Type Species Research Articles

An ovoid-shaped, Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium, designated M-36T, was isolated from the activated sludge of an industrial wastewater treatment plant in Hefei City, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence alignments showed that strain M-36T is most closely related to bacteria of the family Sphingosinicellaceae and most closely related to species of the genus Pedomonas (95.7%, type species Pedomonas mirosovicensis), while the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to the type strains of species of other genera of Sphingosinicellaceae were observed to be lower than 94.0%. The cells of strain M-36T were observed to be 0.8 µm long and 0.3 µm in diameter. The organism was found to grow at 16-40 °C (optimum, 29 °C), pH 7 and with 0% NaCl (w/v). The major cellular fatty acids were determined to be summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0. The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and two kinds of aminolipids. Chemotaxonomic analysis of strain M-36T indicated that the sole respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The genome sequence of strain M-36T was determined to be 3,691,008 bp with a G+C content of 67.1 mol%. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization values, average amino acid identity and the percentage of conserved proteins between strain M-36T and other genera within the family Sphingosinicellaceae were 70.3-75.0%, 18.0-20.3%, 60.3-69.6% and 42.3-54.3%, respectively. The phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data demonstrate that strain M-36T represents a novel species in a novel genus within the family Sphingosinicellaceae, for which the name Parapedomonas caeni gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Strain M-36T (=CCTCC AB 2024093T=KCTC 8598 T) is the type and only strain of P. caeni.

New description of <i>Brachyichthys manselii</i> (Egerton, 1872) comb. nov. (Neopterygii: Halecomorphi) from the Upper Jurassic of Kimmeridge, England

We update the information of the collection of type specimens of Coleoptera deposited in the National Collection of Insects at the Instituto de Biologa, UNAM. In addition, we provided photos of the dorsal aspect of all type species. The list incorporates 847 specimens belonging to 25 families, 73 genera, and 216 species. A total of 177 holotypes, nine allotypes, and 661 paratypes are registered. The following information is given in the list: family, species name in the original combination, subspecies name (when applicable), authority, year of publication, type category, number of specimens, sex (male, female, unknown), and all the data from labels, in addition to the preservation status of each specimen.

Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny), the type species of Fenestrulina Jullien, is among the most widely reported bryozoans globally. Following the loss of the original type material, presumed Mediterranean in origin based on Savigny's depiction on Sargassum, we designate a neotype from a colony on deep Laminaria blades off Ustica Island (Tyrrhenian Sea). Additionally, seven new species are described from various habitats across the Mediterranean: F. cavernicola sp. nov., from the semi-dark and dark zones of a submarine cave in Lesvos Island (NE Aegean Sea); F. communis sp. nov., from beach-cast plastic near Palermo (NW Sicily); F. foveolata sp. nov., from Ile-Rousse Bank (Corsica); F. granulosa sp. nov., from Posidonia meadows in Dhiaporia (Chios Island, Aegean Sea); F. kalliste sp. nov., from outer-shelf coarse sediments off Calvi (NW Corsica); F. ovata sp. nov., from Trémies submarine cave, near Marseille (Gulf of Lion); and F. variorugosa sp. nov., from Posidonia rootlets off Formica Isle (Egadi Archipelago, near the Sicily Strait). Five of these species are currently known only from their type localities, while F. communis sp. nov. and F. variorugosa sp. nov. occur elsewhere. An additional species with distinct features is described but left in open nomenclature owing to the absence of an ovicell. A comprehensive review of the published images of the 77 species currently assigned to Fenestrulina, with the identification of new diagnostic features, including kenozooids, has led to a revised diagnosis of the genus.

