Types Of 3D Models Research Articles

Organoid Models and Next-Generation Sequencing for Bone Marrow and Related Disorders

Challenges to the musculoskeletal system negatively impact the quality of life of people suffering from them, leading to pain, a decline in mobility, genetic alterations, and potential disorders. The bone marrow (BM) forms an integral part of the musculoskeletal system responsible for erythropoiesis and optimal survival of the various immune and stem cells within the BM. However, due to its dynamic and complex three-dimensional (3D) structure, replicating the BM physiologically in traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture settings is often challenging, giving rise to the need for 3D in vitro models to better dissect the BM and its regeneration. Several researchers globally have been investigating various approaches to define an appropriate 3D model for their research. Organoids are novel preclinical models that provide a 3D platform for several tissues and have been analysed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify new molecular pathways at the genetic level. The 3D in vitro models and organoids are increasingly considered important platforms for precision medicine. This review outlines the current knowledge of organoid and 3D in vitro models for the BM. We also discuss different types of 3D models which may be more adaptable for the BM. Finally, we critically review the NGS techniques used for such models and the future combination of these techniques.

Transient Thermal Analysis of the Circuit Breaker Current Path with the Use of FEA Simulation

The finite element analysis (FEA) is an essential and powerful numerical method that can explicitly optimize the design process of electrical devices. In this paper, the employment of the finite element method (FEM) as ANSYS is proposed in order to aid electrical apparatus engineering and modeling of low voltage modular circuit breakers. The procured detailed model of a miniature circuit breaker (MCB) was undergoing transient thermal simulations of the current path. Acquired data were juxtapositioned with experimental data procured in the laboratory. The reflection of the simulation approach was clearly noted in the experimental results. Mutual areas of the modeled element expressed similar physical properties and robustness errors while tested in the specific conditions—faithfully reflecting those that were experimented with. Moreover, the physical phenomena essential for electrical engineering could be determined on the model stage. These types of 3D models can be used to analyze the thermal behavior of the current path during the current flowing condition.

PS energy imaging condition for microseismic data — Part 2: Sensitivity analysis in 3D anisotropic media

In microseismic monitoring, obtaining reliable information about event properties, such as the location, origin time, and moment-tensor components, is critical for evaluating the success of fluid-injection programs. Elastic wavefield-based migration approaches can robustly image microseismic sources by extrapolating data through an earth model and evaluating an imaging condition. The success of these imaging methods, though, primarily depends on the elastic model’s accuracy. The previously developed extended PS energy imaging condition can provide valuable information about the accuracy of the elastic model parameters including vertical P- and S-wave velocities as well as anisotropy coefficients. Using the SEG advanced modeling Barrett Unconventional model, we have assessed the influence of errors in the anisotropy parameters by conducting a sensitivity analysis in three types of 3D models: transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis, transversely isotropic with a horizontal symmetry axis, and orthorhombic media. Our analysis on zero-lag and extended PS energy images computed with perturbed anisotropy models shows that event images exhibit different moveout patterns of misfocused energy with respect to the distorted Thomsen parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]; however, for this model, the [Formula: see text] parameters have almost no influence on images regardless of the applied perturbations, which are reflected in the minimal traveltime differences in the data. The dependence of microseismic source images on these parameters provides essential insights into anisotropic model accuracy, and it suggests that misfocused energy on extended image gathers may be used as a criterion for updating earth models through anisotropic elastic image-domain inversion.

PVNAS: 3D Neural Architecture Search With Point-Voxel Convolution.

3D neural networks are widely used in real-world applications (e.g., AR/VR headsets, self-driving cars). They are required to be fast and accurate; however, limited hardware resources on edge devices make these requirements rather challenging. Previous work processes 3D data using either voxel-based or point-based neural networks, but both types of 3D models are not hardware-efficient due to the large memory footprint and random memory access. In this paper, we study 3D deep learning from the efficiency perspective. We first systematically analyze the bottlenecks of previous 3D methods. We then combine the best from point-based and voxel-based models together and propose a novel hardware-efficient 3D primitive, Point-Voxel Convolution (PVConv). We further enhance this primitive with the sparse convolution to make it more effective in processing large (outdoor) scenes. Based on our designed 3D primitive, we introduce 3D Neural Architecture Search (3D-NAS) to explore the best 3D network architecture given a resource constraint. We evaluate our proposed method on six representative benchmark datasets, achieving state-of-the-art performance with 1.8-23.7× measured speedup. Furthermore, our method has been deployed to the autonomous racing vehicle of MIT Driverless, achieving larger detection range, higher accuracy and lower latency.

