Type Species Research Articles

Oothecae of three species of praying mantis belonging to genera Humbertiella Saussure, Leptomantella Burmeister and Odontomantis Saussure from Kerala were collected and reared. Parasitisation of eupelmid and torymid (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae, Torymidae) parasitoids on mantid oothecae with species level identification are reported for the first time from India. Bharatagrion gen. nov. is newly described within Podagrionini (Torymidae) with type species B. keralense sp. nov. attacking oothecae of Leptomantella parva (Werner) (Mantodea, Leptomantellidae) from Kerala. Further three species, Eupelmus gibsoni Binoy & Sureshan sp. nov. (Eupelmidae), Palmon humbertiellophaga Binoy & Sureshan sp. nov., and Podagrion grisselli Binoy & Sureshan sp. nov.: (Torymidae) are described with illustrations. Type images of Palmon orchesticus (Masi), Podagriomicron wayanadense Narendran & Mercy, and Podagrion keralensis Narendran are illustrated for the first time.

The Natural History Museum Vienna houses a valuable and rich mollusc collection that traces back to the early days of the Linnaean system of nomenclature. Its foundation was laid by Emperor Franz I Stephan of Lorraine through the acquisition of the extensive natural history collection of Johann Ritter von Baillou in 1748. After the Emperor’s death, Ignaz von Born was commissioned to organise the imperial collection. Born began with the study of shells and produced a compact yet extensive book in 1778, containing numerous new species, followed by a lavishly illustrated version in 1780. He was among the first to adopt the Linnaean system, thereby making the names he introduced available according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Due to the high number of available names and the early publication of his works, Born’s new species and the collection in Vienna play a pivotal role in molluscan taxonomy. Here, we present specimens from the Born collection bearing type status and belonging to Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, and Brachiopoda, including specimens illustrated by Born and later referred to by other authors for the introduction of new names (e.g., Cardium oblongum Gmelin, 1791; C. ventricosum Bruguière, 1789). We designated the lectotype of Cardium aeolicum Born, 1778 to stabilise the nomenclature. We considered the name Cardium magnum Born, 1780 to be unavailable, and thus its use for the designation of the type species of the genus Dinocardium inappropriate. Therefore, we designated Cardium ventricosum Bruguière, 1789 as the new type species of the genus.

The species of Poblicia Stl, 1866, here given the appellation speckled lanternflies, are reviewed with particular attention to species found north of Mexico. The genus Poblicia at this time consists of four species: the type species P. misella (Stl, 1863) (from Mexico), P. fuliginosa (Olivier, 1791) (from eastern USA), and two species removed from synonymyP. thanatophana Kirkaldy, 1907 (western USA) and P. cribrata Gerstaecker, 1860 (locality uncertain). Amended diagnoses are provided for these Poblicia species. Life history and molecular sequence data (28S, ITS2 and CO1) are discussed to support the designation of P. fuliginosa and P. thanatophana as separate species. Poblicia texana is established as the type species for the new genus Angulapteryx gen. nov. as Angulapteryx texana comb. nov.

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated 4NK60-0013T and 4NH20-0068T, were isolated from biodegradable plastic films immersed in the coastal waters of Japan. These strains showed the ability to degrade biodegradable plastics, poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) and poly(ε-caprolactone). Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains 4NK60-0013T and 4NH20-0068T belong to the family Cellvibrionaceae in the order Cellvibrionales and are closely related to members of the genus Gilvimarinus. The species most closely related to strains 4NK60-0013T and 4NH20-0068T were Gilvimarinus agarilyticus M5cT and Gilvimarinus polysaccharolyticus YN3T, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 94.4 and 93.3%, respectively. The sequence similarity between the two novel strains was 94.8%, indicating that they represented separate species. The genome length and G+C content of the genome sequence of strain 4NK60-0013T were 4,354,061 bp and 46.9 mol%, respectively, whereas those of strain 4NH20-0068T were 4,154,637 bp and 43.3 mol%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity values between the strains were <72.0%, similar to the values between the strains and type strains of species from the genera Cellvibrio, Gilvimarinus and Marinimicrobium. Based on phenotypic, cellular fatty acid and phylogenetic characteristics, the two isolates represent novel species within a new genus of the family Cellvibrionaceae, for which the names Aurantivibrio plasticivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. (type species) and Aurantivibrio infirmus sp. nov. have been proposed. Additionally, these strains and other bacteria belonging to the family Cellvibrionaceae have been shown to biodegrade PBSA, a biodegradable plastic. The type strains of A. plasticivorans and A. infirmus are 4NK60-0013T (=NBRC 116180T=TBRC 19146T) and 4NH20-0068T (=NBRC 116181T=TBRC 19147T), respectively.

