Horticultural Types Research Articles

Bell pepper endornavirus alters green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) host choice and population dynamics.

Bell pepper endornavirus (BPEV) Alphaendornavirus capsici (Endornaviridae) is an RNA virus that infects many pepper (Capsicum annuum) horticultural types and is seed transmitted. BPEV does not cause apparent symptoms and is found at every plant developmental stage. During the domestication of bell pepper, plant breeders, unaware of the existence of endornaviruses in the germplasm, selected endornavirus-infected genotypes. This could be an indication that the presence of endornaviruses in this crop is beneficial. Among the possible beneficial effects that endornaviruses may provide to their host could include tolerance or resistance to biotic and abiotic agents and, therefore, may have evolved a symbiotic relationship with their hosts. With this in mind, we set out to determine host preference, host suitability, and population dynamics of green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on BPEV-infected and virus-free bell pepper near-isogenic lines. During choice bioassay experiments, we observed that a higher proportion of M. persicae adults settled on BPEV noninfected leaves as compared to BPEV-infected leaves. Life table analysis revealed that M. persicae performed less well on BPEV-infected leaf tissues, with reductions in longevity, progeny, and intrinsic rate of increase. These results indicate BPEV is beneficial to its host, protecting against an important generalist pest.

An Efficient System for Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Elite Cultivars in Brassica juncea

Efficient genetic transformation approaches play pivotal roles in both gene function research and crop breeding. However, stable transformation in mustard, particularly for different horticultural types, has not been systematically studied and well-established so far. In this study, we optimized the key factors in the genetic transformation of mustard, including the optical density value of Agrobacterium suspension, the age of explants, and the combination of phytohormones at different concentrations. As a result, the optimal conditions for the genetic transformation of leaf and stem mustard included hypocotyl explants derived from 4-day-old seedlings, infection by 0.8 OD600nm Agrobacterium suspension, and then re-differentiation on a medium containing 4 mg/L trans-zeatin (tZ) and 0.1 mg/L indoleacetic acid (IAA) for leaf mustard, and for stem mustard, re-differentiation on a medium containing 2 mg/L tZ and 0.4 mg/L IAA, with positive rates of 4.74% and 5.26%, respectively. Those for root mustard were hypocotyl explants derived from 8-day-old seedlings, infection by 0.2 OD600nmAgrobacterium suspension, and a medium containing 2 mg/L tZ and 0.1 mg/L IAA, with a positive rate of 4.42%. Overall, this work provides an effective tool for both the theoretical study and genetic improvement of Brassica juncea.

A near-complete chromosome-level genome assembly of looseleaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., Asteraceae) is one of the most important vegetable crops, known for its various horticultural types and significant morphological variation. The first reference genome of lettuce, a crisphead type (L. sativa var. capitata cv. Salinas), was previously released. Here, we reported a near-complete chromosome-level reference genome for looseleaf lettuce (L. sativa var. crispa). PacBio high-fidelity sequencing, Oxford Nanopore, and Hi-C technologies were employed to produce genome assembly. The final assembly is 2.59 Gb in length with a contig N50 of 205.47 Mb, anchored onto nine chromosomes, containing 14 recognizable telomeres and only 11 gaps. Repetitive sequences account for 77.11% of the genome, and 41,375 protein-coding genes were predicted, with 99.10% of these assigned functional annotations. This chromosome-level genome enriched genomic resources for various horticultural types of lettuce and will facilitate the characterization of morphological variation and genetic improvement in lettuce.

Mathematical model for predicting the yield of apple trees on rootstock 62-396

Traditionally, forecasting apple tree yields was carried out on the basis of statistics of already obtained long-term yield dynamics or based on generative formations formed on the tree. The purpose of the work is to identify the most significant soil parameters for the formation of the apple tree varieties yield on the dwarf rootstock 62-396 and to build a mathematical model for predicting fruit yield in the conditions of the Central Chernozem region of the Russian Federation. Field research was carried out in 2004-2022 in industrial apple tree plantations at the age of full fruiting in the Lipetsk (two farms) and Tambov (eight farms) regions. Seven horticultural soil types have been studied. Based on statistical analysis, a mathematical model of apple tree productivity was obtained in the form of an analytical dependence on three factors. A geometric interpretation of the regression model is given using the Mathcad symbolic mathematics system in the form of response surfaces and the corresponding level lines. Practical recommendations are given for choosing rational parameters within selected intervals of factor variation.

