Types Of Diagrams Research Articles

Алгоритмические аспекты создания и использования ключевых пространств беспроводных сенсорных сетей на основе комбинаторных блок-схем

Algorithmic approach principles relating to development and use of wireless sensor network (WSS) key spaces are formulated based on an analysis of the keys management peculiarities. The formulated principles, which meet certain requirements for the WSS key spaces, have been elaborated proceeding from the assumption that their structure corresponds to one of the varieties of combinatorial block diagrams: cyclic or acyclic projective plane, linear or quadratic transversal block diagrams. Owing to the WSS having a distributed configuration, it becomes possible to avoid the need to construct a combinatorial block diagram in full scope, and the required blocks are computed, whenever necessary, in scaling the network (in adding new nodes) or when determining, in a decentralized manner, the switching parameters of specific nodes. To do so, it is necessary to have algorithms for computing the blocks of the combinatorial block diagram (as the sets of key numbers allocated to a given node) and dual blocks (as the sets of the numbers of nodes to which keys are assigned with the numbers coinciding with the numbers of dual blocks), as well as algorithms for solving derived problems: computing of the key numbers common to two nodes and the number of the node that has a common key with one of two nodes and, possibly, another key with the other one. These problems are solved by using the numbering of elements, blocks and dual blocks in accordance with the proposed duality rule: sets of elements and dual blocks are in one-to-one correspondence by numbering; the dual block with a specified number contains the numbers of blocks containing elements with this number. Distributed (independent) calculation of blocks is carried out on the basis of algebraic identifiers computed by block numbers. In addition to the possible absence of a physical connection between the nodes, the inadmissibility of using separate (compromised) keys is taken into account, and the incomplete furnishing of the network nodes with keys, as well as the incompleteness of the system implementation as a whole. Algorithms for computing the switching parameters of two nodes in designing the WSS and an algorithm for computer modeling of the calculation of such parameters during the WSS operation subject to the specified constraints and in using any of the above types of combinatorial block diagrams are presented.

Influence of Asymmetric Gain Suppression on Relative Intensity Noise Properties of Multimode Semiconductor Lasers

We introduce modeling and simulation of the noise properties associated with types of modal oscillations induced by scaling the asymmetric gain suppression (AGS) in multimode semiconductor lasers. The study is based on numerical integration of a system of rate equations of 21-oscillating modes taking account of the self- and cross-modal gain suppression mechanisms. AGS is varied in terms of a pre-defined parameter, which is controlled by the linewidth enhancement factor and differential gain. Basing on intensive simulation of the mode dynamics, we present a mapping (AGS versus current) diagram of the possible types of modal oscillations. When the laser oscillation is hopping multimode oscillation (HMMO), the spectra of relative intensity noise (RIN) of the total output and hopping modes are characterized by a sharp peak around the relaxation oscillation (RO) frequency and a broad peak around the hopping frequency. The levels of RIN in the regimes of single-mode oscillation (SMO) are much lower than those under HMMO, and the mode-partition noise is two order of magnitudes lower.

Индийсодержащие металлоуглеродные композиты из фумарольной минерализации Большого трещинного Толбачинского извержения

The results of studies of metal-carbon composites, unique in composition and origin, in which the metal component is a tin-aluminum alloy with an admixture of In, Cu, Fe, Cr, Se, are discussed. The morphology and internal structure of particles, variations in the chemical composition, and the isotopic of carbon impurities are analyzed. Based on the diagram of the eutectic type, a conclusion was made about the crystallization of alloys in the temperature range 650—150 °С. The question of the indium content of volcanic products in Kamchatka as a new and possibly industrially promising type of phase-diverse indium mineralization is discussed.

