Type Of Overgrowth Research Articles

Skeletal abnormalities in mice with Dnmt3a missense mutations

Overgrowth and intellectual disability disorders in humans are typified by length/height and/or head circumference ≥ 2 standard deviations above the mean as well as intellectual disability and behavioral comorbidities, including autism and anxiety. Tatton-Brown-Rahman Syndrome is one type of overgrowth and intellectual disability disorder caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) gene. Numerous DNMT3A mutations have been identified in Tatton-Brown-Rahman Syndrome patients and may be associated with varying phenotype severities of clinical presentation. Two such mutations are the R882H and P904L mutations which result in severe and mild phenotypes, respectively. Mice with paralogous mutations (Dnmt3aP900L/+ and Dnmt3aR878H/+) exhibit overgrowth in their long bones (e.g., femur, humerus), but the mechanisms responsible for their skeletal overgrowth remain unknown. The goal of this study is to characterize skeletal phenotypes in mouse models of Tatton-Brown-Rahman Syndrome and identify potential cellular mechanisms involved in the skeletal overgrowth phenotype. We report that mature mice with the Dnmt3aP900L/+ or Dnmt3aR878H/+ mutation exhibit tibial overgrowth, cortical bone thinning, and weakened bone mechanical properties. Dnmt3aR878H/+ mutants also contain larger bone marrow adipocytes while Dnmt3aP900L/+ mutants show no adipocyte phenotype compared to control animals. To understand the potential cellular mechanisms regulating these phenotypes, growth plate chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts were assessed in juvenile mutant mice using quantitative static histomorphometry and dynamic histomorphometry. Tibial growth plates appeared thicker in mutant juvenile mice, but no changes were observed in osteoblast activity or osteoclast number in the femoral mid-diaphysis. These studies reveal new skeletal phenotypes associated with Tatton-Brown-Rahman Syndrome in mice and provide a rationale to extend clinical assessments of patients with this condition to include bone density and quality testing. These findings may be also informative for skeletal characterization of other mouse models presenting with overgrowth and intellectual disability phenotypes.

Ecological State Assessment of Urban Green Spaces Based on Remote Sensing Data. The Case of Aktobe City, Kazakhstan

The rapid pace of urban development triggers complex problems mostly related to urban environment pollution, and shortcomings of city’s improvement. The modern city is characterized by the highest man-made pressure on the natural environment, the main problems being overcrowding, lack of open-access green areas, as well as the decrease of vegetation areas, fact that does not create comfortable living conditions for urban residents. At present, remote sensing methods are some of the priority tools used in vegetation state assessment, particularly, the calculation of vegetation index (NDVI). But often, obtaining the necessary information is limited only to the analysis of satellite data, without geobotanical field surveys, which considerably increase the reliability of the detected results. In addition, the definition of dependencies when using an integrated approach of different man-affected surfaces with a different type of overgrowth within the city remains insufficiently studied. The purpose of this study is to assess the ecological condition of the green area (parks and squares) in Aktobe city. A comprehensive processing of satellite images including the calculation of NDVI index, mapping of green areas and data statistical analysis, was carried out. We learned that the average value of NDVI for green spaces in Aktobe ranges from 0,11 µm to 0,47 µm, which allows for the categorization of planted areas by levels of photosynthetic activity, from “unsatisfactory” to “good”, yet, with 59% of them in an unsatisfactory condition. This means that the city is underdeveloped in terms of modern landscape and infrastructure. The obtained results make it possible to assess the current situation, determine the dynamics of urban green spaces and optimize spatial planning measures for green space management.

