Types Of Infant Formulas Research Articles

Lipidomics of sheep and goat Milk-based infant formulae during in vitro dynamic digestion

Lipid hydrolysis process during IF digestion, particularly the characterization of the lipidome and the resulting lipid breakdown products, has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to compare the lipid hydrolysis profiles during the in vitro dynamic digestion of IFs made from whole sheep and goat milk. Using a lipidomics platform and multivariate statistical analysis, we observed changes in complex lipid levels during digestion. In the gastric compartment, we noted a progressive hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins. Conversely, lipolysis breakdown products like monoacylglycerols (e.g., MG(16:0), MG(18:0)), diacylglycerols, lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC 16:0, LPC 18:1, LPC 18:2), and free fatty acids increased in the intestinal compartment. The lipolysis trends were similar for both types of infant formulas, with long-chain fatty acid triglycerides (C > 46) exhibiting lower digestibility compared to medium-chain fatty acid triglycerides. Overall, these results indicate that sheep milk can be used as an ingredient in the manufacturing of IF.

Review on Key Features of Infant Feeding: Human Milk and Infant Formula

Human breast milk (HBM) is the finest source of nutrition for almost all infants. Breast milk as a bodily fluid has many benefits beyond somatic cell growth, including regulation of postnatal intestinal function, immune ontogeny, and brain development. However, breastfeeding is strongly recommended, breastfeeding may not always be possible, suitable or solely adequate1. Hence, Infant formula is often an alternative source of infant nutrition when breastfeeding is unacceptable or impossible. The composition of infant formula should be as close as possible to the composition of human breast milk, both in terms of content and chemical specification2. Infant formulas try to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk as closely as possible. A number of substitutes to milk-based formula also exist. In this article, we review nutritional information for breast milk and infant formulas to help you better understand the importance of breastfeeding and the use of infant formulas up to 24 months of age when alternative feeding is required. In general, breast milk is the ideal food to ensure that an infant's nutritional needs are met.
 Keywords: breast milk; infant formula; type of infant formula; benefits

The Influence of the Lactation Period and the Type of Milk on the Content of Amino Acids and Minerals in Human Milk and Infant Formulas.

(1) Background: This study investigated the effect of the lactation period and the type of infant formula on the content of amino acids and selected minerals in an infant's food; (2) Methods: The study material consisted of breast milk (colostrum, n = 38; transitional milk, mature milk, n = 38) and three types of infant formulas (for first and follow-on feeding). Amino acid content was determined using an automatic amino acid analyzer, while minerals were determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) technique; (3) Results: Breast milk and infant formulas contained a full range of essential amino acids. In most cases, the content of individual amino acids and minerals decreased with increasing lactation. In infant formulas, there were higher contents of phenylalanine, glutamic acid, proline, serine, and tyrosine in follow-on milk (p < 0.05). The EAA/TAA ratio in breast milk and infant formulas was similar, but the milk differed in their qualitative composition. Infant formulas contained levels of individual minerals that were several times higher-especially Mg, Ca, Mn, and Fe.; (4) Conclusions: Colostrum is more concentrated, and the level of amino acids and minerals is higher in it; as the milk matures, it decreases. In most cases, the content of individual amino acids and minerals is higher in infant formulas than in human milk, which is established through strict Codex Alimentarius procedures to ensure the proper development of infants.

Probiotics dairy drink for patients with Galactosemia

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop probiotic dairy products with lactose free and low-galactose contents were produced for patients with galactosemia from four different raw materials including conventional cow’s milk, lactose free cow’s milk and mixtures containing lactose free cow’s milk and three different lactose and galactose free infant formulas. Material and Methods: Probiotic fermented dairy drinks, specifically acidophilus milk and kefir, with lactose free and low galactose content for patients with galactose intolerance were produced by using a 1:1 mixture of lactose free milk and two different types of infant formula, fortified with strawberry flavor. Storage period was set for 30 days. Said types of products were also produced with lactose free milk and conventional milk as raw material in order to use as control groups. With priority, lactose and galactose contents, and some other chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory properties were examined. Results: Chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory properties of these products were found to match the common quality characteristics of a commercial fermented dairy product. Also, such properties of fermented dairy drinks produced from lactose free milk have the same quality characteristics of a fermented dairy product. Conclusion: The galactose contents of fermented dairy beverages produced from lactose free raw materials were reduced to a level suitable for the diets of galactosemic patients.

