Type Of Stratification Research Articles

Особенности электродного эффекта в приземном слое атмосферы в условиях неоднородного рельефа земной поверхности

The problem of finding the spatial distribution of the electric field in the classical electrode layer in the presence of heterogeneity of the Earth's surface (electrode) in the shape of an ellipsoid has been solved. It is shown that this problem reduces to the external Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation with respect to the electric field potential in an ellipsoid. The dependence of the electric field strength distribution on the ratio of the sizes of inhomogeneities on the Earth's surface has been established. The continuity of the transition from the problem for a flat electrode to the problems for an electrode with spherical and ellipsoidal inhomogeneity is shown. The results obtained can be used in the interpretation of data from atmospheric-electrical observations conducted in conditions of heterogeneous relief of the Earth's surface, in particular, when evaluating distortions of the measured electric field by the meters and structures themselves. The proposed approach to the construction of the electric field strength distribution reflects the geometric characteristics of the surface layer and does not depend on the presence of additional local factors (such as the influence of turbulent or convective ion transport), therefore it is universal in relation to the type of stratification of the surface layer of the atmosphere.

The role of turbulent heat flows of the atmospheric boundary layer in the formation of radiation fogs

Introduction. The article presents an approach to forecasting the evolution of radiation fog by determining the turbulent heat fluxes in the fog formation layer. Utilizing high temporal resolution data from atmospheric radio sondes at Lindenberg station, a database of radiation fog cases has been established. Based on the frequency of different types of stratification of the atmospheric boundary layer, it has been found that the formation of radiation fog is associated with the development of a near-surface inversion layer, where the upper boundary fluctuates between 200 and 800 meters. The aim of the study. The purpose of the work is to determine the role of turbulent heat flows in the boundary layer of the atmosphere in the formation of radiation fogs and their influence on the temporal evolution of fogs in order to evaluate the use of their characteristics as a prognostic criterion. Relevance of the research. Stems from the need to develop new effective approaches to fog forecasting at the local level, using highly informative predictors available in operational practice with further integration of the resulting techniques into specialized platforms. In addition to the already worked out predictors (synoptic situation, cloudiness, wind, humidity), the formation and evolution of radiation fogs are influenced by turbulent flows of heat and moisture in the boundary layer of the atmosphere, which are a relatively little-studied but important factor in improving the effectiveness of their forecasting Analysis of recent research and publications. The forecast for the formation of radiation fog typically involves comparing the minimum air temperature with the temperature needed for fog formation. While the forecast for the former is generally well-developed, challenges in predicting the latter primarily stem from the need to determine the additional decrease in temperature (after it reaches the dew point temperature around sunset) that is necessary for the condensation of a specific amount of water per unit volume of air, which will ensure that the critical value of horizontal visibility is achieved. Highlighting previously unsolved problems. Thus, the specified criterion likely enables the forecasting of fog evolution, as visibility fluctuations within it are associated with the vertical restructuring of temperature-humidity stratification. Prior to the formation of fog and at the beginning of its existence, condition (2) is satisfied, leading to the development of a surface inversion, a deterioration of visibility near the ground, and, at the same time, a reduction in the effective radiation of the underlying surface. Results and discussion. The choice of the procedure for calculating the turbulence coefficient for fog cases should consider the characteristics of the synoptic situations favorable for their formation and the temperature stratification in the atmospheric boundary layer. Determining the turbulence coefficient for cases of radiation fog formation should ideally be conducted for a layer whose thickness encompasses the entire near-surface stabilizing layer (excluding the surface layer). The criterion for determining its upper boundary is proposed to be the averaged values of the upper limits of the stabilizing layers in the presence of radiation fogs.