Directions for Improving Apcs in the Oil and Gas Production Industry

The paper discusses automated control systems for technological processes (APCS) of oil and gas producing enterprises of the Russian Federation. The history of the development of automated process control systems in oil and gas production is described. At the moment, the efficient operation of technological facilities is not possible without the use of automated control systems. Special attention should be paid to the fact that almost all oil production facilities are currently characterized by a high level of depletion and are mainly at the late (third or fourth) stages of operation. Under these conditions, the average production rate falls, the costs of technological procedures for oil and gas production increase significantly. In this regard, in the current conditions, the effective development of process control systems for oil and gas enterprises is an extremely urgent task. The paper provides a typical block diagram and classification of automated systems that provide control of technological processes in oil and gas production. The necessity of using an automated dispatch control system (ADCS) is substantiated and its main tasks are considered. The need for an automated process control system in oil and gas production to reach the next level of functional development, which can be provided by modern automation and communication means, is clearly demonstrated, thereby giving a new impetus to the digital transformation process. The concept of "smart" well is considered, comparative characteristics of different levels of oil fields are presented: standard, digital and intelligent. The concepts of big data (Big Data), cloud technologies (Cloud Storage), augmented reality are considered in relation to the specifics of the industry. A qualitative assessment of the readiness and development prospects of the APCS in the context of the transition to digital technologies in oil and gas production is carried out. The digital transformation of the industry must be economically substantiated and justified.

ON THE STRUCTURE OF EUTECTIC SYSTEMS MELTINGS: THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF MODEL REPRESENTATION OF THE LIQUID STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION

In the offered article theoretical researches of eutectic systems are systematized, connection of results of these researches with model representation of the description of structure of a liquid for the purpose of the further practical realization is allocated. This study is relevant because there is no generalized and systematic information on the study of the structure of melts of eutectic systems. On the one hand, this is due to certain contradictions in some studies. However, the main problem is the ambiguity and inconsistency of interpretation of the results of studies of the structure of melts. The authors note that in solving problems related to the nature of the liquid state, of particular interest is the study of the structure of two-component melts, which form in the solid state phase equilibrium diagrams of the eutectic type. The term eutectic means "most fusible" and is used to describe an isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid decomposes into two or more solid phases during cooling. It is proposed to make judgments about the structure of metal melts of eutectic systems according to the type of liquidus line of the phase equilibrium diagram. To do this, all eutectic systems are divided into: systems with a smooth liquidus line without an inflection point in either the pre-eutectic or the supereutectic region (NI); systems with an inflection point on one branch of the liquidus line; systems with an inflection point on both branches of the liquidus line; systems with a eutectic point near the zero concentration of one of the components and an inflection point on the liquidus line (0% SI). Based on the generalized and systematized results of theoretical and experimental studies, it is proved that eutectic systems are polygenic systems that have a wide range of interactions between particles and, accordingly, have a short-range structure. This information can make it possible to unambiguously interpret the results of diffraction studies and physicochemical analysis data to create a model representation of the description of the structure of the liquid (melt).

REVERSE ENGINEERING OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS USING ANALYTICAL NETWORKS

A method for the synthesis of numerical models based on analytical networks for nonlinear systems ofincreased complexity using their known input and output signals taken synchronously is proposed. The functioning of the proposed analytical networks is based on the use of a modified genetic algorithm and a library of blocks of constant functionality. Genotype structure and mutation algorithms are proposed for describing an analyticalnetwork. In addition, methods for modeling complex non-linear systems using the Volterra, Wiener-Hammerstein series, adaptive filters, non-linear model of an autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs, neural networks and genetic algorithms are considered, and the main problems that arise when using these models are identified. Apractical example of the possibility of using the analytical network is shown on the example of the resynthesis of asound synthesizer. A typical diagram of such a synthesizer is described. A possible scheme of a re-synthesized system based on an analytical network that is functionally as similar as possible to desired system is considered. The possibility of automatically constructing a numerical model of the reaction of a nonlinear mechanical system to inputdisturbances using known input and output signals recorded synchronously is shown. The main difficulties of theresynthesis of complex systems for sound reproduction are considered - the influence of psychoacoustic phenomena on the perception of synthesis results and the need to ensure high fidelity for obtaining adequate results are shown.The structure of typical blocks of the analytical network is proposed, which should include typical conversions used in digital signal processing, arithmetic and logical operations, correlation and comparison blocks, hysteresis components, and in addition, typical possible standard blocks of a system that undergoes resynthesis.

