Types Of Hazardous Materials Research Articles

Uncertain Multi-Objective Hazardous Materials Transport Route Planning Considering Resilience and Low–Carbon

Hazardous material transport accidents are events with low probability and high consequence risk. With the increase in the proportion of hazardous materials transported on domestic roads, increasing number of scholars have begun to study this field. In this study, a multi-objective hazardous materials transport route planning model considering road traffic resilience and low carbon, which considers the uncertainty of demand and time and is under the limit of the time window. It transports many types of hazardous materials from multiple suppliers to multiple retails with the three goals (transportation cost, risk and carbon emission). This model fills the gap in the research on hazardous materials transportation in the field of low carbon, and this is the first time that road traffic resilience is considered in the transport of hazardous materials as one of the weight factors of risk calculation. We designed a improved ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) to obtain the pareto optimal solution set. We compare the improved ACO with genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm. The results show that the improved ACO has better solution quality and solution space, which verifies the validity and reliability of the improved ACO.

Multidepot Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem for a Variety of Hazardous Materials with Risk Analysis

This study investigates a multidepot heterogeneous vehicle routing problem for a variety of hazardous materials with risk analysis, which is a practical problem in the actual industrial field. The objective of the problem is to design a series of routes that minimize the total cost composed of transportation cost, risk cost, and overtime work cost. Comprehensive consideration of factors such as transportation costs, multiple depots, heterogeneous vehicles, risks, and multiple accident scenarios is involved in our study. The problem is defined as a mixed integer programming model. A bidirectional tuning heuristic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm are developed to solve the problem of different scales of instances. Computational results are competitive such that our algorithm can obtain effective results in small-scale instances and show great efficiency in large-scale instances with 70 customers, 30 vehicles, and 3 types of hazardous materials.

Risk assessment of water resources pollution from transporting of oil hazardous materials (Sanandaj-Marivan road, Kurdistan Province, Iran).

Water pollution is one of the most important environmental challenges and also one of the main causes of death in the world. Transporting oil products on roads by trucks and their accidents lead to the release of these chemicals into the environment, resulting in water resources pollution. Thus, the main goal of this study is to evaluate the risk assessment of the water resources pollution in the road of Sanandaj to Marivan, Kurdistan province, Iran. Six scenarios for four types of hazardous materials in two seasons of the years were considered. The road was then segmented, and the probability of accidents in each segment was calculated by the Poisson regression method. Two scenarios were selected for analysis since truck accidents had happened mainly in spring (scenario 1) and winter (scenario 4). According to the results, the total risk of water contamination path is 20%very low, 19% low, 29% moderate, 28% high, and 4% very high. Also, according to scenario 1, 14% of the total area of the study area is very low risk, 23% low risk, 15% medium risk, 6% high risk, and 42% are very high risk. Based on scenario 4, 39% of the total area of the study area has a very low risk, 44% low risk, 13% medium risk, 4% high risk. This simply means that this road is not very suitable for transporting hazardous oil products.

A multi-product maximin hazmat routing-location problem with multiple origin-destination pairs

Abstract The United Nations define Supply Chain Sustainability as “the management of environmental, social and economic impacts, and the encouragement of good governance practices throughout the lifecycles of goods and services.” ( UN, 2015 ). We deal with the logistic network, an important component of the Supply Chain, in industries either generating or using hazardous material (HM) in some stage of their productive processes. A major concern when transporting HM or locating hazardous facilities is to minimize risks and hazards to the population and environment. Most studies on this issue only consider one type of HM and fail to differentiate populations with different degrees of vulnerability. This work addresses both the problem of locating hazardous facilities and routing HMs across a large, densely populated urban area, minimizing the associated costs and hazards imposed on the population. Populations, aggregated in centers, were differentiated into vulnerable populations, which are the hardest to evacuate in a short period of time, and non-vulnerable populations. Several types of HMs with different degrees of hazard were considered. We propose a multi-objective programming model with multiple origin-destination (OD) pairs that considers maximizing the minimum weighted distance between hazardous facilities and the exposed vulnerable population, maximizing the minimum weighted distance from HM transportation arcs to the exposed vulnerable population, minimizing the total hazard imposed on the non-vulnerable population, and routing and location costs. The methodology has been tested in the transportation network in the city of Santiago, Chile.

