behaviour for realistic simulation of traffic flow

Simulated autonomous vehicles running on simplified driver models may lead to some drawbacks because of the very limited 'human-like' errors and driver?driver interactive capability. This study proposes a simulation framework of realistic traffic flow that contains several types of autonomous vehicles. The vehicles operated by ideal driver models simulate the traffic flow in the far-field areas while the vehicles operated by cognitive driver models simulate the near-field areas owing to more 'human-like' behaviour. Extended human-in-the-loop simulation uses real human drivers to enhance active driver-driver interaction. This simulation framework can be used to improve the fidelity of driving simulators.