The Study to Improve Re-topology Efficiency Between Analyzing Software and Making Examples of Different Types of 3D Models

The Study to Improve Re-topology Efficiency Between Analyzing Software and Making Examples of Different Types of 3D Models

A Morphological Analysis of the Flat-Shaped Spumellarian Radiolarian Dictyocoryne: Morpho-Functional Insights into Planktonic Mode of Life

Abstract. The three-dimensional morphology of the flat-shaped spumellarian radiolarian Dictyocoryne was analysed using a microfocus X-ray CT with a special focus on whether it was capable of a planktonic lifestyle. Two types of 3D models, the shell model, which represents a realistic 3D shell, and the wrapped model, which mimics the whole body outline without pseudopodia, were reconstructed in order to estimate volume, surface area, and centres of gravity for the shell model and buoyancy for the wrapped model. The calculated values showed that the volume of shell with respect to the total volume was negatively allometric, regardless of the differences between threshold settings. Stepwise secretions of the patagium layer may result in a comparatively lightweight shell, thereby decreasing the total density during growth but not below the density of seawater. Estimated positions for the centres of gravity and buoyancy were too close to maintain an autonomous posture while floating. Instead, the ratio between surface area and volume was greater than that in an ideal sphere. Such a broad surface area could obtain the viscous resistance necessary for sinking retardation. Spumellarian radiolarians, including Dictyocoryne, have photosynthetic symbionts located primarily in the ectoplasmic layer, which is a habitable space that can be maximised within the larger surface area. Given that radiolarians float when extending their pseudopodia, it can be hypothesised that pseudopodia may play a role in the adjustment of life posture in a hydraulically unstable shell, which can be integrated into sinking retardation, enhancement of photosynthetic activity and manoeuvrability of life posture within a unique flat-shaped morphogenesis.

Developing an Image-Based 3D Model Editing Method

As 3D technologies advance rapidly, 3D printing, 3D animation, and 3D Movie are springing out in different areas. It becomes a remarkable challenge to generate a large number of 3D models effectively and efficiently. This paper proposes a novel editing method based on the feature lines of images (i.e., image contour and principal axis) for generating new 3D models. Our method takes as input an existing 3D model (as the original model) and an image selected by the user (or a sketch hand-drawn by the users), and performs the model editing to generate a new 3D model. In particular, our method first takes as input an original 3D model and an image selected by the user. Second, the selected image is processed to produce the feature lines, i.e., contour and principal axis of the image. Third, the silhouette of the original model from a given view is acquired, and projected on a projection plane to produce a contour and principal axis of the model, which is the feature lines of the original model. Fourth, by comparing the feature lines of the image and the original model, the constraint conditions are established to control the editing of the 3D model. Finally, 3D model editing is conducted through the as-rigid-as-possible mesh deformation to produce a new 3D model with the appearance resembling the selected image. Furthermore, this paper proposes an energy function to guide the detailed model editing, and measure the similarity between the generated 3D model and the corresponding image. We have conducted extensive experiments to evaluate the proposed method. The results show that comparing with the existing editing methods in literature, the proposed model editing method is able to construct various types of 3D models more effectively and more efficiently.

Involving users in a ship bridge re-design process using scenarios and mock-up models

The context for this study is the maritime domain and the design of shipboard workspaces. Due to the globalized nature of shipping, the traditional approach to a participative ergonomics process can be a logistical challenge since stakeholders like designers, manufacturers and operators are often scattered both geographically and organizationally. The participative design study presented in this paper addresses this challenge by exploring the ability of three types of simple three-dimensional (3D) models to act as mediating objects for representative users in order to elicit design feedback in a use scenario-workshop format. The study found that all three types of 3D models, when coupled with a scenario description, elicited several types of useful design feedback that served not only as direct input to changing proposed design parameters, but also as an unprompted long-term learning opportunity for the design team to gain insight into the lives and challenges of their users, who both work and live on board. Relevance to industryThe paper presents a procedure for a participatory design process in the maritime domain where the involved stakeholders are geographically and organizationally dispersed. Mock-up models coupled with use scenario descriptions elicited useful design feedback and an unprompted long-term learning opportunity for the design team.

Abstract 2027: Novel 3D tumor-immune cell spheroid models for assessment of cancer immunotherapy agents