Contextos de comunicación/ educación

El desarrollo del campo de la comunicación/educación instaló la enumeración de los espacios institucionales educativos, sociocomunitarios y mediático-tecnológicos, estos fueron escenarios de intervención político-cultural. A partir del contextualismo radical que sugieren los estudios culturales, aquí buscamos profundizar líneas teóricas que trasciendan a la escuela como espacio privilegiado de los primeros análisis en comunicación/educación. Desmenuzar los contextos incrustados, sus relaciones, las conexiones entre cierto tipo de espacios, territorios y diagramas es lo que permitirá alcanzar una nueva articulación. Instituciones educativas, ámbitos mediático-tecnológicos y sociocomunitarios tienen políticas de significación particulares que se dan a partir de estar alojados en un tipo específico de coyuntura. Una coyuntura tiene sus puntos de fuga sobre los cuales es posible construir otro tipo de contextos más proclives a horizontes políticos más igualitarios.

GRAPHIC PLANNING OF RESEARCH THE INFLUENCE OF FACTORS ON LONGITUDINAL STABILITY OF ROLLING

At every step of the master's qualification work, starting with the planning of the research, the effectiveness of actions must be ensured. The basis for solving this problem can be the use of fairly simple, but very clear methods that are recognized as effective. For the processes of manufacturing products and their operation, the scheme of causation can be built according to the diagram of Ishikawa. According to the theme of the qualification work, the general type of diagram is transformed: some categories become implicit, i.e. become "invisible" in the figure, in other categories decomposition is performed - the branches are transformed into trees. With the technological orientation of research, the categories of "man", "management", "measurement" become implicit when it involves the involvement of staff with a sufficient level of skills and competencies, management and measurement are carried out in accordance with modern requirements with a sufficient level of scientific validity. According to the theme of the work, technological categories define graphic trees. As a result, a diagram of causal relationships is constructed, which allows to characterize in more detail the conditions of longitudinal stability of hot rolling of steel under the influence of production factors.

Printing the Bespoke Book

Abstract In 1482, Erhard Ratdolt, a prominent German printer in Venice, issued the editio princeps of Euclid’s Elements. Ratdolt experimented with the new technology of printing to overcome the difficulty in arranging geometric diagrams alongside the text. This article examines the materials and techniques that Ratdolt used in his edition of Elements including his use of vellum, gold printing, and illumination for special copies as well as his use of woodcuts, movable type, and metal-cast diagrams. Significantly, the legacy of Ratdolt’s innovations continued almost one hundred years later in subsequent editions of Elements. In 1572, Camillo Francischini printed Federico Commandino’s Latin translation and commentary, and today, there are at least two surviving copies of this edition printed on blue paper. Both printers, Ratdolt and Francischini, used the printing press to produce unique and bespoke books using material and visual cues from luxury objects like illuminated manuscripts. These case studies of Euclid’s Elements brings together the fields of art history, history of the book, and the history of geometry, and analyzes the myriad ways that printers employed the printing press in the early modern period to elevate and modernize ancient, mathematical texts.

Graviton loop contribution to Higgs potential in gauge–Higgs unification

Abstract We study the two-loop finiteness of an effective potential for a Higgs boson that is the fifth component of a gauge field in a $U(1)$ gauge theory coupled to quantum gravity on the five-dimensional space-time $M^4\times S^1$. There are two types of diagrams including quantum gravitational corrections. We find that only one type of diagram contributes to the effective potential for the Higgs boson, and its magnitude is finite.

Канцэптуальная мапа беларускага маўленчага этыкету

The pragmatics and semantics of speech acts of greeting, farewell, gratitude, forgiveness, wishes, requests, expressions of politeness and congratulations are presented in the form of a mental map (intellectual map or mind map) and described in the article. This map is considered to be a type of concept map or spider diagram. A similar idea of information visualization was found in antiquity, although its usage in educational processes was fi rst recorded in the 1970s as the «idea of the sun’s explosion», as well as Tony Busen’s «radial tree» or «intellectual map» (1974). It was at that time that the idea that such a refl ection of the material increases the effectiveness of learning up to 15% was suggested.