What type of infant formula is best to prevent atopic diseases?

What type of infant formula is best to prevent atopic diseases?

Differences in Polyamine Content between Human Milk and Infant Formulas.

Human milk is the gold standard for nutrition during the first months of life, but when breastfeeding is not possible, it may be replaced by infant formulas, either partially or totally. Polyamines, which play an important role in intestinal maturation and the development of the immune system, are found both in human milk and infant formulas, the first exogenous source of these compounds for the newborn. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and evolution of polyamines in human milk during the first semester of lactation and to compare the polyamine content with that of infant formulas. In total, 30 samples of human milk provided by six mothers during the first five months of lactation as well as 15 different types of infant formulas were analyzed using UHPLC-FL. Polyamines were detected in all human milk samples but with great variation among mothers. Spermidine and spermine levels tended to decrease during the lactation period, while putrescine remained practically unchanged. Considerable differences were observed in the polyamine contents and profiles between human milk and infant formulas, with concentrations being up to 30 times lower in the latter. The predominant polyamines in human milk were spermidine and spermine, and putrescine in infant formulas.

Comparative analysis of interfacial composition and structure of fat globules in human milk and infant formulas

In this study, we analyzed and compared the fat globule interfacial compositions and structures in human milk and three types of infant formulas (IF1: supplied with MFGM, IF2: without MFGM and soy lecithin, IF3: supplied with soy lecithin). The results suggested that the interfacial protein composition of IF1 was comparatively closer to human milk, but still lacked certain bioactive MFGM proteins including XO, ADPH and PAS6/7. Considering the interfacial phospholipid, we observed 23, 31, and 29 phospholipid species that could be used to distinguish human milk and infant formulas (IF1, IF2 and IF3). We also found that phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS), which can absorb lipase, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) and connect functional fatty acids, were lacking in infant formulas. Moreover, the infant formulas had a smaller average particle size of 0.38 μm and a thicker interfacial layer that interacted with the casein micelles. Even if IF1 included MFGM, fat globules structures like those found in human milk did not form, and the majority of the MFGM was still in the aqueous phase in free form. Overall, the comprehensive analysis in this study could be used to simulate or mimic human milk lipids at the supramolecular level.

Dietary advanced glycation end-products, 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters and glycidyl esters in infant formulas: Occurrence, formulation and processing effects, mitigation strategies.

Infant formula contains thermal processing contaminants, such as dietary advanced glycation end-products (dAGEs), glycidyl esters (GEs), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (MCPDEs). This systematic review aimed to gain insights into the occurrence of these contaminants in different types of infant formula, to understand potential effects of the formulation and processing of infant formulas on these contaminants, as well as into possible mitigation strategies. The occurrence of dAGEs in infant formula depends on the recipes and processing conditions. Hydrolyzed protein formulations promote dAGEs formation in infant formula since peptides are more prone to glycation than intact proteins, which is reflected in high dAGEs concentration in hypoallergenic infant formula. Different carbohydrates in recipes result into different glycation extents of infant formula: maltodextrin containing formulas contained less dAGEs than those with lactose. Concerning mitigation strategies, applying ultra-high-temperature (UHT) treatment during milk processing leads to less dAGEs formation than using in-bottle sterilization. Although data are limited, evidence showed that encapsulation of raw ingredients or the use of antioxidants or enzymes in recipes is promising. The occurrence of MCPDEs and GEs in infant formula fully depends on the vegetable oils used in the recipe. High levels of these contaminants can be found when relatively high amounts of palm oils or fats are used. The mitigation of MCPDEs and GEs should therefore be performed on fats and oils before their application to infant formula recipes. Data and knowledge gaps identified in this review can be useful to guide future studies.