Abstract The accelerated process of urbanization has intensified the loss of natural green areas, directly affecting the quality of life in cities. Semi-natural infrastructures, such as green facades, do not replace natural ecosystems but can mitigate their impacts by providing ecosystem services. This study is based on the hypothesis that the implementation of self-built extensive green facades, using local substrates and a mixture of native and adapted species, constitutes an accessible alternative that urban residents can construct and maintain themselves. Within this framework, the research 2 question is posed: How does the combination of support system type and plant species influence the ecological performance of extensive green facades in Andean urban contexts? Which climatic and construction-related factors determine the economic viability and ease of maintenance and self-construction of extensive green facades? The article is structured in two phases: first, a theoretical review of recent literature on extensive green facades, and second, an experimental phase involving self-built modules implemented in the city of Quito. The results show that, at least under the described climatic conditions—characterized by high solar radiation, prolonged water deficit, and wind gusts reaching up to 4.2 m/s—the selected plant species (Common Ivy, Passiflora mixta, and Pyrostegia venusta) achieved similar coverage levels during the study period, ranging from 30% to 20% between months 3 and 7, with installation costs below 41 USD per square meter. These findings highlight the feasibility of affordable systems for urban greening and their potential role in promoting resilient and inclusive development, particularly in highly variable Andean climates. However, further research is needed to assess their long-term impact on urban biodiversity, as well as their sustained structural and ecological performance over time.

An extracellular polysaccharide-producing strain labelled GBG-M4T was isolated from the faeces of a C57BL/6 J mouse model with ulcerative colitis prognosis. Using a polyphasic approach, the taxonomy of this novel species was characterized. The strain was Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, non-pigmented and rod-shaped. Strain GBG-M4 T grew anaerobically at 30-45℃ (optimally at 37-40℃) and at pH 6.5-8.0 (optimally at pH 7.0-8.0). Growth of the strain was not inhibited on medium containing 20% bile. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain GBG-M4T represents a member of the genus Butyricimonas. The similarity of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain GBG-M4T to the type species of the genus, Butyricimonas faecihominis JCM 18676T, was 94.56%. This strain could produce acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, iso-butyric acid, valeric acid and caproic acid as final products from glucose. The major polar lipids were five lipids, three phospholipids, four ammonium phosphatides and one glyceride. The major fatty acids of strain GBG-M4T were iso-C 17: 0 3-OH and iso-C 15: 0. Genome analysis revealed that strain GBG-M4T has a genome size of 5.56 Mb and a DNA G+C content of 45.57 mol%. A total of 4,576 genes were predicted by genome sequence analysis. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characterization, strain GBG-M4T represents a novel species within the genus Butyricimonas, for which the name Butyricimonas muris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GBG-M4T (=CGMCC 1.18113T=KCTC 25905T).

Taxonomy, geographic distribution and molecular phylogeny of two freshwater Frontonia (Ciliophora, Peniculida), including a new cryptic species Frontonia paraleucas sp. nov.

Nine strains of two Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, catalase-, oxidase- and urease-negative coccoid species, designated as zg-252T, zg-1578, zg-B36, zg-ZUI334, and zg-1292T, zg-A91, zg-BR9, zg-BR22 and zg-BR33, were isolated from the trachea of Marmota himalayana. The nine strains grew optimally at 37 °C, pH 7.0 and 0.5% NaCl. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the two novel type strains were most closely related to each other, with low similarity to known species in the family Aerococcaceae. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and genome suggested that the nine strains form two independent branches, well separated from all genera of this family. The genomic G+C contents of strains zg-252T and zg-1292T were 36.0 mol% and 37.8 mol%. Comparative genomic analysis proved that the nine strains represent two different novel species of a new genus. The major fatty acids of this novel genus were C18 : 1 ω9c and C16 : 0, with diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids, but no quinones were detected. The two novel species shared cell-wall aa (glutamic acid, alanine and lysine) and cell-wall sugars (ribose; with additional glucose in zg-1292T). Based on the polyphasic analysis, we proposed that the unknown bacteria can be classified as Tuanshanicoccus gen. nov., with two species in this novel genus, type species Tuanshanicoccus yangjingiae gen. nov., sp. nov. (zg-252T = GDMCC 1.1725T = JCM 34096T) and Tuanshanicoccus lijuaniae sp. nov. (zg-1292T = GDMCC 1.2118T = KCTC 43284T).