Masks Versus Cattle: The Ecology of an African Art Form

Masquerades form an important part of indigenous African religions, and headpieces of masks are found all over the world as an iconic African art form. Contrary to expectation, however, the geographical distribution of masking is very restricted, occurring only in three areas of the continent, mainly situated in the forested zones. I explain this peculiar distribution by tracing the ecological and historical parameters of the societies that harbor mask rituals. The main ecological factors are the absence of cattle and the type of horticulture, while a crucial historical element is the long history of slave raiding and trading to which the continent has been subjected. These factors have led to societies in which both gender and local power arrangements show a marked indeterminacy, operating as internal arenas between men and women, and between different groups of men. Crucial in the explanation of masquerades is the fact that masking is completely absent from societies that practice cattle husbandry with the Bos indicus species (zebu). Since sleeping sickness prohibits cattle husbandry, wherever the tsetse fly thrives, masks appear.

Evaluation of lettuce germplasm for resistance to impatiens necrotic spot virus

Recently, impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) has emerged as a major pathogen of lettuce in the Salinas Valley of California. The virus is a member of the genus Orthotospovirus, and under natural conditions, is transmitted by the tiny insect, western flower thrips. Due to the high efficiency of virus transmission, chemical management of thrips vectors is often ineffective in preventing the spread of the disease. Utilization of genetic resistance will be a critical component for managing the disease; however, little is known about genetic sources of resistance in lettuce. Here, we evaluated 189 lettuce lines under natural disease pressure in four field experiments to identify INSV resistant germplasm. The stability of resistance was also evaluated using different inoculation methods under controlled conditions. Our results showed a significant variation (p < 0.0001) among lettuce cultivars for both INSV severity and incidence. We identified INSV resistant germplasm that belongs to different horticultural types and leaf color, including a red-leaf cultivar ‘Eruption’ with a high degree of genetic stability. Moreover, we characterized several factors influencing thrips and host plant relationships, including horticultural type, leaf color, and polyphenol concentration. Overall, INSV resistant germplasm identified in this study provide valuable resources for breeding of INSV resistant lettuce cultivars.

Development of an Intelligent System to Determine Land Suitability for Horticultural Crops on Vegetable Commodities

Global climate change has a significant impact on the agricultural sector, including horticulture, with climate fluctuations such as increased temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns potentially affecting crop productivity. Sustainable horticultural agriculture is important for safeguarding natural resources and reducing environmental impacts. However, challenges from climate change and variations in land conditions can affect horticultural crop production. Identifying crops that are suitable for the climate and land conditions is key to agricultural sustainability. An intelligent and adaptive approach is needed in selecting the right crops to grow in the face of climate change. This research develops an artificial intelligence application for the recommendation of horticultural crop types according to land conditions and climate change. The model built involves AHP and MFEP methods. The model takes into account various land parameters with weights determined through the AHP approach, allowing this AI application to provide accurate recommendations based on data and modeling. Based on the tests conducted, the system was able to produce analysis with an accuracy rate of 85%.

Soil Carbon Storage in Forest and Agriculture Land Use in the Tanralili Watershed

Soil is a long-term store of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Sequestration of soil organic carbon is considered as one of the climate change mitigation strategies and is related to carbon storage in the soil. This study aims to determine soil carbon storage based on land use in forest areas and dry land agriculture in the Tanralili watershed.Soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm, repeated three times in succession purposive sampling on the use of forest land and dry land agriculture. Soil chemical properties observed are bulk density, soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and C:N ratio. Research results show that soil carbon storage is higher in forest land use compared to dry land farming. Forest land with mixed tree crop species had the highest carbon store, namely 96 tons/ha, while dry land with horticultural crop types rotated with various crops had the lowest carbon store, namely 43 tons/ha. Soil carbon accumulation is most abundant in the topsoil layer of 0-10 cm. The availability of soil organic carbon can be seen from the C:N ratio, increasing C:N will reduce the ability to absorb soil carbon.

Differentially methylated genomic regions of lettuce seeds relate to divergence across morphologically distinct horticultural types.

Heritable cytosine methylation plays a role in shaping plant phenotypes; however, no information is available about DNA methylation in cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa), one of the most important leafy vegetables. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) performed on seeds of 95 accessions from eight morphologically distinct horticultural types (Batavia, butterhead, iceberg, Latin, leaf, oilseed, romaine and stem) revealed a high level of methylation in lettuce genome with an average methylation of 90.6 % in the CG context, 72.9 % in the CHG context and 7.5 % in the CHH context. Although WGBS did not show substantial differences in overall methylation levels across eight horticultural types, 350 differentially methylated regions (DMR) were identified. Majority of the 41 pivotal DMR overlapped with genomic features predicted or confirmed to be involved in plant growth and development. These results provide the first insight into lettuce DNA methylation and indicate a potential role for heritable variation in cytosine methylation in lettuce morphology. The results reveal that differences in methylation profiles of morphologically distinct horticultural types are already detectable in seeds. Identified DMR can be a focus of the future functional studies.