Milk Flow Rates From Bottle Nipples: What We Know and Why It Matters

Feeding difficulties are common in infants hospitalized in the NICU and can be a challenge to manage. The purpose of this article is to explain how and why the flow rate from the bottle nipple affects physiologic stability in infants and to describe the current evidence available on the flow rates of nipples used in the hospital and after discharge. Study results have indicated that flow rate varies widely among different types of nipples. Within the same type of nipple, there can be significant variability in flow from one nipple to another. Other factors, such as type of infant formula and thickening, also affect flow. Altering the flow rate of the bottle nipple is a relatively simple intervention that may support safe oral feeding.

Influence of various ingredients on mineral bioaccessibility in infant formula and whole milk

The mineral composition and bioaccessible fraction of different types of infant formula and milk samples were evaluated. Mineral content was higher in the infant formula than in the milk samples by 162, 63, 37 and 2-fold for Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn, respectively. The mineral bioaccessibility in milk products was found to be influenced by both the total content and the type of processing (pasteurised, powdered or UHT). For milk-based formulas, the addition of a prebiotic generally improved the dialysability of K, Fe, Mg, Cu and Zn, whereas the enzymatically hydrolysed protein had no effect on the bioaccessibility of most of the elements. Infant formulas containing soy protein showed results for dialysability similar to those for formulas containing whey protein. In general, infant formula results indicated that the high mineral absorption could be related to the protein type, presence of prebiotics and mineral concentrations.

Determination of water content in infant formula

Water is one of the most important constituents of food, very important to be accurately quantified. Furthermore, water content affects the stability and shelf life of food. The evaluation of most chemical parameters is based on dry mass and many methods use heating which result in losing all volatile compounds, including water. Also, it is much harder to extract all of water if we have a complex matrix. Regarding this, the aim of this study was to determine water content in different infant formula by various methods. For examination of water content in three different types of infant formula three different techniques were used (oven sample processor, drying oven and halogen drying) and compared to classical Karl Fischer titration with two different solvents. Each sample was measured in ten probes, and classical Karl Fischer titration was used as a reference. The results showed that the reference method was the best regarding speed of measurement, amount of sample needed and obtained water contents (3.01- 4.35%), followed by Karl Fischer in boiling methanol (2.80-4.30), oven sample processor (2.96-4.23%), halogen drying (2.74-4.03%) and drying oven (2.38-3.52). Methods using heating could not remove all water from the sample within a reasonable time.

Timing and Patterning of Primary Teeth Eruption as a Biomarker for Early Rapid Weight Gain (P11-080-19)

ObjectivesProspective and retrospective studies suggest that the timing and patterning of tooth eruption in infancy is a biomarker for later obesity. We recently discovered that although within the range of normal growth, healthy infants randomized to be fed cow milk formula (CMF) for the first year of life experienced greater gains in weight, but not length, during the first 4.5 months, when compared to those fed an extensive protein hydrolysate formula (EHF). In the present study, we conducted secondary analysis to determine whether the type of infant formula interacted with weight gain velocity on the timing and patterning of developmental milestones including tooth eruption. MethodsAt each monthly visit from 0.5 until 12.5 mos, infants (N = 113) were weight, measured and the number and location of each tooth, if any, erupted during the prior month was recorded as was the age at which they began crawling, sitting independently, standing and walking without assistance. Generalized estimating equations were conducted to determine whether infant formula had a direct impact on teething via effect on weight gain velocity independent of treatment group. ResultsWe found a significant time × treatment group effect and a significant treatment group effect on the number of teeth erupted such that CMF erupted more teeth than EHF infants by one year of age. The rate of tooth eruption was significantly greater during the first year among the CMF when compared to the EHF group (P < 0.05). Regardless of group, the greater the velocities in weight gain during the first 4 months (but not later), the earlier infants erupted their first tooth (P < 0.05). The formula-induced changes in weight gain velocity did not generalize to the other milestones measures. ConclusionsThe patterning of primary teeth eruption paralleled the formula-induced differences in early rapid weight gain, a risk factor for later obesity. Early and rapid eruption of primary teeth may be a biomarker for obesity as well as detrimental for dental health since caries lesions progress faster and are cavitated more quickly during childhood. Funding SourcesNIH Grants HD072307 and R03HD09408.