Identifying neural correlates of balance impairment in traumatic brain injury using partial least squares correlation analysis

Objective.Balance impairment is one of the most debilitating consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). To study the neurophysiological underpinnings of balance impairment, the brain functional connectivity during perturbation tasks can provide new insights. To better characterize the association between the task-relevant functional connectivity and the degree of balance deficits in TBI, the analysis needs to be performed on the data stratified based on the balance impairment. However, such stratification is not straightforward, and it warrants a data-driven approach.Approach.We conducted a study to assess the balance control using a computerized posturography platform in 17 individuals with TBI and 15 age-matched healthy controls. We stratified the TBI participants into balance-impaired and non-impaired TBI usingk-means clustering of either center of pressure (COP) displacement during a balance perturbation task or Berg Balance Scale score as a functional outcome measure. We analyzed brain functional connectivity using the imaginary part of coherence across different cortical regions in various frequency bands. These connectivity features are then studied using the mean-centered partial least squares correlation analysis, which is a multivariate statistical framework with the advantage of handling more features than the number of samples, thus making it suitable for a small-sample study.Main results.Based on the nonparametric significance testing using permutation and bootstrap procedure, we noticed that the weakened theta-band connectivity strength in the following regions of interest significantly contributed to distinguishing balance impaired from non-impaired population, regardless of the type of stratification:left middle frontal gyrus, right paracentral lobule, precuneus, andbilateral middle occipital gyri. Significance.Identifying neural regions linked to balance impairment enhances our understanding of TBI-related balance dysfunction and could inform new treatment strategies. Future work will explore the impact of balance platform training on sensorimotor and visuomotor connectivity.

Predictive Analytics for Identifying High-Risk Medicare Patients: Enhancing Preventive Care

The intended purpose of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the use of predictive modeling for the early identification of high-risk Medicare patients with the aim of enhancing preventative measures. MEDI-CARE, a vital policy in the United States of America, which focuses on offering health care services to the old and people with disabilities, has been criticized over such factors as Shortcoming of Medicare hence can be attributed to factors such as the growing costs of health care and the emerging cases of chronic diseases. A new type of risk stratification: The use of predictive analytics, which incorporates ML-AI, is also in the early warning system and to monitor or follow up on the patient’s adverse health event, subsequent to which care coordination plans can be formulated. The abstract, hence, is an explanation of the roles of preventive and predictive analytics, especially in health care, with such a thing as the identification of early high-risk patients and management. They are that there is a rise in the dependence on methodologies that are data-driven for the purpose of attaining enhanced healthcare outcomes, reduction in the hospitalization quotient and the effective management of diseases which occur chronically. A few such points comprise data and information from electronic health records and other digital healthcare databases, model construction, and model application. It also addresses the various ethical pitfalls likely to arise when using the concept of predictive analytics, and these include the privacy of the patient’s data, how the collected data will be protected and filtered, as well as the prejudice that might be experienced when developing the algorithm. Current and earlier models of prediction, as well as their application in Medicare and research limitations, are described in the literature review of the article. Whereas in the methodology section, the procedures used in data collection, modeling, and validation are described, the results and discussion section put into perspective the effectiveness of the work done in enhancing Preventive care through predictive analytics. Finally, the discussion in the conclusion shall be based on the findings of the study and recommend future research directions for policy making.

A Taxonomy of Upper‐Mantle Stratification in the US

AbstractThe investigation of upper mantle structure beneath the US has revealed a growing diversity of discontinuities within, across, and underneath the sub‐continental lithosphere. As the complexity and variability of these detected discontinuities increase—for example, velocity increase/decrease, number of layers and depth—it is hard to judge which constraints are robust and which explanatory models generalize to the largest set of constraints. Much work has been done to image discontinuities of interest using S‐waves that convert to P‐waves (or top‐side reflected SS waves). A higher resolution method using P‐to‐S scattered waves is preferred but often obscured by multiply reflected waves trapped in a shallower layer, limiting the visibility of deeper boundaries. Here, we address the interference problem and re‐evaluate upper mantle stratification using filtered P‐to‐S receiver functions (Ps‐RFs) interpreted using unsupervised machine‐learning. Robust insight into upper mantle layering is facilitated with CRISP‐RF: Clean Receiver‐Function Imaging using Sparse Radon Filters. Subsequent sequencing and clustering organizes the polarity‐filtered Ps‐RFs into distinct depth‐based clusters. We find three types of upper mantle stratification beneath the old and stable continental US: (a) intra‐lithosphere discontinuities (paired or single boundary), (b) transitional discontinuities (single boundary or with a top layer), and (c) sub‐lithosphere discontinuities. Our findings contribute a more nuanced understanding of mantle discontinuities, offering new perspectives on the nature of upper mantle layering beneath continents.