Two aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, gliding motility and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated as B11T and D4T, were isolated from rhizosphere soil of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains B11T and D4T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and shared the highest similarity to Flavobacterium ginsenosidimutans THG 01T (98.2%) and Flavobacterium daemonensis JCM 19455T (98.0%), respectively. The DNA G+C contents of strains B11T and D4T were 33.9 and 34.1 mol%, respectively. Both the genome-derived average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the two strains and their closely related type species Flavobacterium sharifuzzamanii KCTC 62405T and Flavobacterium denitrificans DSM 15936T were below 39.3 and 90.5%, respectively. They all took iso-C15:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c) as the major fatty acids. The polar lipids of strain B11T contained phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two unidentified aminophospholipids (APL1-2) and four unidentified lipids (L1-4), while strain D4T took phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), three aminophospholipids (APL1-3) and four unidentified lipids (L1-4). Menaquinone-6 was their predominant quinone. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses, strains B11T and D4T should be considered as two novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the names Flavobacterium movens (type strain B11T=GDMCC 1.4103T=JCM 36423T) and Flavobacterium mesophilum (type strain D4T=GDMCC 1.4105T=JCM 36424T) are proposed.

Pyranulibacter aquaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., the first nitrate-reducing representative of the class Ignavibacteria from an Iturup well.

Two new species of Capsalidae (Benedeniinae) are described from snappers (Lutjanidae) occurring in the western Pacific Ocean: Metabenedeniella bracteola n. sp. from the blubberlip snapper, Lutjanus rivulatus, collected off Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia, and Metabenedeniella duplohelix n. sp. from the mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, from off Nouméa, New Caledonia. Clarification of the nomenclature of Metabenedeniella and its type species is provided: Metabenedeniella Yamaguti, 1958. represents the valid name of the genus and Metabenedeniella hoplognathi Yamaguti, 1958, its type species. The type species is a junior subjective synonym of Epibdella (Benedenia) hoplognathi Yamaguti, 1942 [now Metabenedeniella hoplognathi (Yamaguti, 1942) Yamaguti, 1963, the valid taxonomic name of the species].

The first C-bound ortho-carborane (oCb) supported hypervalent iodine(III) -IL2 type species are reported in RoCb-IL2, for L = F and OTf, including two structurally verified -IF2 examples. Initial synthetic observations and supporting theoretical calculations suggest that the new oCb-IL2 type compounds will be more reactive than any known Ar-IL2 compound. This is exemplified by a previously unobserved oxidative demethylation of trimethylsilyl fluoride, suggesting that many substrates unreactive toward Ar-IL2 could be susceptible to oxidation by oCb-IL2.

Colombocricus gen. nov. is established for two species from Colombia, with C. tegua gen. et sp. nov. designed as the type species. Based on the type material and fresh specimens, Rhinocricus fundipudens (Karsh, 1881) is transferred to the new genus Colombocricus gen. nov. and its redescription is presented. In addition, a key to males and a map of distribution of the genus is provided.