Recent taxonomic revisions of Libystes A. Milne-Edwards, 1867 species in the Western Indian Ocean have clarified the diagnostic characters of the type species, L. nitidus A. Milne-Edwards, 1867. Based on these findings and through comprehensive examination of a male specimen collected from the East China Sea, we report the first record of L. senckenberg Spiridonov, Naderloo &amp; Apel, 2021 from Chinese waters. This newly recorded species can be distinguished from its two congeners, L. edwardsi Alcock, 1900 and L. nitidus, both previously documented from China, through several diagnostic morphological features.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may improve metabolic outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes (PD). This randomized controlled trial assessed plasma lipidomic differences between overweight participants [body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2] with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 74), PD (n = 60) or newly-diagnosed T2D (n = 26), and the effects of a combined HIIT and progressive resistance training (PRT) intervention on circulating lipids. Participants were randomized to either a stretching or HIIT + PRT protocol. Fasted plasma was collected at baseline and after 12 wk. Plasma lipids, d- and l-serine, and d- and l-alanine were quantified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma lipidomics revealed significantly lower levels of sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and higher diacylglycerol and deoxyceramide species in T2D compared with NGT or PD. The HIIT + PRT intervention significantly reduced circulating deoxyceramides in the T2D group. We investigated the basis for elevated atypical deoxyceramides in T2D, which use l-alanine rather than l-serine as biosynthetic substrates. Serine levels were unchanged; however, l-alanine and d-alanine were increased in T2D. Total diacylglycerol, l-alanine, and d-alanine positively correlated with fasting glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glycated hemoglobin, and liver fat, whereas sphingomyelin and LPC inversely correlated with fasting glucose and HOMA-IR. The l-alanine:l-serine ratio positively correlated with deoxyceramide levels, but was unaltered by the HIIT + PRT intervention. This study reveals plasma lipidomic perturbations in T2D, establishing that excess l-alanine may underpin elevated metabolically-adverse deoxyceramide levels in T2D, and demonstrates that a 12-wk HIIT + PRT protocol significantly reduces deoxyceramides in individuals with T2D independently of the plasma l-alanine:l-serine ratio.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have found that the baseline plasma lipidome differs substantially between people who are overweight with normal glucose tolerance or prediabetes, compared with type 2 diabetes, and that the 12-wk exercise protocol instituted reduces levels of metabolically adverse potentially toxic deoxyceramide species in type 2 diabetes. Moreover, excess plasma l-alanine levels may account for the baseline elevated deoxyceramides. This study thus identifies that low-volume exercise can improve novel aspects of the lipidome in metabolic health.

ABSTRACT The phylogenetic placement of the diatom genera Denticula and Grunowia has remained unresolved for almost over 200 years, with Denticula having been assigned to the disparate families Fragilariaceae, Bacillariaceae, and Epithemiaceae. Recent molecular investigations have placed Denticula within Bacillariaceae; however, these studies included sequence data from only a single taxon, D. kuetzingii, and did not account for the morphological diversity within the genus. To date, no sequence data exists for the genus Grunowia. In this study, we generated sequence data (SSU, rbcL, psbC) for four Denticula species, including the generitype Denticula tenuis, as well as the type species of Grunowia, G. sinuata, to assess their evolutionary relationships. Maximum-likelihood inference reveals that Denticula is not monophyletic, with the four Denticula species distributed across three distinct clades. Denticula tenuis formed a clade with G. sinuata, distinct from Denticula valida and D. elegans, which grouped together, and from D. kuetzingii, which aligned within a broader clade that includes Nitzschia amphibia and N. inconspicua. These phylogenetic groupings demonstrate that historically diagnostic features for Denticula such as transverse fibulae and scalloped valvocopulae are homoplastic within the Bacillariaceae.

The genus Parapenia Suzuki from China is revised, with 12 species recognized, including six new species: P. fuxisp. nov., P. nyuwasp. nov., P. pangusp. nov., P. ruihangisp. nov., P. wuchaoisp. nov., and P. zhengisp. nov. In addition, P. sausai Schimmel and P. villosa (Fleutiaux) are newly recorded from China, and P. jagemanni Schimmel syn. nov. is synonymized with P. yunnana Schimmel. Large plate-like sclerites in the bursa copulatrix are consistently present in Parapenia and show diagnostic value for generic delimitation. Comparative morphological studies, particularly of these sclerites, justify the establishment of three new genera distinct from Parapenia: (1) Parapenioidesgen. nov., including P. zidanisp. nov.; (2) Megapeniagen. nov., including M. cruciata (Bouwer) comb. nov., type species M. marginalis (Fleutiaux) comb. nov., and M. tianlongisp. nov.; and (3) Sinopeniagen. nov., including S. significata (Schimmel) comb. nov. A comparative diagnostic table of the four genera, together with a checklist and distribution maps, is provided. Identification keys to Chinese species of Parapenia and Megapenia are also included. This study clarifies the taxonomic complexity of Parapenia and emphasizes the overlooked significance of sclerotized structures in the bursa copulatrix for distinguishing genera within Dimini.