Thermal and mass stratification effects on MHD nanofluid past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate through a porous medium with thermal radiation and heat source

The aim of this research is to investigate the combined effects of thermal and mass stratification on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid moving through an exponentially accelerated vertical plate in a porous medium. The governing equations of the problem are solved numerically by using the implicit Crank–Nicolson method. The results of the nanofluid with two different stratification are compared to those obtained without any stratification. The velocity of the nanofluid decreases with both types of stratification, whereas temperature and concentration decrease with thermal stratification and mass stratification, respectively. A variety of parameters, including the volume fraction of nanoparticles, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, and chemical reaction, can be studied using graphs. The important results demonstrate that nanofluids are more thermally conductive than normal fluids. This research holds significant implications in various fields, including power generation, electronic component cooling, and vehicle construction.

Instability in strongly stratified plane Couette flow, with application to supercritical fluids.

This paper addresses the stability of plane Couette flow in the presence of strong density and viscosity stratifications. It demonstrates the existence of a generalised inflection point that satisfies the generalised Fjørtoft's criterion of instability when a minimum of kinematic viscosity is present in the base flow. The characteristic scales associated with this minimum are identified as the primary controlling parameters of the associated instability, regardless of the type of stratification. To support this finding, analytical stability models are derived in the long wave approximation using piecewise linear base flows. Numerical stability calculations are carried out to validate these models and to provide further information on the production of disturbance vorticity. All instabilities are interpreted as arising from the interaction between two vorticity waves. Depending on the type of stratification, these two waves are produced by different physical mechanisms. When both strong density and viscosity stratifications are present, we show that they result from the concurrent action of shear and inertial baroclinic effects. The stability models developed for simple fluid models ultimately shed light on a recently observed unstable mode in supercritical fluids (Ren et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 871, 2019, pp. 831-864), providing a quantitative prediction of the stability diagram and identifying the dominant mechanisms at play. Furthermore, our study suggests that the minimum of kinematic viscosity reached at the Widom line in these fluids is the leading cause of their instability. The existence of similar instabilities in different fluids and flows (e.g., miscible fluids) is finally discussed.

Frame’s Types of Inequalities and Stratification

In this paper we examine some inequalities of Frame's type on the interval \((0,\pi/2)\). By observing this domain we simply obtain the results using the appropriate families of stratified functions and MTP - Mixed Trigonometric Polynomials. Additionally, from those families we specify a minimax approximant as a function with some optimal properties.

Flexibility loss and worker well-being: what happens to job satisfaction when workers lose their telework usage?

Abstract The association between flexible work arrangements (FWA) and worker well-being has been extensively investigated. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has generated a new phenomenon where workers return to inflexible workstyles after experiencing FWA. This article examines the consequence of this ‘flexibility loss’ with attention to telework and job satisfaction (JS). Using panel data collected by the Japanese government in 2020–2021, regressions and generalized structural equation modeling reveal (a) workers who frequently telework exhibit higher JS in both years; (b) on average, losing telework does not affect JS; and (c) workers who experienced telework-related challenges in 2020 and continue to work remotely next year report lower JS, whereas those who lost telework opportunities possess higher JS. These results suggest that a new type of labor stratification emerges based on the compound of workers’ FWA experience (upsides or downsides) and their FWA usage (continuation or withdrawal), which affects well-being either functionally or adversely.

ПАРАМЕТРИЗАЦИЯ ТЕПЛО- И ВЛАГООБМЕНА В РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ТЕРМОДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ МОДЕЛИ МОРСКОГО ЛЬДА

The prevailing types of the atmospheric stratification over the snow-ice cover at the top of Taganrog Bay for eleven winter seasons of 2007/2008-2017/2018 have been determined using the numerical experiments on reproducing the seasonal variations in the sea ice thickness. Series of calculations both with the constant transfer coefficients and with the coefficients obtained taking into account the surface stratification of the atmosphere have been carried out. The model results of both series have been compared with each other and with in situ measurements.

СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ ЯВЛЕНИЕ ДИСКРИМИНАЦИИ В СФЕРЕ ТРУДА В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЙ ЖИЗНИ

Background. Under the modern social and economic conditions, the problem of discrimination initially caused by the transition to market relations takes on new forms and leads to new consequences in the context of informatization and digitalization of Russian society. This problem requires examination to develop relevant recommendations for overcoming discrimination and its consequences. The aim is to study the manifestations of discrimination in the field of labor relations in modern conditions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of digital discrimination; new possible types of social stratification based on digital inequality in the sociological aspect are identified. Materials and methods. To achieve this aim, a systematic approach is used to review and analyze various aspects of the problem under study in the Russian and foreign literature; the results of sociological surveys in the relevant field analyzed. The methods of comparison and generalization of statistical indicators are also used to identify the most significant features and various aspects of the problem under study in the conditions of informatization and digitalization of society. Results. Statistical data and various studies of discrimination in the field of labor are reviewed. The types of discrimination in the field under study are systematized. The trends in the manifestation of social professional and gender differences associated with informatization and digitalization of society are characterized. A separate part is devoted to studies of the impact of digital technologies on the labor field, which leads to the emergence of a new type – digital discrimination. The signs of digital inequality in access to information and work with it are highlighted. The vector for further studies in this field is determined. Conclusions. The social phenomenon of discrimination by gender, age, and education is presented as a manifestation of social inequality in labor relations. It is noted that in the context of informatization of society and digitalization of economic sectors and many aspects of public life, an already recognized digital inequality has appeared, which creates the basis for a new one – social, economic and legal inequality with manifestations of discrimination. It leads to the emergence of signs of social informational stratification, complementing social stratification, which determines new directions for further studies.

СТРАТЕГИЯ ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЯ ПЕНИТЕНЦИАРНОЙ СУБКУЛЬТУРЕ С ПОЗИЦИИ СИСТЕМНОГО АНАЛИЗА

The article analyzes the prison subculture from the standpoint of systems theory. It is noted that the existence of informal strata of convicts and stable prison caste formation can be justified by the laws of synergetics, a science that explains the behavior of dissipative structures. It is shown that the main characteristics of a self-organizing system are characteristic of a prison society structured according to the stratification type. From the point of view of systems theory, possible models of countering the expansion of the prison subculture are considered: 1) destruction of the system; 2) the introduction of innovative elements with the formation of new laws of interaction of individual elements of the system; 3) depriving the self-organizing system of the ability to self-replication. The most acceptable choice in the existing conditions is the last option. The conclusion is made about the prospects of the current penitentiary policy of our state.

Smart еlite: conceptual framework

The article discusses a new subgroup within the ruling class, which is proposed to be called the smart elite. Its functional purpose is strategic planning and leadership in the digitisation of the economy, the state governance system, and more. In this context, digitisation is considered a mechanism for transforming society towards the development of advanced practices and social institutions. From a functional perspective, the identified group is an elite of development. The smart elite is primarily localised within development institutions and a number of near-elite groups, including experts, IT specialists, and businessmen. Its members possess competencies in the areas of strategic planning and project management. Additionally, the smart elite places a high value on advanced digital literacy, including knowledge and skills in working with content management systems (CMS), Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager (GTM), Yandex.Metrica, and others. To recruit individuals into this subgroup, open channels of social mobility have been created within the state, such as the “Leaders of Russia” competition, grants from the Skolkovo Foundation, and the Agency for Strategic Initiatives. The sociocultural meanings that bind the smart elite internally and are transmitted by its members beyond the group are related to activities in the interests of Russia. There is a constant tension between the desire of elite representatives to preserve their acquired power and, therefore, maintain the existing system without change, and the necessity to ensure the technological and social development of the country. At the individual level, this tension manifests as a conflict between conservative protectors and innovators within the power structures. However, the smart elite represents innovators of a special sociocultural type, associated with the formation of horizontal, non-hierarchical relationships in the networked society, including power distribution issues. At the highest echelons of power, the smart elite corresponds to the “networked people” in society; both of these social groups represent prototypes of a new type of stratification within the social system. The need to study the smart elite is linked to the evaluation of the effectiveness of state strategic planning and management, the sufficiency of qualified managerial personnel, and the presence or absence of contradictions between the declared and latent goals of the development institutions within which the smart elite operates.

