Types Of Armour Research Articles

임진왜란기(1592~1598) 상급 수군 갑옷갑[甲]의 유형별 특성과 일러스트화

This study is about the armors that high navy officers of Joseon wore during the period of Japanese invasion of Korea(1592~1598). The kinds of armors that these officers wore during this period are Sueungap, cheolgap, pigap, jigap and myeongap. Sueungap, cheolgap, pigap are all described in literatures, which were released in that period and the early Joseon period. According to publications that were released during that period, Yuyeopgap was a type of an iron armor. Armors that are recorded in only literatures published in the early Joseon period include swaejagap, gyeongbeongap, dujeonggap, hwangdongdujeonggap and dudumigap. Myeongap is found only in publications that were made in the above war time. The styles of armors are largely classified into chalgap and dujeonggap. The chalgap-styled armors used gapchal as their main component. Dujeonggap-styled armors used fabrics and dujeong. The names and the manufacturing methods of the gapchal did not changed since its creation in the early Joseon period until the above wartime. But, their shapes were considerably changed between the two times. This is clearly shown in armors that were found in the moat of the Dongrae-eup fortress. Dujeonggap-styled armors that were used during the period of the Japan-Korea war were a successor to those of dujeonggap-styled armors of the early Joseon period. But the former armors were different from the latter in that they had no gapchal inside. They are well represented by Jeong Chung Sin`s armor.

Anglo-Irish Tomb Effigy Armour: An Experiential Study

This work examines two related armour types unique to Ireland and found only on tomb effigies dating to the late medieval period. The aim of this paper is to establish how the armour may have been constructed, whether it was practical and usable compared to better-known armour types, and how it may have fitted into the Irish style of warfare. Within this work the most likely construction methods and layout of the armour have been tested by making armour segments, using modern materials, to test the ability of the armour to move at joints and rivets, while retaining its protective functions. With documentary sources these results make it possible to come to conclusions as to the armour’s use on the battlefield. The paper also aims to show the contribution that can be made to academic research with the incorporation of experiential knowledge gained from disciplines such as Combat Re-enactment and Western Martial-Arts.

착용쾌적성이 향상된 방탄복 개발과 성능평가

This study helps develop a cool body armor that maintains a tight-fit configuration to the body surface and evaluates the performance of newly developed body armor in a wear test. Three types of body armor were used for evaluation. One was a tight fitting body armor that was constructed to improve the degree of fit and ease of movement for Korean soldier using 3D technology. Another was ventilating body armor with attached spacers on the shoulder to reduce the thermal stress on the soldier. The third was a prevailing body armor produced by a Korean body armor company. In order to evaluate the performance of the body armor, a human wear test, a thermal mannequin test, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were executed. Five subjects participated in the wear test. Subjective wear sensation, total amount of sweat and dynamic change of clothing microclimate were observed during and after exercise on a treadmill; subsequently, it was found that subjects rated tight fitting body armor and ventilating body armor lighter, drier, and easier to move than the conventional body armor (p<.05). Total amount of sweat was the least in the case of ventilating body armor. The thermal resistance and vapor resistance of the ventilating body armor were improved remarkably. In addition, the skin temperature of the ventilating body armor with spacers was lower than the tight fitting body armor by at least <TEX>$1^{\circ}C$</TEX> in the CFD result. It is noted that thermal-wet comfort of the 3D body armor with ventilating feature is superior to the conventional body armor, especially when the ventilating channel is not closed due to a backpack.

STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF CUBE AND ROCK-ARMOURED SUBMERGED BREAKWATERS FOR BEACH PROTECTION

This paper presents the results from a new set of 3-D physical model tests performed in a 6.5 m wide flume at the Centre for Harbour and Coastal Studies in Madrid. These results will contribute to enhance the existing knowledge obtained in previous studies. Among other variables, they cover concrete-cubes armours and the submergence is increased, with a higher model scale. Damage criterions are discussed and proposed for both types of armour. The latter takes into account the different damage growth observed between rock and cubes-armours. Lower thresholds are proposed for cubes in order to increase the safety, though still allowing some movements before considering the damage is reached.

Estimation of destruction of missile with cumulative head during contact with chosen type of rod armour

Estimation of destruction of missile with cumulative head during contact with chosen type of rod armour

Linguistic terms describing different types of armour in Persian manuscripts

The present article investigates different terms describing armour and its diverse typology in Persian martial tradition taken from a selected number of 47 dated Persian manuscripts from the 10th to the 19th centuries C.E. Both human and animal armour used in battlefields are described.