Linyphiidae, with 634 genera and more than 4,800 species, is the most speciose family of Araneoidea, the ecribellate orb weavers. This study presents a phylogenetic hypothesis of linyphioids (Linyphiidae plus Pimoidae) using a large-scale total evidence approach. We include representatives of all traditional Linyphiidae subfamilies (Stemonyphantinae, Micronetinae, Mynogleninae, Linyphiinae, Erigoninae, Dubiaraneinae, and Ipainae) as well as newly proposed lineages (Mounded Posterior Median Eye (MPME) clade, Pocobletus clade). We integrated nucleotide sequence data from five different markers, two mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I, 16S rRNA) and three nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and Histone H3) with a set of morphological and behavioral characters. We allocated the character data into eleven different matrices to test the robustness of the phylogenetic signal in our dataset concerning data occupancy, data category, and data completeness across different optimality criteria. The molecular dataset has a total of 294 terminals and a total of 6,835 bps, and the phenotypic matrix has 105 terminals and 256 characters, totaling 305 terminals and 7091 characters. We analyzed our datasets using three different optimality criteria: parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. We recovered linyphioids as a monophyletic group with strong support. We identified 15 suprageneric monophyletic groups within linyphiids (some of those corresponding to the established subfamilies) whose relationships vary according to the analytical conditions. The linyphiid subfamilies Stemonyphantinae, Erigoninae, and Mynogleninae are monophyletic and well-supported. We revised the circumscription of the subfamilies Lepthyphantinae, Linyphiinae, and the MPME clade to fulfill the monophyly requirement. The Pocobletus clade remains a strongly supported group with the same original composition and is formally recognized as a subfamily (Pocobletinae new subfamily). The subfamilies Dubiaraneinae, Ipainae, and Micronetinae are not monophyletic, and their components were placed into different clades. The remaining linyphiids are classified into the following newly proposed lineages: the ConoSur clade; Linyphiinae (new circumscription) composed of three lineages: Linyphia clade, Frontinella clade, and MPME clade; Clade A, composed of two lineages: the MCP (Marginal Cephalothoracic Pits) clade and Mynogleninae, plus an assorted grade of Australian taxa; and Clade B, composed of seven distinct lineages:, Centromerus clade, (Lepthyphantinae new circumscription), Agyneta clade, Microneta clade, and the subfamily Erigoninae. The genera Allomengea, Australolinyphia, Labulla, Labulinyphia, Laetesia, Laperousea, Palaeohyphantes, Solenysa, and Turinyphia are considered incertae sedis. Elaphopus is declared a nomen dubium and a type species is designated for Typhloneta. Significant differences between topologies and support values, including spurious trees, are interpreted as artifacts caused by the extreme disparity in fragment length on the 28S ribosomal marker in our dataset. Our new hypothesis allows the reinterpretation of the evolution of characters such as the cephalothoracic pits, Fickerts gland and the tracheal system anatomy.

Oz Grishin, 2022 was recently described based on molecular data. Hesperia saptine Godman &amp; Salvin, 1879, type species of Lychnuchoides Godman, 1901, was included in Perichares Scudder, 1872, while Astictopterus ozias Hewitson, 1878 was transferred to Oz, along with Lychnuchoides sebastiani Salazar &amp; Constantino, 2013. However, the latter was not included in the analysis. To provide a better diagnosis, this paper aims to revise all species of Oz. Based on a morphological study, this genus is redefined and now comprises three species: O. ozias (Hewitson, 1878), O. ozina (Evans, 1955) stat. nov. and O. sebastiani (Salazar &amp; Constantino, 2013). A lectotype for Astictopterus ozias is designated herein.

Abstract Ongoing revision of the classification of the spider crab (Majoidea) families has seen numerous changes in recent years. Polyphyly in the diverse family, Inachidae, has seen numerous genera moved to other families, particularly to Oregoniidae and Macrocheiridae. The genus Eurypodius Guérin, 1828 from southern South America has had a fluid taxonomic history (including being the type genus of its own family) but for the past 100 years, has been considered an inachid. Reconsideration of Eurypodius on the basis of molecular data as well as adult and larval morphology show that it does not belong in Inachidae. Instead, genetic evidence places Eurypodius in a clade together with representatives of the families Epialtidae, Mithracidae, and Majidae, phylogenetically distant from other inachids. As such, the family Eurypodiidae MacLeay, 1838, is removed from the synonymy with Inachidae and here treated as a separate family. Eurypodiidae is rediagnosed and the type species of Eurypodius, E. latreillii Guérin, 1828, described and figured.

In a survey conducted in Northwestern Madagascar for potential vectors of palm lethal decline phytoplasmas, planthoppers belonging to the genus Nesomyndus were collected from Bismarck palms (Bismarckia nobilis). The specimens represented three species, the type species, N. australis Jacobi and two new species, here described as N. maculatus sp. nov. and N. madagascarensis sp. nov. Supplemental molecular data is provided for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (5 and 3 regions), histone 3 (H3) gene, 18S rRNA gene and 28S rRNA gene (D8 to D10 expansion regions) to test monophyly of Nesomyndus and its placement relative to other Oecleini.