Aircraft Measurements of Tropospheric CO2 in the North China Plain in Autumn and Winter of 2018–2019

Quantifying the level of CO2, the main greenhouse gas (GHG), is essential for research on regional and global climate change, especially in the densely populated North China Plain with its severe CO2 emissions. In this study, 12 airborne flights were managed and conducted during the autumn–winter period of 2018–2019 in downtown Shijiazhuang and its surrounding areas, which are representative of the typical urban conditions in the North China Plain, to explore the spatial and temporal distributions of CO2. The results showed that the measured columnar averages of CO2 ranged between 399.9 ± 1.5 and 443.8 ± 31.8 ppm; the average of the 12 flights was 412.1 ppm, slightly higher than the globally averaged 410.5 ± 0.20 ppm and the 2 background concentrations of 411.6 ± 2.1 ppm and 411.4 ± 0.2 ppm in low-latitude Mauna Loa and middle-latitude Waliguan in 2019, indicating the potential influences of anthropogenic activities. The typical stratification of the planetary boundary layer (PBLH), residual layer (RL), and elevated inversion layer (IL) was crucial in constraining the high CO2 concentrations. This illustrated that the warming effect of CO2 within the PBLH may also have some influences on regulating the thermal structure of the low troposphere. Based on a backward trajectory analysis, it was evidenced that there were three different categories of air masses for autumn and one category for winter. Both trajectories in the PBL, i.e., below 1000 m, from the local and southern areas with tremendous anthropogenic emissions (autumn) and from the western regions (winter) led to comparatively high levels of CO2, but the mid-tropospheric CO2 concentrations above 1000 m were commonly homogeneously distributed, with higher levels appearing in winter because the concentration in the free troposphere followed the global seasonal pattern, with a summer minimum and winter maximum as a result of the seasonality of the net CO2 exchange and the balance between photosynthesis and respiration. These results provide an in-depth understanding of the vertical concentrations of tropospheric CO2 in the North China Plain, which will offer scientific references for the evaluation of carbon accounting and carbon emissions.

Risk-reflexive determinants of adaptation under threats: An empirical study

The article considers the specifics and role of risk reflections in the adaptation to new threats and dangers in the contemporary realities. The authors argue that traditional risk-analysis strategies partially reflect the qualitative changes in the impact of the perception of threats by risk consumers, risk producers, risk beneficiaries and risk outsiders on their behavior. The authors emphasize the importance of analyzing the ‘dominant narrative’ of risks for assessing their social acceptability/ unacceptability for various interest groups. The initial methodological provisions of the article are the distinction between “positive and negative privilege” proposed by M. Weber, theoretical and practical explications of the contemporary concepts of choosing reflexive strategies for adapting to threats as a criterion for success or failure in life, and promising strategies for the formation of a positive or negative ‘risk’ identity. The empirical section of the article presents the results of the applied research conducted by the authors on the equipment of the Resource Center of the Science Park of the Saint Petersburg State University “Sociological and Internet Studies” (all-Russian telephone survey and focus groups). The authors conducted qualitative analysis to identify factors affecting the attitudes towards main threats and their influence on the ability to control and prevent risks and on the processes of adaptation and self-preservation. The article stresses the importance of P. Sztompka research program of trust as a means of reducing uncertainty and neutralizing risks (grounds for classifying reflexive strategies for avoiding uncertainty, influence of individual social-demographic characteristics of risk consumers on their choice). The analysis of the empirical data showed that the spread of one or another model of behavior in the risk society is a mobilization resource for strengthening political positions. Therefore, ‘failures’ in risk management determine a special type of social stratification - relationship of risk beneficiaries and risk outsiders, who have specific interests, opportunities and limitations of their adaptation strategies in a situation of threat.