위험물 이동탱크저장소의 안전관리 개선방안 연구

There has been an increase in the occurrence of large-scale chemical accidents due to an increase in the distribution of chemical materials in the domestic market as well as the continuous production and introduction of new chemical materials. However, in korea, it is difficult to identify the type of hazardous materials and to identify the risk of hazardous materials. In order to prevent this, we introduced the advanced technology standard in foreign countries to improve the safety management of road transport in the hazardous materials transport classification labelling in order to safety manage dangerous goods in a more efficient way.

A Bayesian Network for the Transportation Accidents of Hazardous Materials Handling Time Assessment

Abstract To improve the efficiency of emergency rescue in transportation accidents of hazardous materials(HAZMAT), a Bayesian network(BN) was developed in this paper to estimate the accident handling time. Also, based on this BN, the difficulty of handling every types of accidents can be quantified. According to theoretical analysis and literature review, 7 nodes (season, time, type of road, type of HAZMAT, the former accident, the secondary accident and handling time) are used to set up the BN. The value of mutual information was calculated to refine the BN. A database of 902 transportation accident of HAZMAT cases was built up for Bayesian parameter learning. Based on the parameter learning of BN, the results were summarized as follow: (1) The BN could be used to estimate the probabilities of handling time in different periods which include ‘0 to 2 hours’, ‘2 to 4 hours’, ‘4 hours and more’. (2) The difficulty of each type of accident can be ordered as follow: rollover> rear-end> internal fault≈ impact> falling> tire fault> vehicle body fire. Leakage>combustion explosion.

Optimizing rail defect inspection frequency to reduce the risk of hazardous materials transportation by rail

Rail defects are the most frequent cause of freight train derailments and a major hazard to the transportation of hazardous materials in the United States. Railroads periodically inspect their rails using ultrasonic technologies to prevent train derailments, thereby mitigating transportation risk. This research quantifies the relationship between ultrasonic rail defect inspection frequency and railroad hazardous materials transportation risk. A Pareto optimization model is developed to determine optimal annual inspection frequencies on different track segments with different risk levels. The model provides an evaluation of segment-specific hazardous materials transportation risk due to rail failures, as well as an assessment of risk-based prioritization of rail defect inspection. The model can be adapted to other types of hazardous materials or account for other accident causes in the future.

The Canadian Electrical Code for Hazardous Locations Has No Class—But it Does Have Significant Changes

The world moved one step further from the U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC) [2] . For decades, both the CEC and NEC have used the term “Class” to identify the various types of hazardous materials. The 23rd edition of the CEC has removed the term “Class” from Section 18 and replaced it with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Zone system. Class I, which was changed in 1998 to include Zones, becomes simply Zones 0, 1, and 2. Class II and Class III were merged to become Zones 20, 21, and 22. Fig. 1 shows the introduction of hazardous location requirements into the CEC. All new construction must use the new system for area classification. The legacy “Class” and “Division” system was relocated to Appendix J. The CEC does allow for continued use of the Class/Division System in existing facilities. However, all new facilities must use the Zone System for all Explosive Atmospheres. This change does not prevent the use of Class/Division equipment in the Zone System. Tables were added that identify the types of Class/Division electrical equipment that can be used in the various Zones designated locations. The CEC approach differs considerably from the NEC. Although the NEC contains a variation of the IEC full system in Article 505 and Article 506, it permits the user to select either the Class/Division or Class/Zone system. Fig. 1. Canadian electric code covers.

Proposing Certificate Plan for Controlling Electric Pollution on Cloud Data Storage Center

The area of green computing has been emerged as an interesting field of research in this technology oriented world. Even small activities in daily life are dependent upon computer based technologies. This paper proposes a new methodology to provide Certificate Plan for Controlling Electric Pollution on Cloud Data Storage Centers with the purpose to control electric pollution and that provides a healthier and safer environment from different types of hazardous materials and other related computer electronics devices. The motivation towards this work is to improve our environmental conditions and reduce the effect of toxic electronics based materials. The function of new designed methodology actually analyze and measure the amount of carbon footprint by utilizing different instruments and methods that comes out from CRT’S (cathode ray tubes) and radiations emitted through other different parts of computer electronics in the form of hazardous gases (No2, Co2) and hazard metals as like lead, cadmium and mercury. Authors are considering one more important parameter in this paper named as “load balancing”. It describes if the government allotted space will be fulfilled in particular cloud data storage center (CDSC) then rather than implemented a new servers on that particular cloud data storage center that cloud storage agency may shift their data for storage in nearby any other cloud storage agency after analyzing the free space availability with the permission of government as well as that particular agency owner. This agreement must be signed legally by both the parties before the transfer of data.