Preparation and Interface Structures of Metal-encased SiC Composite Armors with Interpenetrating Structure

Abstract A novel type of ceramic composite armor, metal-encased SiC ceramic armor with interpenetrating structure, was fabricated using a composite process, including preparation of reaction bonded SiC ceramic plate with ordered holes and metal casting of the macro-porous ceramic plate. The interface microstructures and elemental distributions or compositions of three different metals (a steel and two Ti alloys)/SiC composite armors were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Relatively good interfacial bonding between ceramic and metal components was obtained, which is closely related to interfacial interactions and compressive residual stress on the ceramic during the cooling stage of casting. The interface microstructures depend significantly on the metal component composition (including the main element and the state of its existence after casting) and the casting process.

The Evolution of Splint Armour in Georgia and Byzantium: Lamellar and Scale Armour in the 10th-12th Centuries

&lt;span style="font-family: MgOldTimesUCPolNormal; font-size: 11pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;Byzantine technology was part of the military technology that existed in vast areas of Eurasia; hence study of the armament of its neighbours is important.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: MgOldTimesUCPolNormal; font-size: 11pt"&gt;The purpose of the present paper is to add new data about Byzantium’s Caucasian neighbour (namely, Georgia). Besides that, it also includes certain views about the stages of the evolution and provenance of splint (scale and lamellar) armour. This paper also attempts to clarify the difference between &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: MgOldTimesUCPolItalic; font-size: 11pt"&gt;banded&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: MgOldTimesUCPolNormal; font-size: 11pt"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: MgOldTimesUCPolItalic; font-size: 11pt"&gt;linear&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: MgOldTimesUCPolNormal; font-size: 11pt"&gt; suits of lamellar armour.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: MgOldTimesUCPolNormal; font-size: 11pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;There is no doubt that the Byzantine military machine exercised considerable influence on its neighbours, though an opposite phenomenon can also be noticed. The article shows that changes in armour were taking place almost simultaneously in the Byzantine Empire and the Georgian kingdoms and that some of the types of armour that were widespread in Byzantium may have originated in Georgia.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

Effectiveness of Explosive Reactive Armor

Explosive reactive armor (ERA) is a type of add-on armor that usually consists of tiles made of two metal plates with an explosive layer in between. The ERA is placed at a certain distance from the main armor to enhance its performance. ERA design is optimized based on the required effectiveness of the tiles. Various methods of defining ERA effectiveness are described. The effectiveness parameters of the mass-flux model and its derivatives, the effect of material properties, the escape length of the jet tip precursor, the explosive layer thickness, and the edge effects are analyzed, and correlations between them are presented. Analysis results are compared with available experimental data and a very good correlation is found.

Explosive Sensitivity Influence on One- and Two-Layered Reactive Armors’ Behavior

The use of different explosive reactive armor reactive cassettes is shown. Functioning rules of one- and two-layered reactive cassettes are presented. The paper demonstrates different kinds of tests with explosive reactive armour Wisniewski Adam (ERAWA) cassettes. There are some examples of the simulation of impact of different types armour piercing (AP) and high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) ammunition on these cassettes. Simulation was based on “free points” computer codes. The propagation of the detonative wave in the explosive (PBX 9404 and RDX) has been described with the use of the approximation of the so-called “detonative optics,” in which the front of the detonative wave is a surface of the strong discontinuity of the well-known shape (for the punctual initiation—the front is spherical) of the propagation speed, and the parameters of the medium on this surface are defined by the Chapman–Jouguet’s point. Scattering of products of detonation and their influence on the liner of the RPG-7M projectile are described with the use of equations of the hydrodynamics for the cylindrical symmetry. The results of the simulation process of the impact of AP ammunition of 7.62 mm, 12.7 mm, 14.5 mm, and 125 mm caliber, the type of armour piercing fin stabilized discarting sabot (APFSDS), are illustrated in figures. The changing of the following parameters on the axis, i.e., density, thickness, collapsing velocity, and pressure while penetrating of cassettes in time function, is presented. The next step to test the sensitivity of different types of explosive reactive cassettes containing different explosive layers placed on target, is the observation of their reaction to the impact of kinetic energy ammunition. Explosives contain different percentages of wax. The examples of reaction of the two-layered explosive of different thickness with different contents of wax after projectile impact are illustrated. Computer analysis of the parameters’ changes on the axis of the projectile’s penetration into explosive reactive cassettes, i.e., of density, thickness, pressure, impact velocity for different thicknesses of layers of these cassettes, and the projectile type and velocity 800 m/s and 1800 m/s, enables to know the initiation conditions of these cassettes’ explosive. The use of computer simulation makes possible to know the influence of the quantity of wax on the sensitivity of different thicknesses of explosives of one- and two-layered reactive cassettes.