COMPARING BREASTFEEDING AND FEEDING WITH INFANT FORMULA

Global guidelines for infant formula say the ingredients are supposed to be those “which have been proved to be suitable for infant feeding.” “Proven” has not been defined, so there has not been any authoritative proof of suitability.&#x0D; Assessment of infant formula has focused on its ingredients. Globally, the Codex Alimentarius Commission has set out a list of ingredients that should be in all infant formula, while also giving national governments the option to introduce some variations within that framework. As illustrated by the practice in the United States, infant formula that includes the ingredients specified in the global guidelines and in national law is described as nutritionally adequate.&#x0D; This is not good enough. The gold standard against which infant formula should be compared is optimal breastfeeding. The comparison should be based not on examination of formula’s ingredients but on examination of its performance. Does infant formula do what it is supposed to do? Does feeding with any particular type of infant formula protect the health of infants and their mothers as well as breastfeeding? If not, it is not functionally adequate.&#x0D; Some might argue that while infant formula is not quite as good as breastfeeding for protecting infants’ health, it is not much worse. Families might have their own reasons for feeding their infants with formula. There is a need for serious discussion of the gap between breastfeeding and feeding with formula and about the degree to which considerations other than the infant’s health might play a role. New parents should be supported in making wise, well-informed choices about how they will feed their infants.

Early rapid weight gain among formula-fed infants: Impact of formula type and maternal feeding styles.

What and how infants are fed are considered important determinants for the risk factor of early rapid gain weight. We conducted secondary analyses on data from a randomized clinical trial, wherein infants randomized to feed cow milk formula had double the incidence of early rapid weight gain than those fed extensively hydrolyzed protein formula, to determine whether maternal feeding styles had independent effects or interactive effects with infant formula type on early rapid weight gain. Anthropometry and feeding patterning (number of daily formula feeds) were measured monthly, and maternal feeding styles were measured at 0.5, 3.5, and 4.5months. Longitudinal models were fitted using generalized estimating equations and separate logistic models conducted. The treatment groups did not differ in formula feeding patterning or in maternal feeding styles, which were stable across the first 4.5months. Feeding styles had no significant effects on early rapid weight gain and did not interact with formula group. However, type of infant formula had a direct and independent impact on early rapid weight gain (P=0.003). The type of infant formula had a differential impact on early rapid weight gain independent of maternal feeding style, highlighting the self-regulatory capabilities of infants.

Type of infant formula increases early weight gain and impacts energy balance: a randomized controlled trial

Millions of infants are fed breast milk substitutes, and the type of infant formula can impact weight gain patterns. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the direct impact of 2 types of infant formula (cow milk formula, CMF; extensively protein hydrolyzed formula, EHF) on growth and energy balance. A racially diverse group of formula-fed infants (n=113) were randomly assigned to either CMF or EHF from the age of 0.75 to 12.5 mo. At each monthly visit, anthropometric measures were obtained to determine growth z scores and weight gain velocity, and to categorize early weight gain patterns as rapid or nonrapid. Also, diet records were collected to determine energy from formula and other sources. Comprehensive assessments of energy balance (intake, expenditure, loss) were made at 0.75, 3.5, and 12.5 mo. Beginning 3 wk after randomization, CMF infants had significantly higher weight, but not length, z scores than did EHF infants, and this persisted after solid foods complemented the formula diet. On average, weight gain velocity from 0.75 to 4.5 mo was within the range of typically growing infants for both groups, yet velocity was 3.9 g/d greater for CMF infants (P=0.002), who were more likely to be classified as an early rapid weight gainer, than EHF infants (46% compared with 18%; P=0.007). Early differences in energy intake and fecal loss, yielding greater energy available for deposition among CMF infants, contributed to the differential weight gain patterns. There were no significant differences between the formula treatment groups in total energy expenditure or sleeping energy expenditure. Among healthy infants, the type of formula impacted on early rapid weight gain patterns owing to energy intake and loss mechanisms. Research is needed to identify the macronutrients and other compositional constituents in EHF and breast milk that promote satiation and healthy weight gain during sensitive periods of development. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as: NCT01700205.