Opportunities and Constraints to Rural HAZMAT Risk Reduction

Abstract The successful implementation of a hazardous materials (HAZMAT) emergency response plan aimed at risk reduction varies by jurisdiction. Rural communities often face challenges in HAZMAT planning and training due to lower economic vitality that is often a result of fewer economic resources, a lack of knowledge of HAZMAT risk/response training, and data collection limitations. In order to identify opportunities and constraints in HAZMAT planning in rural communities, this paper presents a case study of HAZMAT transportation in North Central in Idaho. Researchers collected and analyzed HAZMAT transportation data to provide a basis for planning and implementation of mitigation measures that help reduce the risks of HAZMAT in rural areas. An interview with the Director of the board of Regional Emergency Managers was conducted to determine the utility of the study for local HAZMAT planning. This study also informs responders about the types of HAZMAT that are transported throughout the region. This information can be used to develop hazard-specific preparedness activities particular to the region, such as training, equipment selection and future grant opportunities. This study also contributes to the limited body of literature that examines challenges rural communities face in HAZMAT risk assessments and risk reduction response planning.

Application of modern educational technologies in the training for the management of accidents with chemical hazards

The article presents the application of modern educational technology in the training for the management of accidents with chemical hazards. It describes the 'HeSPRO' software package created to integrate the functions of evaluation and prediction of the effects of hazardous substances both in chemical accidents and during the use of highly toxic substances. The assessment of the software package application was carried out based on hypothetical models. The chemical hazard assessment was carried out through the analysis of the obtained results. It was concluded that the software package provides optimal conditions for effective evaluation and prediction of the situation in chemical accidents with hazardous materials.

Generic event trees and probabilities for the release of different types of hazardous materials

To simplify quantitative risk analysis, the initiating events leading to loss of containment are normally described using generic hypotheses. For example, the following hypothesis is applied to the loss of containment from a storage tank: instantaneous release of the complete inventory, continuous release of the complete inventory in 10 min, and continuous release from a hole with a diameter of 10 mm. Once the initiating events have been specified, the corresponding event trees must be drawn to establish the sequences from each initiating event to the diverse final outcomes or accident scenarios, which will depend on the properties of the released material or on other specific factors. In this paper we propose, in a systematic way, a set of short generic event trees for the main loss of containment scenarios involving different types of hazardous materials. Even though most of them have been taken from the literature (BEVI Reference Manual), we have modified some of them, added the corresponding intermediate probabilities (immediate ignition, delayed ignition, flame front acceleration, etc.) obtained from a literature review and expert judgment, and associated the use of each event tree to the hazardous properties of the material (flammability, volatility and toxicity) and to its category according to EC labeling directives.

Hazardous materials transportation in Mexico City: Chlorine and gasoline cases

We analyze two types of hazardous materials (hazmats) transportation in an urban environment, line-haul transportation and physical distribution. Two real cases are presented, the chlorine and gasoline transportation in Mexico City. Alternative paths are obtained and their population exposures are estimated, in order to identify if better alternative paths can exist. The population exposure considers inhabitants within the exposure area and exposed travelers during a truck trip. Accumulated population exposure was estimated for the gasoline case. Finally, recommendations and conclusion for urban hazmats transportation are presented.