Development and application of Single Primer Enrichment Technology (SPET) SNP assay for population genomics analysis and candidate gene discovery in lettuce.

Single primer enrichment technology (SPET) is a novel high-throughput genotyping method based on short-read sequencing of specific genomic regions harboring polymorphisms. SPET provides an efficient and reproducible method for genotyping target loci, overcoming the limits associated with other reduced representation library sequencing methods that are based on a random sampling of genomic loci. The possibility to sequence regions surrounding a target SNP allows the discovery of thousands of closely linked, novel SNPs. In this work, we report the design and application of the first SPET panel in lettuce, consisting of 41,547 probes spanning the whole genome and designed to target both coding (~96%) and intergenic (~4%) regions. A total of 81,531 SNPs were surveyed in 160 lettuce accessions originating from a total of 10 countries in Europe, America, and Asia and representing 10 horticultural types. Model ancestry population structure clearly separated the cultivated accessions (Lactuca sativa) from accessions of its presumed wild progenitor (L. serriola), revealing a total of six genetic subgroups that reflected a differentiation based on cultivar typology. Phylogenetic relationships and principal component analysis revealed a clustering of butterhead types and a general differentiation between germplasm originating from Western and Eastern Europe. To determine the potentiality of SPET for gene discovery, we performed genome-wide association analysis for main agricultural traits in L. sativa using six models (GLM naive, MLM, MLMM, CMLM, FarmCPU, and BLINK) to compare their strength and power for association detection. Robust associations were detected for seed color on chromosome 7 at 50 Mbp. Colocalization of association signals was found for outer leaf color and leaf anthocyanin content on chromosome 9 at 152 Mbp and on chromosome 5 at 86 Mbp. The association for bolting time was detected with the GLM, BLINK, and FarmCPU models on chromosome 7 at 164 Mbp. Associations were detected in chromosomal regions previously reported to harbor candidate genes for these traits, thus confirming the effectiveness of SPET for GWAS. Our findings illustrated the strength of SPET for discovering thousands of variable sites toward the dissection of the genomic diversity of germplasm collections, thus allowing a better characterization of lettuce collections.

Decision Support System for Suitability of Horticultural Agricultural Plant Types with Land Conditions Using Interpolation Profile Matching

Horticultural crops are the most produced by farmers in the Napugera Village area because they are more profitable to cultivate because they are short in life and from an economic point of view they are obtained faster. However, has often experienced obstacles, one of which is determining the suitability of agricultural land for horticultural crops. Determining the selection of horticultural crops for the types of red onion, red red chili, and tomato crops on a field based on land conditions is very necessary for farmers in the Napugera Village area as a support for decision-making. There are 8 criteria assessed including temperature, rainfall, air humidity, soil type, soil texture, soil ph, land slope and topography. In this study, a profile-matching interpolation method was developed for a decision-making system that can be used as a tool in providing decisions on plants that are suitable for planting in a field easily, quickly, and accurately. The profile-matching interpolation method is one of the methods of scoring data. The results showed that the type of onion horticultural crop with a final value of 3,764 is suitable for cultivation in the Napugera Village area.

Volatiles Emitted by Three Genovese Basil Cultivars in Different Growing Systems and Successive Harvests

The Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is the essential ingredient in “pesto” sauce, and it has always had ample use in Mediterranean gastronomy. This horticultural type of basil is grown in the open field and harvested more than once during its cultivation cycle, but in recent decades it is increasingly grown using alternative cultivation methods (e.g., soilless cultivation) that guarantee higher and more uniform production. The dataset presented in this contribution refers to the analysis of the aroma profile by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer, of three different cultivars of Genovese basil (Aroma 2, Eleonora, and Italiano Classico) grown in the open field or floating raft system in two successive harvests. The data are a record of the variability of volatile organic compounds due to key agronomic factors, such as the genotype, the cultivation method, and the cut. They may be of interest for those concerned about the impact of different technical factors on the aroma and flavor of basil plants.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Tani Cabai Besar Pada Masa Off Season (Studi Kasus Kelompok Tani Satriya Desa Srambah Kecamatan Proppo Kabupaten Pamekasan)