Abstract The pre-clinical development of anticancer immunotherapeutics is based on 2D co-culture systems that rely on use of allogeneic immune effector cells and established tumor cell lines. These are, however, suboptimal models unable to resemble the complex histopathological, morphological and immunosuppressive features present within tumor microenvironment and devoid of nutritional, metabolic and oxygen gradients established in primary tumors. In addition, when maintained in 2D, tumor cells undergo exponential growth and lack formation of proliferating, quiescent and necrotic cores established in tumors. Due to absence of cell polarity, the level and pattern of tumor antigen expression is different between 2D and 3D cultures and interactions between tumor cells and immune cells in 2D sub optimally represent those occurring in vivo. To overcome these limitations, we established novel types of 3D models that more closely mimic the histological complexity of tumors and better resemble cell-cell, cell-matrix and tumor-stroma interactions, i.e. 1) the heterotypic 3D spheroids composed of tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, matrix components and immune effector cells, 2) 3D ex vivo thick tumor sections offering an intact tumor microenvironment with autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In the first model, lymphocytes were either admixed with tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and matrix components (collagen, Matrigel or both) giving rise to heterotypic 3D co-cultures containing low levels of immune effector cells (resembling poorly-infiltrated tumors), or were stimulated with low dose of antibody-conjugated immunocytokine (DP47-IL2v, 10 nM, overnight), which promoted their infiltration into pre-formed tumor/fibroblast spheroids (resembling highly-infiltrated tumors). In the second model, primary tumors collected from naïve or DP47-IL2v-treated mice were sliced ex vivo to obtain 400 μm-thick tumor sections that were maintained in culture for up to 7 days. 3D models were characterized by quantification of size and IHC staining of tumor, stromal and endothelial cell antigens and immune effector cells. We further validated our models by testing the activity of tumor- or stroma-targeted immunotherapies. Incubation of spheroids with 50 or 100 nM of tumor-targeted T Cell Bispecific (TCB) antibody led to crosslinking of T cells to tumor cells resulting in elimination of tumor areas (but not of the fibroblast core) and overall reduction in spheroid size. On the contrary, spheroids incubated with untargeted TCB remained intact. Taken together, the novel models presented here provide the first example of heterotypic 3D microtissues containing the immune effector cells and offer a versatile system to characterize the activity of tumor- and stroma-targeted immunotherapies and explore their combinations. Citation Format: Laura Morra, Inja Waldhauer, Christian Klein, Pablo Umana, Marina Bacac. Novel 3D tumor-immune cell spheroid models for assessment of cancer immunotherapy agents. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2027. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2027

선박 블록 단위의 대용량 JT 파일을 안드로이드 기기에서 가시화하는 방법

In shipbuilding, 2D manufacturing drawings are crucial for building a ship. Even various types of 3D models are being utilized for supporting ship manufacturing, which does not reduce the importance of 2D drawings. Recently things are changing in the shipbuilding industry. To reduce the number of 2D drawings or to reduce the quantity of information contained in 2D drawings, some attempts that can substitute for 2D drawings are being made. One of the attempts is to visualize lightweight 3D manufacturing models in a mobile device. In this paper, a method for displaying lightweight 3D models of a ship in an Android based device is introduced. To overcome the problem with parsing JT files in Android system, JT files are parsed in a Windows based server and as-simple-as-possible visualization data are transmitted to an Android based viewer. A comparison result with a commercial system is also given.

From the area to the point-study on the key technology of 3D geological hazard modeling in Three Gorges Reservoir area

Taking hundreds of pieces of hazardous geological maps (1: 10 000) of Three Gorges reservoir area (3GR) as background, we establish regional three-dimensional (3D) geo-hazard model using DEM (digital elevation model) superposed surface images and geo-hazards elements. Based on landslides and other geo-hazard survey data, using improved B-REP (boundary representation) entity data structure (two-body 3D data structure), we set up 3D solid models for each hazardous bodies in each hazardous geological maps. Then we integrate the two types of 3D models with different scales from area to point, which are the regional geo-hazard 3D model and the solid models of each disaster body, in order to provide a visual processing and analysis platform for danger partition, stability evaluation, disaster prevention and control, early warning and command.

Measurements on 3D models of human skulls derived from two different cone beam CT scanners

The aims of this study were to compare measurements on three-dimensional (3D) models of human skulls derived from two different cone beam CT scanners (CBCT) and to evaluate if the used hardware can influence the performed measurements. CBCT scans of 40 dry human skulls with both the i-CAT and the Iluma cone beam CT scanners were made. From the CBCT scans, 3D models were constructed. One operator identified 19 landmarks five times on both types of 3D models with a time interval of 1 week. Intra-observer reliability was high for most measurements. There was a statistically significant and clinically relevant difference for some measurements between constructed 3D models of the same skull from the two different CBCT devices. Used hardware for scanning might influence the measurements performed. This means that care should be taken when interpreting measurements made on CBCT 3D models derived from different CBCT devices.

Three-Dimensional Transportation Analysis: Planning and Design

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) analysis for transportation planning and highway design. As background, the concept of dimension is briefly discussed and examples of transportation-related disciplines are given in zero, one, two, three, and four dimensions. Two types of 3D models are described: visualization models and analytical models. Transportation planning applications include system planning (e.g., data collection modeling), corridor/project planning (e.g., traffic calming), and environmental analysis (e.g., air quality assessment). Highway design applications include route planning (e.g., preliminary route selection), geometric design (e.g., combined alignment), and structural design (e.g., pavement design). This paper is sponsored by the ASCE Urban Transportation Division’s Planning Committee and the Highway Division’s Geometric Design and Operations Committee. By summarizing current and emerging developments of 3D analysis in transportation, the committees hope to raise awareness of this powerful tool and to help stimulate its applications in other transportation areas.