Asterocheridae Giesbrecht, 1899 is the most diverse family of siphonostomatoid copepods associated with marine invertebrates, comprising 342 species in 72 genera. However, some are poorly described, leading to significant taxonomic uncertainties. Therefore, this study aims to revise the taxonomic status of Phyllocheres Humes, 1996, redescribing its type species. Since the main remaining diagnostic feature of the genus is also shared with Neoasterocheres Canrio, Rocha, Neves & Johnsson, 2017, we propose the latter as its junior synonym. Accordingly, we present the combinatio nova for P. breviseta (Canrio, Rocha, Neves & Johnsson, 2017), P. dysideae (Humes, 1996), P. enewetakensis (Humes, 1997), P. humesi (Varela, 2012), P. rotundus (Malt, 1991), P. scutatus (Stock, 1966), and P. serrulatus (Humes, 1996), previously included in Neoasterocheres. In addition, based on our analysis, we also propose the combinatio nova for P. spongus (Johnsson, 2002). Finally, with the well-defined boundaries between Asterocheres and Phyllocheres, we describe three new asterocherid species from Todos-os-Santos Bay to Asterocheres Boeck, 1859, Northeastern Brazil. Asterocheres quiteriae sp. nov. exhibits the following combined diagnostic features: a 21-segmented female antennule, antennal endopod 3-segmented, with armature formula: 0,1,2, mandibular palp 2-segmented, and maxilliped 6-segmented, A. angelicae sp. nov. is characterized by having a 20-segmented female antennule, mandibular palp 1-segmented, and maxilliped 5-segmented, and A. felipae sp. nov. by having 21-segmented female antennule, mandibular palp 2-segmented, maxilliped 5-segmented, and two setae on the second segmental antennal endopod as striking features.

Abstract Landrevinae are nocturnal, forest-dwelling crickets, that live underneath tree bark. To clarify their diversity in India, we reconsider the taxonomic definition of the genus Landreva Walker, 1869, known from India, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu, and Costa Rica. We assert that Landreva is monotypic for Landreva insignis Walker, 1869 from Sri Lanka, as this is the only species described by Walker (1869) when defining the genus. Based on the genitalic structures and their potential endemicity to the Indian subcontinent, all the species described previously in Landreva are here moved to a new genus, Ajareta Desutter-Grandcolas &amp; Jaiswara, n. gen., type species Ajareta kervasae Desutter-Grandcolas &amp; Jaiswara, sp. nov., with the following new combinations: Ajareta angustifrons (Chopard, 1936) n. comb. (Sri Lanka), Ajareta clara (Walker, 1869) n. comb. (Sri Lanka), Ajareta ebneri (Chopard, 1969) n. comb. (India, East Himalayas, Sikkim), Ajareta hemiptera (Bolivar, 1900) n. comb. (India, Tamil Nadu), Ajareta indica (Vasanth, 1993) n. comb. (India, Assam), Ajareta kuveni (Fernando, 1957) n. comb. (Sri Lanka), Ajareta semialata (Chopard, 1928) n. comb. (India, Karnataka), Ajareta subaptera (Chopard, 1925) n. comb. (Sri Lanka), Ajareta talus (Fernando, 1958) n. comb. (Sri Lanka) and Ajareta zola (Fernando, 1957) n. comb. (Sri Lanka). Three new species are also described from Southern India, i.e., Ajareta kervasae Desutter-Grandcolas &amp; Jaiswara sp. nov. from Karnataka, and Ajareta sairandhriensis Jaiswara &amp; Bhaskar sp. nov. and Ajareta meridionalis Desutter-Grandcolas sp. nov., both from Kerala. The Landreva species described from outside the Indian Region are moved to different genera: Landreva rica Otte, 2007, described from Costa Rica, is assigned to the neotropical genus Perutrella Gorochov, 2011 (Oecanthidae, Tafaliscinae, Tafaliscina) forming the combination Perutrella rica (Otte, 2006) n. comb. Landreva erromanga Otte, 2006, described from Vanuatu, is transferred to landrevine genus Eleva Otte, 1988 with the following combination Eleva erromanga (Otte, 2006) n. comb.