Milk feeding and first complementary foods during the first year of life in the TEDDY study.

The aim was to describe milk feeding patterns and first weaning foods during the first year of life in a large prospective birth cohort of infants with increased genetic risk for Type 1 diabetes (T1D) recruited in 4 different countries: the United States, Finland, Germany, and Sweden. All enrolled children with dietary information (n=8,673) were included in the analyses; 1,307 (15%) children who dropped out before the first birthday were excluded from some analyses. Supplementary milk feeding in the first 3days of life was common in all the four countries, although the type of the supplementary milk differed by country and by maternal T1D. Donated human milk was commonly used only in Finland. In all the countries, the most common first supplementary food was cow's milk-based infant formula, especially among offspring of mothers with T1D. The use of specific types of infant formulas differed notably by country: Extensively hydrolysed formulas were most used in Finland, partially hydrolysed ones in the United States and in Germany, and soy formulas only in the United States. Infant formulas commonly included probiotics, prebiotics, and starches. During the first year of life, most of the infants received conventional cow's milk. Overall, milk feeding during the first 3days of life and thereafter until the first birthday differed markedly by maternal T1D status and across countries. These descriptive data may be useful in understanding early infant feeding practices and in planning potential interventions, which affect infant feeding.

Good Questions 3

&#x0D; Scientific publications can be misinterpreted in newsletters and the popular press. Some&#x0D; misinterpretations could lead to inappropriate choices related to health, and thus create serious&#x0D; risks. Who should correct misinterpretations? This editorial raises the question with an example&#x0D; related to infant feeding practices and the risk of type 1diabetes. A major study found no&#x0D; difference in diabetes risk with using two different types of infant formula. Many people&#x0D; mistakenly interpreted that study as meaning that all infant formula has no impact on diabetes&#x0D; risk. That is not what the study showed

Infant Formula and Early Childhood Caries

The prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) is increasing worldwide. Impaired oral health could have a negative impact on the overall health of infants. ECC can continue to deteriorate the growth and development of the child in preschool stage. Feeding practices largely influence the occurrence of ECC. Infant formula is commonly used as supplements or substitutes for breast milk up to the first 2 years of age. The dietary sugars such as lactose and sucrose, present in the infant formula, could act as a favorable substrate and change the oral microflora. Infant formula constitutes of various minerals which are known to affect tooth mineralization including iron, fluoride, and calcium. A number of in vitro, animal, and human studies have been conducted to understand their effect on oral environment and microbiota. Exploring the scientific literature for different types of infant formula and their role in the etiopathogenesis of dental caries could give us an insight into the cariogenic potential of infant formula. Furthermore, this could be source of information for health practitioners as they are the ones who are first sought by parents for advice related to infant feeding.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MILK FORMULA AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BIOFILM FORMATION IN VITRO

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in the effect of milk-based, soy-based, and protein hydrolysate formulas against Streptococcus mutans (SM) biofilm formation.Methods: Infant formula used is intended for children aged 1-3 years, and each respective type of infant formula is represented by three distinct brands.Results: Our results showed a significant difference in the effect of milk-based, soy-based, and protein hydrolysate formulas against SM biofilm formation (p=0.002).Conclusion: Cow’s milk-based formula showed the lowest SM biofilm formation.

Yoghurt drink for lactose and galactose intolerant patients.

In this study, yoghurt drink with lactose free and low galactose content for patients with galactose intolerance were produced using a 1:1 mixture of lactose free milk and two different types of infant formula, fortified with strawberry flavor. The results indicated that galactose content of yoghurt drinks produced from lactose free raw materials were declined to a level that is suitable for the diets of patients with galactosemia. Chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of these products were found to match the common quality characteristics of a commercial fermented dairy product. Also, the properties of fermented dairy drinks produced from lactose free milk have the similar quality characteristics of a fermented dairy product.