Shewanella is a diverse genus of more than 100 species known for its metabolic versatility and broad environmental distribution. Strain YIC-542T, isolated from the mussel (Mytilus edulis), represents a novel species, and is formally described as Shewanella mytili sp. nov. Strain YIC-542T, a gram-negative isolate, was cultured from the intestinal microbiota of M. edulis. Strain YIC-542T possesses a unipolar flagellum and comprises facultatively anaerobic, non-sporulating cells that exhibit straight or slightly curved rod shapes. It grows at temperatures ranging from 10 to 45°C, within a pH range of 5.0-8.0, and at NaCl concentrations of 1-7% (w/v). The 16S rRNA gene of strain YIC-542T shares the greatest nucleotide identity (98.1%) with that of Shewanella yunxiaonensis FJAT-54481T, and shows 98.0% identity with that of Shewanella dokdonensis UDC329T. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain YIC-542T and related species were markedly lower than the established thresholds for defining a novel species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the evolutionary relationships of strain YIC-542T, indicating that it clusters with other Shewanella species and is distinguishable from the type species. Strain YIC-542T exhibited a characteristic fatty acid profile, with iso-C15:0 (37.3%) as the predominant component, followed by summed feature 3 (10.4%) and C17:1 ω8c (8.8%). Respiratory quinones were exclusively represented by Menaquinone-7. The polar lipid profile included phosphatidylglycerol, amino lipid, aminophospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and two unidentified lipids. These chemotaxonomic features, along with the genomic evidence, support the classification of this isolate as Shewanella mytili sp. nov. (type strain YIC-542T = KCTC 8335T = MCCC 1K08934T).

The deep-sea apseudid genus Atlantapseudes Bcescu, 1978 currently contains six described species. The distinction between the type species (A. nigrichela Bcescu, 1978) and A. curvatus Esquete & Cunha, 2017 is problematic, because it is unclear whether the holotype for A. nigrichela has a tridentate or monodentate rostrum. We observed and redescribed the type material of A. nigrichela and concluded that A. nigrichela and A. curvatus are conspecific, i.e., the latter is a junior synonym of the former. Additionally, we amended the diagnosis of A. nigrichela and treated the form of A. nigrichela with a monodentate rostrum in Bcescu (1978) as an unidentified species. We also found that Atlantapseudes sp. sensu Kakui et al. (2011), the first record of this genus from the North Pacific, was undescribed; here we describe it as Atlantapseudes tridens sp. nov. The new species resembles A. nigrichela in having a tridentate rostrum but differs in having (1) pereonites 13 without posterolateral spines; (2) a tiny anterolateral spine on pereonite-6; (3) two distal bifurcate spiniform setae on the labial palp; and (4) one outer distal seta on maxillipedal palp article-2. We present a partial nucleotide sequence for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from A. tridens sp. nov. for future DNA barcoding.

We describe the new genus Arboriticus gen. nov. and five new species of tarantulas from southeastern and northeastern Brazil: Arboriticus celsoi gen. nov. sp. nov. (type species) with male and female, A. petropolis gen. nov. sp. nov. with male, A. minor gen. nov. sp. nov., with male, A. giganteus gen. nov. sp. nov. with male and female, and A. maculatus gen. nov. sp. nov. with both male and female. Eupalaestrus spinosissimus Mello-Leito, 1923 is transferred to Arboriticus gen. nov., making the new combination A. spinosissimus (Mello-Leito, 1923). Eupalaestrus tarsicrassus Bcherl, 1947 is removed from the synonymy with Eupalaestrus spinosissimus and transferred to Arboriticus gen. nov. making the new combination A. tarsicrassus (Bcherl, 1947). The male of A. tarsicrassus is described for the first time. Pamphobeteus holophaeus Mello-Leito, 1923 is removed from the synonymy with Eupalaestrus spinosissimus, transferred to Vitalius Lucas, Silva Junior & Bertani, 1993, and considered a junior synonym of Vitalius dubius (Mello-Leito, 1923). The new genus is supported by phylogenetic evidence based on morphological and behavioral characters. The basal position of the genus in the available cladogram, along with its diverse morphology, indicates that Arboriticus gen. nov. species diverged early during the evolution of an important clade of theraphosines in Brazil and may represent relict populations. The most striking feature of these species is their arboreal habit, which is unusual among theraphosines. Due to the endemism of these species in heavily impacted and deforested regions formerly covered by the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, their arboreal nature, and the rarity of specimens, the species of Arboriticus gen. nov. can be considered threatened, and conservation efforts for their protection are strongly recommended.