Chili pepper is a type of horticulture that has great demand by consumers, this causes the interest of farmers to cultivate chili peppers increase. This condition is evidenced by the existence of farmers who cultivate chili pepper during the off season, namely during the rainy season. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) the cost, revenue and income of chili pepper farming per 0,1 hectare per planting season in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency; (2) The feasibility of chili pepper farming per 0,1 hectare per planting season in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency. This research method used the census method of members of the Satriya Farmer Group who cultivate during the off season by using farming analysis techniques. The results showed that: (1) The cost of farming chili pepper in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency is Rp. 10,260,664 per 0,1 hectare per planting season. The revenue Rp. 31,426,000 per 0,1 hectare. The income of chili pepper farming in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency is Rp. 21,165,336 per 0,1 hectare (2) The R/C of chili pepper farming in the Satriya Farmer Group, Srambah Village, Proppo District, Pamekasan Regency 3.06 means that chili pepper farming in the off season is feasible to cultivate, while the R/C of chili pepper farming in dry season by 1.16. Based on the R/C value, it can be seen that chili pepper farming in the rainy season (off season) is more profitable than farming in the dry season.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF PGPR FERTILIZER USE ON GROWTH ACCELERATION OF CHERRY TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)

Cherry tomatoes are a type or commodity of horticulture that has a very relatively high economic value compared to ordinary tomatoes. Cherry tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum var,. cerasiforme. It is one of the local plants that is neglected and not used and is often considered as a wild plant. This study aims to determine the effect of PGPR fertilizer application on the growth of cherry tomato plants. This research was carried out in the urban village). Rerewokan, West Tondano sub-district starting from August to November 2021. The method used is a quantitative method with the type of experimental research in the form of a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with five types of treatment, each repeated four times. P1 = without using fertilizer, P2 = 100ml, P3 = 200ml, P4 = 300ml, P5 = 400ml, so there were 20 treatment combinations, and the data obtained were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). From the results of this study, it showed that good plant height growth was found in treatment P4 with the application of a mixture of PGPR fertilizer concentration of 300ml / 2 liters of water, because there was the most effective growth, while the growth in the number of leaves and the number of fruits was very good in treatment P2 with the addition of a mixture. PGPR fertilizer concentration 100ml / 2 liters of water.

A Study on Hydroponic Farming System of Wheat for Sustainable Development of Agriculture

Hydroponics is a type of horticulture and a subset of hydroculture which includes growing vegetation, typically vegetation, without soil, through the usage of mineral nutrient solutions in an aqueous solvent. Terrestrial or aquatic vegetation may also grow with their roots exposed to the nutritious liquid, or, further, the roots may be physically supported by way of an inert medium which include perlite, gravel, or different substrates. In spite of inert media, roots can cause adjustments of the rhizosphere ph and root exudates can affect rhizosphere biology and physiological balance of the nutrient answer through secondary metabolites. Hydroponic is characterized as the study of developing plants without soil by giving them compound arrangements containing fake types of supplements, which the plants by and large get from the soil. Developing wheat hydroponically for plant reproducing purposes might hold rise, yield and seed quality benefits contrasted with conventional establishing strategies. The constant expanded interest of food creation is heightening with increment of total populace. The conventional cultivating framework cannot cover the world's eminent interest for food with rising contamination level and motions in environment. The plan and advancement of new cultivating and establishing framework procedure is dire necessity to avoid food calamity in future. The current review planned to analyze a proficient lab to land move procedure for elective agri-cultivating framework, the tank-farming framework. The in vitro information was assessed and approved through mathematical apparatuses for similar records among aquaculture and regular water framework against wheat Triticum aestivum. The outcomes showed that wheat, showed generally excellent development in Hoagland arrangement in contrast with regular water. Accordingly the field utilization of the proposed aqua-farming framework for grains, vegetables and blossoming yields will fulfill the overall need of today and future by maintainable agribusiness cultivating approaches.

Differences in Susceptibility to Phomopsis Blight of Seven Eggplant Cultivars with Different Fruit Types

Phomopsis blight caused by Diaporthe vexans is a serious disease on fall eggplant crops in the southeastern United States. The objective was to compare seven eggplant cultivars, representing seven horticultural fruit types, for susceptibility to D. vexans. Eggplant transplanted in April 2018 and 2019 was cut back in late summer and harvested in September and October. Leaf area under the disease progress curve and percentage defoliation were greater on Black Beauty (globe type) than Patio Baby (Indian), Millionaire (Japanese), Rosa Bianca (Italian), and Gretel (white). Cankered stem length was greater on Black Beauty and Fairy Tale than on Gretel. Hansel (Chinese) and Gretel produced the most healthy, unblemished marketable fruit; Patio Baby, Millionaire, and Fairy Tale had a moderate number; and Black Beauty and Rosa Bianca produced the fewest fruit. Percentage fruit rot both years was greater (P ≤ 0.01) on Black Beauty than Hansel, Gretel, Patio Baby, and Rosa Bianca. Several eggplant cultivars, such as Hansel and Gretel, are less susceptible to Phomopsis fruit rot than Black Beauty and produce more marketable fruit than several other specialty eggplant cultivars.

Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture, with Particular Emphasis on Emissions from Energy Used

The relationship between agriculture and climate change is two-sided. Agriculture is the branch of the economy most affected by the ongoing processes. It is also a large emitter of greenhouse gases and there are more and more voices about the need to reduce emissions. The purpose of the study was, based on FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) data, to determine the structure of greenhouse gas emissions in farms and to identify types of farms where it is possible to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions through better energy use. The emission volume was determined on the basis of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) methodology modified for the FADN data. The emissions related to the production of energy were found to be of minor importance compared to other emission sources. Only in the horticultural crop type is the emission from the Energy section the dominant stream of GHG emission. The greatest emissions come from livestock production. Therefore, the emphasis on reducing emissions should not be placed on the Energy sector because, except for the type of horticultural farm, there is not much potential for reduction. The introduction of taxes for GHG emissions at the level of 27.31 EUR/t would reduce farm income from 21% for the type of field crops to 40% for the type of herbivorous animals. The exception is low-emission permanent crops, where the decrease in income would be only 3.85%.

Population genetics and genome-wide association studies provide insights into the influence of selective breeding on genetic variation in lettuce.

Genetic diversity is an important resource in crop breeding to improve cultivars with desirable traits. Selective breeding can lead to a reduction of genetic diversity. However, our understanding on this subject remains limited in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) can provide a reduced version of the genome as a cost-effective method to identify genetic variants across the genome. We genotyped a diverse set of 441 lettuce accessions using the GBS method. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses indicated substantial genetic divergence among four horticultural types of lettuce: butterhead, crisphead, leaf, and romaine. Genetic-diversity estimates between and within the four types indicated that the crisphead type was the most differentiated from other types, whereas its population was the most homogenous with the slowest linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay among the four types. These results suggested that crisphead lettuces had relatively less genetic variation across the genome as well as low gene flow from other types. We identified putative selective sweep regions that showed low genetic variation in the crisphead type. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses provided evidence that these genomic regions were, in part, associated with delayed bolting, implicating the positive selection of delayed bolting in reducing variation. Our findings enhance the current understanding of genetic diversity and the impacts of selective breeding on patterning genetic variation in lettuce.

Practices of Creative Disobedience: A Key to Economic Success in Socialism? : A Case Study of a Hungarian Agricultural Cooperative

In this article, I examine the fate during the decades of socialism in Hungary of the agricultural company Árpád-Agrár Ltd. of Szentes, which which has flourished up to the present day. Its predecessor, the Árpád Mezőgazdasági Termelőszövetkezet (Agricultural Producer Cooperative), was established in 1960, during the last wave of collectivization. Most members were gardeners who specialized in a Bulgarian type of horticulture. One of the central questions in my inquiry is how individual gardeners’ best practices were preserved and further developed within the structure of a socialist cooperative. I also consider how the Árpád Cooperative used the economic reforms of 1968 to expand its market-share. In my analysis of the successful transfer of knowledge and processes of adaptation, I devote particular attention to the human factor, taking into consideration both the changing relationship between the leadership and the membership of the cooperative and the formation of a class of managers who had had experiences in the West and had a more open-minded mentality. These factors offer a possible explanation as to why this agricultural community chose the organizational form of a cooperative at the time of the change of the political regime and was transformed into a public limited liability company only a decade later.

IDENTIFIKASI MORFOLOGI DAN KEKERABATAN SALAK DI JAWA TIMUR

Salak has the scientific name Salacca zalacca including a low-growing family of palms. This seasonal fruit plant is a type of horticulture that has the potentioal to become an axport commodity in Indonesia. In East Java, especially in Lumajang, Madura and Kediri are areas that produce salak commodities. Morphological identification aims to obtain basic traits so that the appearance or phenotype of each accession can be distinguished quickly and easily, by estimating how much genetic diversity it has. This study aims to determine the morphological characters and to determine the salak kinship of Lumajang, Kediri and Madura. The result of phylogeny analysis of the Salacca zalacca kinship in East Java show that the results of the kinship analysis of the salak in the Lumajang, Kediri and Madura areas formed 2 large groups or cluster. So it can be concluded that the Salacca zalacca originating from the Lumajang, Kediri and Madura areas still come from the same ancestor. This can be seen from the value of kinship distance, the morphological identificaion equation. In addition, environmental factors can also affect the morphology of plants. Sunlight intensity, N and P nutrients can also affect the difference in leaf color