THE USE OF DATA WAREHOUSES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION PROCESSING SYSTEM IN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

This article highlights the issue of the importance of information, the need to ensure its proper storage and use. Nowadays, the question of the importance of studying the functioning of data storage facilities in one of the most common design models – Data Flow Diagram, and data storage (DS or DW) in the whole. A study of abstract devices of this information security model was carried out: types, features and types of data storage, which are used in information systems (relational, multidimensional, and hybrid repositories), from the point of view of using models for presenting data; appearance of warehouses and building rules; Letter identifiers of storages “D”, “C”, “M” and “T” with the help of which the type of storages is determined; features of the numerical part of the identifiers for decompositions of the first and second tier processes; mechanisms that support data retention for their intermediate processing in information systems. Transition of properties and characteristics from physical to logical representation, rationalization of data warehouses by considering the features of the logical model. In the course of the work, the peculiarities of the construction of the DFD and the reflection of the interrelationships in all the component diagrams, defined in the general rules that are valid for the two, were considered. The highlighted issues concern the elements of the diagrams, which can be freely exploited within the borders of Ukraine, as well as the elemental content of the different types of diagrams in the diagrams. The unique functionality of domestic DFD diagrams allows to use a sufficient, albeit limited, elemental structure for construction. Depending on the actual possibilities, the diagrams of the Ukrainian manufacturer are somewhat simplified and imperfect according to modern technologies, but these factors do not diminish the importance and necessity of adequate data protection at the highest level. Therefore, in this work, the main most informative moments of the use of this or that type of storage, the demand for DS, in the field, are highlighted, possible advantages and disadvantages of using physical data storage facilities and features of virtual operation.

The sediment distribution characteristics and transport pattern in the eastern China seas

As one of the most important margin seas around the west Pacific, the eastern China seas are important sink for terrigenous materials and forms multiple geology structures. So research the composition and spatial distribution of sediments could help us to understand the dynamics mechanism of the marine sedimentary environment, further to comprehend the land-sea interaction process. Based on high spatial resolution sediment survey in the eastern China seas, the distribution diagram of the sediment types was compiled to reveal the space regularities of sediment. In this study, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was used to identify the controlling factors that are the main controls of the sediment distribution in the study area, which revealed three factors (F1, F2 and –F1) representing grain size categories of >5.75φ, 4.25–5.75φ and 1.50–3.00φ, respectively. F1 represents fine sediments (>5.75φ), -F1 represents coarse sediments (1.50–3.00φ), and F2 represents intermediate-sized sediments (4.25–5.75φ). The sediment transport patterns of the different grain size categories in the eastern China seas are discussed in the context of a comprehensive analysis of sediment grain size composition, material sources, flow patterns, and other factors. The results show that fine-grained sediments represent a “distant” sink of terrigenous material that formed in a stable and low-energy sedimentary environment. The coarse sediment deposits were formed in the late Pleistocene when the hydrodynamic conditions were relatively strong, and the intermediate-sized sediments were distributed in an area with a high concentration of suspension representative of mid-strength hydrodynamic conditions.

Characterization of cork and cork agglomerates under compressive loads by means of energy absorption diagrams

Cork and cork agglomerates could be suitable replacements for petroleum-based polymeric foams due to their similar internal structure of cells and grains. Additionally, cork products have a renewable origin and are recyclable. Despite these notable properties, few studies have analysed the mechanical properties, especially the specific properties, of these materials under compressive loads. Moreover, although efficiency, ideality, and energy-normalized stress diagrams are commonly used for polymeric foams and 3D-printed lattice structures, these types of diagrams are not yet applied to cork products. It must be highlighted that efficiency diagrams are plotted only against nonspecific properties so, this article proposes additionally the use of nonspecific properties to compare materials not only in terms of properties per unit volume instead but also in terms of properties per unit mass that is more suitable for certain applications in which the weight is crucial. The materials studied herein include three different white cork agglomerates, a brown cork agglomerate, a black cork agglomerate, natural cork, and expanded polystyrene foam, which are subjected to quasi-static compressive loads.