Whether the adaptive strategies of marine mixotrophs, organisms that combine heterotrophic and autotrophic nutrition, in response to global change are rooted in their symbiotic relationships is debated, especially for larger benthic foraminifera. Despite their importance in the ecosystem, there are controversial findings regarding the specificity of their algal endobionts, preventing a deeper understanding of their adaptive strategies. Using single-cell metabarcoding on 243 diatom-bearing foraminifera specimens from Indonesia, we found one highly dominant diatom strain in each foraminiferal host species bearing at least 90% of the reads in a majority of host species, whereas the bacterial community was very flexible, with only 25% of the variation explained by water depth, substrate type, location, and host species. Our results suggest that the adaptive strategy of the foraminiferal holobiont rather lies within its bacterial endobiome. Its dynamism likely facilitates the adaptive potential of foraminifera, supporting their proliferation across different environmental settings.

ABSTRACT The new fossil alleculine genus Glabracula gen. nov. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Alleculinae) is described from Baltic amber of the Sambian peninsula. The new taxon of generic rank is proposed to accommodate two Eocene species, G. groehni sp. nov. as the type species and G. campbelli (Nabozhenko & Perkovsky, 2023) comb. nov. described from Rovno amber and herein transferred from Oracula Novák, 2019a. The described extinct genus, the first extinct tenebrionid genus common for Baltic and Rovno ambers, resembles extant Asticostena Fairmaire, 1897, and Oracula, from which it differs in the glabrous dorsal side of body, strongly enlarged protarsomeres 1–4, structure and number of teeth on male protarsal claws and other characters. Adult representatives of Glabracula gen. nov. were possibly actively climbing arboreal inhabitants of primaeval forests. The extinct beetles possessed morphological adaptations similar to those in some extant tropical Alleculina, which presumable allowed them to move on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves, branches and trunks at any angle.

Thermal and cave habitats on nearly all continents have been a substantial source of new cyanobacterial genotypes and morphotypes that expanded with the dawn of the era of molecular phylogenetics. In this study, we investigated the cyanobacterial flora of an extreme habitat of recently discovered caves with sulfur-rich thermal springs, using the polyphasic approach. The methods included cultivation, light and transmission electron microscopy, and molecular methods, including those that can be employed on samples that are not unialgal. Here, we present data on morphological and ultrastructural characteristics, 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region sequences, and folding structures. We identified one new trichal genus Xomosiella with the type species X. audyi forming a distinctly isolated clade and three new species in Loriellopsis, Mastigocladus, and Pegethrix. Apart from genetic distance, Xomosiella is distinguished from Limnothrix by its high trichome motility and benthic habitat, with granules likely composed of cyanophycin rather than aerotopes. The coccal cyanobacterium initially identified as "Cyanosarcina" sp. has been proposed as a new species, Loriellopsis vromonerensis, although its classification is complicated by morphological plasticity and phylogenetic uncertainties. The erection of Mastigocladus boudae was supported by a significant genetic divergence and distinct morphological characteristics. A description of a newly revealed cryptic species, Pegethrix sulphurea, has been provided. These results advance our knowledge of the diversity of cyanobacteria in extreme and understudied environments, which could enrich our understanding of microbial adaptability.

Several Neotropical species of Deltocephalinae described by Herbert Osborn that have until now remained of uncertain identity or were incompletely or not at all described and illustrated in the literature are reviewed and illustrated here, along with some related taxa. Several of these species, some represented by type specimens, were found in an unreturned loan of leafhopper specimens at the US National Museum of Natural History that belongs to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. The male genitalia of Caphodus obliquus (Osborn, 1923) are described and illustrated for the first time, all three species of the genus are illustrated and reviewed, and a key to males and females is provided. The female type specimen of Eutettix dentatus Osborn, 1923, known as a junior synonym of Atanus coronatus (Berg, 1879), is illustrated. The male genitalia of the holotype of Atanus dorsalis (Gillette, 1898) are described and illustrated for the first time, and the correct placement of the species in Atanus Oman, 1938 is confirmed. Eutettix mimicus Osborn, 1924, previously of uncertain placement to genus, is considered a new synonym of Atanus lobatus (Osborn, 1923); the habitus and male genitalia of the types of E. mimicus and Thamnotettix lobatus Osborn, 1923 are illustrated. The female holotype of Atanus tesselatus (Osborn, 1923) is illustrated. A male paratype of Bolarga boliviana (Osborn, 1923) is illustrated. Bolarga nigriloba Linnavuori, 1959, combination reinstated, is reinstated in its original genus from its previous placement in Daltonia Oman, 1949 and is illustrated. The paratype and only known male specimen of Cruziella bifasciata (Osborn, 1923), new combination (transferred from Cumora Oman, 1938) is illustrated for the first time and compared to the type species of the genus, Cruziella trispinosa Linnavuori & DeLong, 1979.