Microanalysis of Active Nitrogen Oxides (RONS) Generation Characteristics during DC Negative Corona Discharge at a Needle-Plate Electrode

The DC negative corona of needle-plate electrodes can generate atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma active particles, which have important effects on biological mutagenesis. The DC negative corona discharge of an air needle-plate electrode with effective consideration of NOx particles was simulated and the Trichel pulse current was obtained, focusing on the development of particles and the distribution of active nitrogen oxides (RONS) at four moments in the pulse process. The simulation results indicate that the positive ions (N2+ and O2+) and negative ions (O− and O2−) were closely related to the current changes, and the negative ions (O− and O2−) presented a typical stratification phenomenon. RONS (H2O2, O3, and NO) were approximately uniformly distributed above the level of the plate electrode at the same instant, with H2O2 and O3 except for the area below the needle tip. They trended to a cumulative increase in concentration with time. This study provides a theoretical basis for corona discharge plasma seed treatment technology.

The value of integrated core–CT–BHI data in characterizing aeolian dune geometries and effects of cross-cutting deformation bands: implications for permeability architecture

Abstract Three-dimensional circumferential CT-scans have transformed how core is described and calibrated with borehole image (BHI) datasets to refine reservoir rock typing and facies description. This paper focuses on the value of circumferential CT-scans in the assessment of plug and bed-scale heterogeneities. It shows how careful re-orientation and calibration with borehole images can help unravel sandbody geometries and orientation, and the potential effects of cross-cutting deformation bands on permeability architecture and sweep efficiency. This is demonstrated using aeolian-dominated core examples, supported with circumferential CT-scans, minipermeability data, conventional logs and BHI data, taken from the Jurassic Norphlet Formation from producing fields in the Gulf of Mexico. The formation overlies Early Jurassic Louann Salt, and syn-depositional halokinesis significantly influenced depositional accommodation space, facies distribution, and preservation potential. Furthermore, deposition during active salt tectonics has resulted in complex deformation band networks within these clean sandstones. CT-scan density contrasts highlight stratification types and deformation bands not always visible on slabbed core. Furthermore, BHI re-orientated CT-scans provide high-resolution dip/azimuth data and aid aeolian bedset bounding surface definition, which is important for determining dune geometry and stacking patterns. Hence, an integrated approach using core, circumferential CT-scan and calibrated BHI has been essential for deciphering the complexity of these deposits.

Validation of the European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation II in a large Taiwan cardiac surgical centre

Validation of the European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation II in a large Taiwan cardiac surgical centre

Practice of Caste Hierarchy in Nepali Muslim Society

A nation like Nepal, where Hindus make up the bulk of the population, places a greater emphasis on the study of religious minorities. Caste is a distinctive type of stratification. It is purely a Hindu phenomenon that is comprehensible and explicable in terms of Hindu principles and justifications. In addition to the Indian subcontinent, caste is widespread in the Arab world, Polynesia, North and East Africa, Japan, and North America. Like in the Hindu community, there is caste purity and practice of hierarchy in Muslim community. Saiyedism in Muslims society (the Arab domination) like Brahminism in Hindu society is a primary cause of caste prejudice in the Muslim community.
 This paper outlines the crucial steps that must be completed at each stage of the caste hierarchy and is based on qualitative research. The subject is being generalized through an observational technique, in-depth interviews, and library research. Muslim scholars and elderly persons who had experienced such practice were picked as the respondents for the purpose of learning more. The respondents are identified as Res.1, Res.2, Res.3, and so forth because they requested anonymity. The Muslim caste hierarchical system in Nepal is the area of this study. It tries to combat the issue of caste hierarchy among Muslim people in Nepal.

The Comparison of Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network and Deep Forest for the Evaporation Duct Height Prediction

An evaporation duct is a type of atmospheric stratification that affects radio systems. Atmospheric duct prediction is helpful for radar detection. In this paper, we used the deep forest, which is different from a deep learning framework, to predict the atmospheric duct height. At the same time, the long short-term memory neural network and other machine learning algorithms, such as the logistic regression, random forest, Bayes, and support vector regression algorithms, were adopted to predict the evaporation duct height. The predicted results with filled and unfilled missing data show that an accurate prediction of the evaporation duct height can be achieved using the deep forest.