Dynamic Load and Strength Determination of Carrying Structure of Wagons Transported by Ferries

A rapid development of economic relations between states has required an introduction of combined rail/ferry transportation. A feature of this type of transportation is the possibility of wagons traveling by sea on specially equipped ships—railway ferries. However, the transportation of wagons by sea is accompanied by damage to their structures. This follows from the fact that the wagons are not adapted to this type of transportation. In addition, the design of wagons does not consider the loads that can act on them during transportation by sea. In this connection, it is important to study the dynamic loading and strength of wagons during their transportation by sea. The current work investigated into dynamic load on the carrying structure of wagons transported by ferries using mathematical and computer modelling and defined accelerations on the wagon body. The adequacy of the models was checked with an F-test. The results of strength calculation for the carrying structure of a wagon made it possible to conclude that a typical fixation diagram does not provide the admissible range of strength parameters. The current work proposed an improved fixation diagram for cars on the deck with the viscous binder. The solution was substantiated by the results of the mathematical modelling of dynamic forces, strength, and stability of the carrying structure of a wagon on the deck. The results of the work will contribute to the creation of recommendations for the transportation of wagons on ferries. The research can contribute to safe transportation of wagons by ferries, and higher efficiency of the combined transportation

Thermodynamic Analysis of the Deoxidation Ability of Aluminum in the Melt of the Fe-Cr-C System at 1600 °C

In the course of the present work, we performed a thermodynamic analysis of the deoxidation ability of aluminum in the melt of the Fe-Cr-C system at 1600 °C using the technique of constructing a special type of diagram - the surface of the solubility of components in a metal (SSCM), which binds changes in the composition of the metal melt with changes in the composition of deoxidation products. The calculation of the SSCM was based on the equilibrium constants of the reactions of the elements with oxygen interaction in a metal melt, as well as on the first-order interaction parameters (according to Wagner) of elements in liquid iron. During the calculation, the parameter e Al = 0.023 was estimated. Based on the results of the calculation of the SSCM, the concentration regions of the existence of non-metallic phases - deoxidation products in equilibrium with liquid metal were determined.

Experimental investigation of the uniaxial compressive behavior of thin building granite

To investigate the uniaxial compressive behavior of a thin granite material, three groups of thin granite cylinders with the same length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of 0.5 but with different lengths were manufactured. An additional group of standard cylinders was made to compare the mechanical properties with those of cylinders with smaller lengths. Uniaxial compressive tests were carried out, and the resulting stress–strain diagrams were obtained. Brittle columnar fracture failure was the typical damage mode. The geometrical shape of the pre-peak stress–strain diagrams was nonlinear in the four groups of specimens. The post-peak branches were nonlinear for the diagrams of groups with lengths of 25 mm and 30 mm, while the branches were linear in the other two groups. The resulting compressive strength ranged between 119 N/mm2 and 167 N/mm2, and it varied with the geometries. A representative stress–strain diagram of each group of specimens was fitted based on the obtained diagrams. The resulting two types of diagrams matched the experimental diagrams closely compared to those in the reference literature. The mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus and threshold stresses of each stress–strain diagrams were obtained, and their relationships were analyzed and fitted mathematically. The size effects of the specimens were discussed through the relationships between the strength (or elastic modulus) and the diameter. The strength modification formulas were evaluated in terms of the L/D ratio. It was found that these formulas did not apply to the tested specimens.

Исследование и оценка механической анизотропии сталей и сплавов магнитошумовым методом