The genus Flapocephalus Deshmukh, 1979, is a little-known group of lecanicephalidean cestodes parasitizing cowtail rays (genus Pastinachus Rüppell) mainly in the Indo-Pacific region. Since the erection of the genus, with Flapocephalus trygonis Deshmukh, 1979, as the type species, and the description of a second species, Flapocephalus saurashtri Shinde and Deshmukh, 1979, both from Pastinachus sephen (Fabricius) from India, reports of this genus have been restricted mainly to brief mentions or discussion of its validity and taxonomic placement. More recently, phylogenetic analyses based on molecular sequence data that included specimens of Flapocephalus have supported Flapocephalus as a distinct genus allied with the Polypocephalidae Meggitt, 1924. Limited by the amount of detail provided in the original descriptions, the unavailability of type material, and the lack of a detailed generic diagnosis, we aimed to fully characterize the genus based on newly collected specimens. A total of 38 specimens of Pastinachus, representing 3 of the 5 described species and 1 undescribed species, from throughout the Indo-Pacific region were examined for specimens of Flapocephalus. Worms were prepared for examination with light and scanning electron microscopy and as histological sections. A subset of specimens was included in a phylogenetic analysis based on data for a portion of the 28S rDNA gene. Overall, these specimens were found to include the type species, 4 new species that are described herein (Flapocephalus monostylorchis Hanselman and Jensen n. sp., Flapocephalus capitonis Hanselman and Jensen n. sp., Flapocephalus rudkinorum Hanselman and Jensen n. sp., and Flapocephalus infundibulapex Hanselman and Jensen n. sp.), and 4 putative new species. Flapocephalus trygonis is redescribed from specimens from Pastinachus ater (Macleay) from Sri Lanka, and a neotype is designated. The newly described species are distinct genetically and can be distinguished morphologically from the existing species and one another based on a combination of total length, the shape of the apical organ, and the arrangement of testes and vitelline follicles. A revised diagnosis of the genus and a key to the described species are presented, as is a hypothesis of the interrelationships resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis including 4 of the 5 described species and the 4 putative new species. The presence of 4 glandular, sac-like structures surrounded by scolex proper, with channels that open to the outside at the base of the apical organ, is reported in lecanicephalidean tapeworms for the first time.

A new tribe, Kodaianini trib. nov., is erected in the subfamily Issinae Spinola, 1839 to accommodate Oriental monotypic genus Kodaiana Distant, 1916. The type species of the genus, Kodaiana campbelli Distant, 1916, is redescribed and recorded for the first time from Karnataka State of India. Relationships of a new tribe within the subfamily Issinae as well as origin and evolutionary dispersal of the family Issidae are discussed.

A newly-recorded green algal species in China, identified as Gongrosiraleptotricha Raineri, exhibits distinctive morphological characteristics. The thallus of this specimen is spherical or slightly irregular, calcified and firmly adheres to stones in running water. The prostrate part consists of loose, thin-walled tissue, with extended filaments being cylindrical and sparsely branched. The terminal sporangia are only slightly larger than the vegetative cells, with smaller cell dimensions and a higher length-to-width ratio. Biflagellate zoospores were formed within terminal sporangia. Each cell contains one or two pyrenoids. Ultrastructural observations revealed that the pyrenoids are traversed by thylakoid membranes and no plasmodesmata were observed between adjacent cells, confirming that Gongrosiraleptotricha should be excluded from the order Chaetophorales. Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rDNA, ITS and tufA sequences indicate that Gongrosiraleptotricha belongs to the Stephanosphaerinia clade of Chlamydomonadales. Within this clade, Gongrosiraleptotricha and Gongrosirapapuasica forms a distinct, independent branch and cannot be assigned to any currently-known genus within Chlamydomonadales, but the taxonomic status of other species within the genus Gongrosira, including the type species, remains unresolved. Therefore, the name Gongrosiraleptotricha has been retained. Further in-depth research, particularly focusing on the type species Gongrosirasclerococcus, is needed to refine the classification system and resolve the taxonomic uncertainties within this genus.