Gingival fibromatosis: A case report

Gingival fibromatosis (GF) is a rare and diverse group of illnesses characterised by slow-growing, localised or diffuse gingival and interdental papilla enlargements. Extra tissue may cover the crowns of the teeth due to the development of pseudo pockets and plaque collecting, causing functional, cosmetic, and periodontal issues including as bone loss and bleeding. It affects both men and women equally. Hereditary, drug-induced, and idiopathic factors have all been associated to gingival overgrowth. Gingival fibromatosis is a hereditary condition that can occur on its own or as part of a bigger genetic disorder. Gingival fibromatosis is characterised by an excessive build-up of extracellular matrix proteins, the most visible of which is collagen type I. A mutation in the son-of-Sevenless-1 gene has been proposed as one possible etiological cause of solitary (non-syndromic) hereditary gingival fibromatosis, given the disorder's variability. Other genes, on the other hand, are likely to be involved. The patient's medical history and clinical symptoms, as well as a histological study of the affected gingiva, are used to make the diagnosis. Early finding is crucial, especially when it comes to excluding oral cancer. The differential diagnosis includes all oral illnesses with substantial gingival overgrowth. Treatments vary based on the type of overgrowth and the degree of disease progression; for example, scaling the teeth is sufficient in moderate cases, but surgical intervention is required in severe cases. The prognosis is unknown, and recurrence is possible.

Species and coenotic composition of phytocoenoses in Jurassic clay dumps of the Callovian layer of the Mikhailovsky Mining and Processing Plant of Kursk Magnetic Anomaly

The paper presents the results of research on overgrowth rate in Jurassic clay dumps of the Callovian layer of the Mikhailovsky mining and processing plant of the Kursk magnetic anomaly with herbaceous and woody-shrub vegetation. The authors have revealed some features of dumps overgrowth of different dumping times (5, 15, 25 years) and the nature of various exposures of dumps overgrowth. The study has shown that by the age of 5 a pioneer grouping is formed on the Callovian clay, where the dominant species are the coltsfoot Tussilago farfara L. and the meadow horsetail Eguisetum pratense Ehrh. By the age of 15 a thicket-group community is formed, belonging to the category of simple, since it is represented by single species or has a bed character of overgrowth with a small number of weeds and meadow species. The authors have established that by the age of 25 the predominant types of overgrowth are group-thicket communities, where edificant species (the silver birch Betula pendula Roth and the common pine Pinus sylvestris L.) have a sparse distribution. It was found that the areas occupied by grassy vegetation on 25-year-old dumps in general have a bed character of overgrowth and are represented by monodominant communities of medicinal melon, which has a two-year period of development. At intervals of a year, with a dominance of the coltsfoot and the dandelion medicinal Taraxacum officinale L., the projective coverage reaches one hundred percent. A number of ruderal and meadow species (yarrow Achillea millefolium L., coltsfoot, narrow-leaved cypress Chamerion angustifolium L., forest parsnip Pastinaca sylvestris Mill., dandelion medicinal, sagebrush Artemisia compestris L., meadow bluegrass Poa pratensis L.) have a relatively sparse distribution. Additionally, the distribution of species depending on the exposure of slopes is described. The authors present species composition, projection coating and the number of plants and species per 1 m for all dumps. The dependence of the coenotic composition of vegetation on the age of dumps is established.

Risk Factors Associated With Upper Aerodigestive Tract or Coliform Bacterial Overgrowth of the Small Intestine in Symptomatic Patients.

The clinical relevance of bacterial types identified in small bowel aspirate cultures during diagnostic evaluation of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is unclear. The main purpose of this study was to assess associations between risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract (UAT) or coliform SIBO and SIBO diagnosis by culture. Small bowel aspirates were cultured in patients with suspected SIBO, defined as ≥10 colony-forming units/mL coliform or ≥10 colony-forming units/mL UAT bacteria. History was reviewed for risk factors and potential SIBO complications. Symptoms, quality of life, psychological traits, and laboratory values were assessed. We compared groups by 2-sample t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and the Fisher exact test. Overall associations of primary and secondary endpoints with type of bacterial overgrowth were assessed by analysis of variance F-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Fisher exact tests. Associations of risk factors with type of overgrowth were explored using multinomial logistic regression. Among 76 patients, 37 had SIBO (68% coliform, 33% UAT) and 39 did not. Conditions (P=0.02) and surgery (P<0.01) associated with decreased gastric acid were associated with SIBO. In multinomial logistic regression, conditions of decreased acid was associated with UAT SIBO [odds ratio (OR), 5.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-33.3]. Surgery causing decreased acid was associated with UAT [OR, 9.5 (1.4-106)] and coliform SIBO [OR, 8.4 (1.6-86.4)]. Three patients with discontinuous small bowel had coliform SIBO [OR, 17.4 (1.2-2515)]. There were no differences in complications, overall symptoms, quality of life, or psychological traits. Conditions or surgeries associated with decreased gastric acid are associated with SIBO diagnosis by culture.

Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle: A case report

Introduction: Osteochondromas or osteocartilaginous exostoses are the most common benign tumors of the bones. It is characterized as a type of overgrowth that can occur in any bone where cartilage forms bone. It is uncommon in this part of body because of intramembranous origin of craniofacial bones. Osteochondromas do not result from any injury and the exact cause remains unknown. recent research has indicated that multiple osteochondromas is an autosomal dominant inherited disease. the treatment choice for osteochondroma is surgical removal of solitary lesion or partial excision of the outgrowth when symptoms cause motion limitations or nerve and blood vessel impingements. Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle is extremely rare. case report: A 45-year-old female presented to our department with diffuse swelling in her left side of face and pain in her left ear while opening the mouth since last six months. clinically, mouth opening was limited with deviation of mandible towards right side while opening mouth. there was unilateral posterior crossbite on the right side. Protrusive movement and lateral excursions of mandible were restricted. the lesion appeared to be benign bony lesion and complete surgical excision of the whole tumor mass along with condylectomy was performed under general anesthesia. conclusion: As osteochondroma is a benign neoplasm, various treatment modalities include resection of tumor along with condylectomy, condylectomy with reconstruction of the resected condyle if indicated or selected tumor removal without condylectomy. the prognosis of osteochondroma is usually excellent after adequate excision. this case showed no recurrence after the treatment. Malignant transformation of the lesion is exceedingly rare.

Identification and Characterization of Genes Required for Compensatory Growth in Drosophila

To maintain tissue homeostasis, some organs are able to replace dying cells with additional proliferation of surviving cells. Such proliferation can be localized (e.g., a regeneration blastema) or diffuse (compensatory growth). The relationship between such growth and the growth that occurs during development has not been characterized in detail. Drosophila melanogaster larval imaginal discs can recover from extensive damage, producing normally sized adult organs. Here we describe a system using genetic mosaics to screen for recessive mutations that impair compensatory growth. By generating clones of cells that carry a temperature-sensitive cell-lethal mutation, we conditionally ablate patches of tissue in the imaginal disc and assess the ability of the surviving sister clones to replace the lost tissue. We have used this system together with a modified whole-genome resequencing (WGS) strategy to identify several mutations that selectively compromise compensatory growth. We find specific alleles of bunched (bun) and Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large subunit (RnrL) reduce compensatory growth in the imaginal disc. Other genes identified in the screen, including two alleles of Topoisomerase 3-alpha (Top3α), while also required for developmental growth, appear to have an enhanced requirement during compensatory growth. Compensatory growth occurs at a higher rate than normal growth and may therefore have features in common with some types of overgrowth. Indeed, the RnrL allele identified compromises both these types of altered growth and mammalian ribonucleotide reductase and topoisomerases are targets of anticancer drugs. Finally, the approach we describe is applicable to the study of compensatory growth in diverse tissues in Drosophila.

Common and Distinct Genetic Properties of ESCRT-II Components in Drosophila

BackgroundGenetic studies in yeast have identified class E vps genes that form the ESCRT complexes required for protein sorting at the early endosome. In Drosophila, mutations of the ESCRT-II component vps25 cause endosomal defects leading to accumulation of Notch protein and increased Notch pathway activity. These endosomal and signaling defects are thought to account for several phenotypes. Depending on the developmental context, two different types of overgrowth can be detected. Tissue predominantly mutant for vps25 displays neoplastic tumor characteristics. In contrast, vps25 mutant clones in a wild-type background trigger hyperplastic overgrowth in a non-autonomous manner. In addition, vps25 mutant clones also promote apoptotic resistance in a non-autonomous manner.Principal FindingsHere, we genetically characterize the remaining ESCRT-II components vps22 and vps36. Like vps25, mutants of vps22 and vps36 display endosomal defects, accumulate Notch protein and – when the tissue is predominantly mutant – show neoplastic tumor characteristics. However, despite these common phenotypes, they have distinct non-autonomous phenotypes. While vps22 mutations cause strong non-autonomous overgrowth, they do not affect apoptotic resistance. In contrast, vps36 mutations increase apoptotic resistance, but have little effect on non-autonomous proliferation. Further characterization reveals that although all ESCRT-II mutants accumulate Notch protein, only vps22 and vps25 mutations trigger Notch activity.Conclusions/SignificanceThe ESCRT-II components vps22, vps25 and vps36 display common and distinct genetic properties. Our data redefine the role of Notch for hyperplastic and neoplastic overgrowth in these mutants. While Notch is required for hyperplastic growth, it appears to be dispensable for neoplastic transformation.