The aim of this work is to experimentally study the relationship between mechanical properties using the example of the normal anisotropy coefficient of sheet metal, mechanical stresses during elastic deformation of electrical steel and anisotropy of the physical and mechanical properties of a set of steels and alloys with magnetic noise parameters.
 The mechanical anisotropy of the ferromagnetic materials properties predetermines the need for its study and evaluation, since it has a significant impact on the basic physical and mechanical characteristics of components, products and structures. Taking into account the relationship between the physical and mechanical properties of the material with the magnetic characteristics, to study the possibility of non-destructive testing of anisotropy the method of the Barkhausen effect was used, the informative parameters of which are magnetostructural and magnetoanisotropic. To study mechanical anisotropy a device for circular rotation of the Barkhausen transducer over the sample surface and a device for the production of elastic tensile / compressive stresses during static bending were made. Comparison of the results obtained using magnetic noises with the known coefficients of normal anisotropy of thin-sheet steel samples showed their qualitative and quantitative agreement, confirming the presence of a close relationship between them. It was found that elastic deformation in samples of anisotropic electrical steel leads to a sharp change in the level of magnetic noise and the type of circular diagrams, taking into account the sign of stresses. It is shown that as a result of cold rolling according to magnetic noise the samples have a pronounced texture due to the direction of rolling along the longest side of the sheet. The formed elastic deformation under tension and compression during static bending practically does not change the texture - the induced crystallographic anisotropy after rolling. The relationship between the intensity of magnetic noise and the degree of anisotropy is established and the possibility of evaluating the magnetic anisotropy in various steels and alloys using the Barkhausen effect method is investigated and confirmed.

Reactive flash sintering (RFS) in oxide systems: kinetics and thermodynamics

The literature of the reactive flash sintering (RFS) in multi-component oxide systems nowadays consists of different types of binary phase diagrams, which were used here for analysis. Kinetic analysis of the reaction and simultaneous densification of the product phase via the liquid-film-assisted flash sintering is in agreement with a few seconds time scale of RFS. Capillarity and osmotic driving forces under the applied electric field are responsible for the ultrafast reaction and compound formation. Thermodynamic analyses of model systems with characteristic eutectic and peritectic reactions and congruent solidification show that all systems have to undergo local melting for the observed ultrafast reaction and the resultant microstructures. While the liquid film subjected to the external electric field has a transient nature, its homogenous composition is in the equilibrium state. The fragile nature of the major oxide melts imposes crystallization and growth during the cooling with partition coefficient of 1. Therefore, equilibrium phase diagrams can be used to predict the final product phases and microstructures according to the precursor powder composition and the flash conditions.

A new approach to the design of suspension roof systems

Over the last century, the suspension roofs design has progressed until the advent of the shells theory in the first half of the 20th century, due to a rapid pace in technological advancement. A paradigm shift emerged with the new trend in structural design towards a new design process that cooperatively integrated economy, efficiency, and elegance. Different approaches in computation, design and reliability assessment of roof structures are discussed in this work to identify the key conditions that have significantly contributed to modern suspension roof design principles. A new algorithm to assess the reliability of suspension roofs at the design stage is proposed and a novel method for computational design and reliability evaluation of suspension roofs is presented in this paper. The proposed method provides solutions for the following problems: obtaining rational geometric parameters of a structure; finding appropriate rigidity characteristics of basic supporting elements; determining the elements failure trajectory for typical roof diagram with the following evaluation of stress - strain state of a structure; calculating numerical safety indices of a structure (determining the lower and upper safety limits). The method enables to find the zones, where failure will be initiated. It offers an opportunity to create additional strength and reliability of structures, located in dangerous places, such as bearing joints of the connecting trusses to external contour and internal contour, the braces to the lower chord of the trusses, intermediate joints of upper and lower chords of supporting trusses etc., at the stage of design and construction. Large-span roofs have increased liability level, since their failure can lead to severe economic and social consequences. In this case, the design of these unique structures should be based on complex approach for selecting the rational structural concept related to the structure’s function, architectural concept, manufacturing methods, construction, etc. Reliability requirements, adaptability to manufacture, economic efficiency, ecological and social factors should be also fulfilled. Young engineers should be inspired by the great structural forms of the past and be encouraged to study more works from our generation to spark improved designs in the future. Based on the above, we can recommend to young researchers the universal algorithm, based on: - preliminary computation; - analysis of survivability; - design according to the limit states requirements; - design based on the numerical reliability indicators. It will allow improvement of computation methods quality and more accurate analysis of roof structures. Using this approach also leads to increasing of reliability and durability of such types of structures and minimizes mistakes in designin and computation.