Risk Assessment for Transportation of Hazardous Materials through Tunnels

Two vehicle collisions involving hazardous materials (HM) occurred in 1999 in the tunnels of Mont Blanc between Italy and France and in Tauern, Austria. These collisions showed that the consequences of such crashes are catastrophic for both the motorists in the tunnel and the tunnel itself. This paper presents a methodology to help decision makers estimate the risk associated with the transportation of HM through tunnels and identify remedial measures to minimize unacceptable risk levels. A risk assessment procedure is used to identify the societal risk of the tunnel. If the risk is above an acceptable level, alternative routes are considered, and the overall risk is estimated for both the route with the tunnel and the alternative routes. The route with the minimum risk is established. If the route of minimum risk is through the tunnel, then risk reduction measures are introduced and the risk assessment methodology is implemented to verify the result. The full implementation of the methodology is demonstrated in a case study. The characteristics of the tunnels, the type of HM, and the characteristics of the traffic and accident risk at each tunnel are accounted for. Given an estimate of risk for a tunnel produced by the analytical procedure used in this paper, the applicable regulatory criteria at a given location are found to substantially affect the required response. The response may vary from “no restriction to HM traffic,” to “remedies required,” to “total restriction of HM type X is advised” for the subject tunnel. The case study considers several remedial actions and assesses their impact on risk and subsequent recommended actions.

Safe disposal of pyrotechnic ordnance using a plasma treatment system

Many types of ordnance are obsolete and no longer serve a useful purpose. The amount of unused pyrotechnic ordnance both nationally and internationally has grown to a level where disposal is a necessity. Due to the various types of constituents found in pyrotechnic ordnance, open burning and open detonation have been eliminated as a means of disposal. In addition, the disassembly and material reuse/ recycle is impractical. Therefore, alternative technologies must be utilized to help reduce the overall stockpile of pyrotechnic ordnance. A proven scientific method of treating many types of hazardous materials is plasma technology. The US Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command, Armament Research Development and Engineering Center (TACOM-ARDEC) is currently evaluating the use of plasma technology for the disposal of pyrotechnic ordnance. The Plasma Ordnance Demilitarization System (PODS), a system specifically designed for treatment of ordnance, is in the final stages of integration testing. PODS will be installed and operated at the Western Area Demilitarization Facility at the Hawthorne Army Depot (HWAD), Hawthorne, NV. HWAD stores a significant amount of stockpiled ordnance classified for disposal. The PODS recently completed the Factory Integration Test (FIT) in preparation for shipment to HWAD. However, due to the lengthy permitting cycle actual trial burn and complete system shakedown are not scheduled until late 2001.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN MUSEUM COLLECTIONS

AbstractSeveral types of hazardous materials were discovered in collection items during preparation for the move of the Science and Technology collections of the Museum of Victoria to the new Scienceworks museum complex.This article discusses the reasons for the presence of hazardous materials in the collections, where to look for hazards, and the basic safety procedures to be carried out when they are found. Specific reference is made to asbestos, matches, lead, arsenic, mercury, munitions, fire extinguishers, batteries, radioactive materials and general chemicals.The need for Hazard Management Planning is discussed, as is the importance of condition reporting and surveying of museum collections to locate hazardous materials.

Hazardous waste minimization: Part IX. Waste minimization in the automotive repair industry.

Waste minimization in the automotive repair industry is characterized by the large numbers of small quantity generators (SQG) producing solvent, alkaline and detergent hazardous wastes. On-site management of multiple processes which vary depending on the size of shop make the administration of hazardous waste policies particularly complex. This paper presents the quantities and types of hazardous materials typically produced. Guidelines are presented to allow generators to organize a waste minimization program.

High explosives and smokeless powders and their applications in warfare

Many types of ordnance are obsolete and no longer serve a useful purpose. The amount of unused pyrotechnic ordnance both nationally and internationally has grown to a level where disposal is a necessity. Due to the various types of constituents found in pyrotechnic ordnance, open burning and open detonation have been eliminated as a means of disposal. In addition, the disassembly and material reuse/ recycle is impractical. Therefore, alternative technologies must be utilized to help reduce the overall stockpile of pyrotechnic ordnance. A proven scientific method of treating many types of hazardous materials is plasma technology. The US Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command, Armament Research Development and Engineering Center (TACOM-ARDEC) is currently evaluating the use of plasma technology for the disposal of pyrotechnic ordnance. The Plasma Ordnance Demilitarization System (PODS), a system specifically designed for treatment of ordnance, is in the final stages of integration testing. PODS will be installed and operated at the Western Area Demilitarization Facility at the Hawthorne Army Depot (HWAD), Hawthorne, NV. HWAD stores a significant amount of stockpiled ordnance classified for disposal. The PODS recently completed the Factory Integration Test (FIT) in preparation for shipment to HWAD. However, due to the lengthy permitting cycle actual trial burn and complete system shakedown are not scheduled until late 2001.