Epizoism: a new threat to coral healtb in Caribbean reefs

Coral reefs around Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, Central America were investigated in 1972 and reefs of the 10hn Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park off Key Largo, Florida in 1973. Both sites were resurveyed in 1997 and a new threat to coral health was found: a rather epizootic occurrence of other organisms overgrowing living coral. On the reef-flat of the Barrier Reef north of Carrie Bow Cay, there are fields of Acropora cervicornis and Porites porites, scattered over shallow sand-bottom. A large number of these corals show either tufts of blue-green algae, or fila­mentous flags. Both may cover substantial portions of individual coralla; the living tissue disappeared at the of con­ tact area. Another type of overgrowth on living corals is represented by the red alga Metapeyssonnelia corallepida, as well as the brown alga Lobophora variegata. Both overgrow mainly Millepora complanata and Malcicornis, but a1so other corals with smooth surface, such as Porites porites and P. astreoides. This syndrome occurs about equally abundant around Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, and in reefs off Key Largo, Florida. A similar kind of tightly attached over­ growth is represented by the sponge Cliona caribbea. It was found regularly in the reefs around Carrie Bow Cay on a wide variety of coral species. An identical type of epizoism is represented by Chondrilla cf. nucula, which, so far, was observed only in Belize. All these new syndromes together amount to a considerable coral-degrading factor, which was not found in these reefs 25 years ago.

Familial Eunuchoid Gigantism

THE USUAL classification of giants differentiates between the so-called normal giants and true endocrine giants. The normal giants are tall men, often with tall forebears, with normal sexual development and normal hair growth in whom procreative ability is not known to be impaired. Examples of this type of overgrowth are Falta's (1) giant and Carnera, the boxer. Even in individuals who have been classified as normal giants there are usually the stigmata of hyperpituitarism evident from prognathism, wide spacing of teeth and very large hands and feet. Since, as far as we know at present, growth in length of long bones is dependent upon a stimulus from the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, it is evident that whatever the classification is, abundant or excessive pituitary stimulus must be present in every case of abnormal height. Familial gigantism has seldom been recorded. Davenport (2) in his studies on inheritance of stature has collected data on a few families with tall members.

CONGENITAL ENLARGEMENT OF THE EXTREMITIES

In the past, there has been a tendency to designate as elephantiasis all types of overgrowth of the extremities without proper regard to the existence of various kinds of hypertrophy, distinct from the point of view of their differing etiologic associations. That there is a real need of applying to the problem of skeletal overgrowth the type of effort that has long been directed toward the correction of conditions which produce arrested growth is a fresh and valuable point of view emphasized by Chandler.1 A discussion of congenital enlargement of the extremities may profitably include both conditions involving the soft parts alone and conditions in which the entire extremity is affected. Three chief types of overgrowth can thus be discussed: congenital lymphedema (lymphangiectasis), congenital hemangiectatic hypertrophy of the extremities and Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. CONGENITAL LYMPHEDEMA (LYMPHANGIECTASIS) This condition is characterized by the presence at birth of nonpitting edema restricted to

A COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF CROWNGALL AND WOUND CALLUS ON APPLE

American Journal of BotanyVolume 20, Issue 5 p. 328-340 Article A COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF CROWNGALL AND WOUND CALLUS ON APPLE Erhardt P. Sylwester, Erhardt P. Sylwester Iowa State College, Ames, IowaSearch for more papers by this authorMary C. Countryman, Mary C. Countryman Iowa State College, Ames, IowaSearch for more papers by this author Erhardt P. Sylwester, Erhardt P. Sylwester Iowa State College, Ames, IowaSearch for more papers by this authorMary C. Countryman, Mary C. Countryman Iowa State College, Ames, IowaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1933 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1933.tb08895.xCitations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume20, Issue5May 1933Pages 328-340 RelatedInformation