A chemotaxonomic and phylogenomic re-evaluation of the genus Alicyclobacillus: A proposal for reclassification of about half of the species into the new genus, Paenalicyclobacillus gen. nov., with an emended description of the genus Alicyclobacillus, and recognition that the names Alicyclobacillus tengchongensis and Alicyclobacillus montanus are later heterotypic synonyms of Alicyclobacillus tolerans.

This study evaluated the larvicidal efficacy of the methanol extract of Dactyloctenium aegyptium against Aedes aegypti (L, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae), Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae), and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae). The methanol extract exhibited the highest mortality rates, achieving 100% mortality at 250µg/mL for all species tested, and demonstrated the lowest LC50 values of 94.28µg/mL for Ae. aegypti, 119.07µg/mL for An. stephensi, and 103.71µg/mL for Cx. quinquefasciatus. In contrast, the n-hexane extract was the least effective against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, while the chloroform extract showed the least efficacy against An. stephensi. Statistical analysis confirmed the significant impact of extract concentration, type, and mosquito species on mortality rates, with the model explaining 98.4% of the variance. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract identified several bioactive compounds, with stigmasterol being the most abundant (13.92%), followed by gamma-sitosterol (10.40%) and campesterol (5.31%). Molecular docking studies revealed that campesterol exhibited the highest binding affinity with docking scores of -9.6kcal/mol for the sterol carrier protein from Ae. aegypti (PDB ID: 1PZ4) and -10.3kcal/mol for acetylcholinesterase from Anopheles gambiae (PDB ID: 5X61). Additionally, stigmasterol and sitosterol showed significant binding affinities of -9.4 and -9.0kcal/mol against 1PZ4, and -9.5 and -9.4kcal/mol against 5X61, respectively. Citrost-7-en-3-ol demonstrated a promising affinity of -9.7kcal/mol for acetylcholinesterase. Overall, the methanol extract of D. aegyptium shows promise for mosquito control, with specific compounds identified as potential inhibitors of key targets in vector control strategies.

ABSTRACT As a result of long-term field work in subtropical Texas, USA, three novel genera and three new species are introduced in Pezizomycotina to accommodate new or previously described taxa lacking DNA sequence data. In the Dothideomycetes, Piepenbringia, gen. nov. is established for Taeniolella multiplex (Pleosporales incertae sedis) distant from the type species T. exilis in Kirschsteiniotheliales. Ernakulamia americana, sp. nov. (Tetraplosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales), collected on dead leaves of Sabal minor (Arecaceae), forms a distinct monophyletic lineage distant from representative strains of E. cochinensis, the type species. In the Sordariomycetes, Pseudotaeniolella, gen. nov. is introduced for Taeniolella sabalicola in Distoseptisporaceae (Distoseptisporales), also distant from T. exilis in the Dothideomycetes. Parapenzigomyces ampelinus, gen. et sp. nov. collected on dead stems of hanging vines, forms a strongly supported lineage in Xylariales distant from the type species of Penzigomyces, P. nodipes, in Chaetosphaeriales. A new combination in Parapenzigomyces is proposed for P. flagellatus after examination of ex-type material. Sporidesmina is expanded to accommodate Stanjehughesia floridensis and a few other stanjehughesia-like fungi that cluster together in a distinct lineage incertae sedis in Xylariales. They are distant from St. hormiscioides, the type species in Chaetosphaeriales; therefore, five new combinations in Sporidesmina are proposed. Acrodictys holubovae, sp. nov. (Acrodictyaceae, Sordariomycetes incertae sedis), collected on dead culms of Arundinaria sp. (Poaceae), is phylogenetically distant from other Acrodictys species having clavate or pyriform conidia with 3–4 transverse septa and distinct pores. The identity of Solicorynespora foveolata is revised due to its similarity to several Distoseptispora species. The new combination D. foveolata is proposed, and the name D. bambusae is reduced to its synonym. The genus is also expanded to include previously overlooked tretic conidiogenesis. Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, D. euseptata, and D. meilingensis are newly recorded from North America. Novel phylogenetic placements are provided for Sporidesmium fragilissimum and Tubeufia berkeleyi.