Ballistic performance of armour ceramics: Influence of design and structure. Part 1

The use of advanced ceramics for armour systems allows the defeating of the projectile and ballistic impact energy dissipation providing adequate ballistic protection. The development of lightweight and inexpensive ceramics and armour designs is under ongoing attention by both ceramic armour manufacturers and armour users. This paper summarizes the results of extensive studies of ballistic performance of different armour ceramics, mostly obtained during development, as well as of the materials manufactured by other recognized armour ceramic suppliers, and the designed ceramic-based armour systems. The studied armour ceramics include homogeneous oxide and carbide ceramics and heterogeneous ceramic materials. Composition, structure and main properties of the considered ceramics, which affect ballistic performance, are examined and analyzed. Only a combination of all relevant physical properties and microstructure, including the ability to dissipate ballistic energy, as well as optimization of manufacturing processes, should be considered for proper selection and evaluation of ceramic armour. Ballistic performance of the studied ceramics as function of their structure and properties, armour system design and type of projectile has been discussed.

Ballistic performance of armour ceramics: Influence of design and structure. Part 2

The use of advanced ceramics for armour systems allows the defeating of the projectile and ballistic impact energy dissipation providing adequate ballistic protection. The development of lightweight and inexpensive ceramics and armour designs is under ongoing attention by both ceramic armour manufacturers and armour users. This paper summarizes the results of extensive studies of ballistic performance of different armour ceramics, mostly obtained during development, as well as of the materials manufactured by other recognized armour ceramic suppliers, and the designed ceramic-based armour systems. The studied armour ceramics include homogeneous oxide and carbide ceramics and heterogeneous ceramic materials. Ballistic performance of the studied ceramics as function of their structure and properties, armour system design and type of projectile has been discussed. Depending on the requirements for ballistic protection, armour systems may be designed to various configurations and weights based on the most suitable ceramic materials and backing. The examples of successful designs of lightweight armour systems with adequate ballistic performance, including satisfactory multi-hit performance, have been demonstrated.

Osteoderms of Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae (Titanosauria, Sauropoda, Dinosauria) in Pakistan

The four types of dermal armour bones/osteoderms and scutes of Balochisauridae and Pakisauridae (Titanosauria) were found as fragmentary in the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Vitakri Formation of Sulaiman basin in Pakistan. Larger and smaller osteoderms from Pakistan provide a further opportunity for correlation with the armor bones already discovered from Madagascar, Argentina, Brazil, France, Malawi, Romania and Spain.

The Use of Textiles in Arms and Armour in Medieval Poland

Regrettably, the obvious fact that textiles were used in the production of arms and armour in medieval Poland is not confirmed by written records. However, the important advantage is the variety of surviving documents. Archaeological finds, written records, as well as iconographic sources provide information about the use of textiles in the production of all types of arms and armour, horse harness and battle ensigns. This article explores and assesses the evidence using it to demonstrate the range of textiles used in many types of armoury, sometimes in quite surprising ways.

Ballistic Resistant Body Armor: Contemporary and Prospective Materials and Related Protection Mechanisms

Modern military operations, technology-driven war tactics, and current on-street weapons and ammunition necessitate the development of advanced ballistic protection body armor systems that are damage-resistant, flexible, lightweight, and of great energy absorbing capacity. A number of studies related to new concepts and designs of body armor materials (including those derived from or inspired by nature) have been conducted in the past two decades to meet the new demands. Ballistic fabrics, ceramics, and laminated composites are among the leading materials used in modern body armor designs, and nano-particle and natural fiber filled composites are candidate materials for new-generation body armor systems. Properties and ballistic resistance mechanisms of such materials have been extensively investigated. Based on a comprehensive and critical review of the advances and findings resulting from these investigations, a comparative study on design, protection mechanisms, and performance evaluation of various types of anti-ballistic body armor is presented in this paper. Body armor systems made from different materials and exhibiting distinct ballistic energy absorption mechanisms are discussed, and key factors that influence the ballistic performance and energy absorbing mechanisms of the body armor systems are identified.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CAPSTONE DEPLETED URANIUM AEROSOLS IV: IN VITRO SOLUBILITY ANALYSIS

As part of the Capstone Depleted Uranium (DU) Aerosol Study, the solubility of selected aerosol samples was measured using an accepted in vitro dissolution test system. This static system was employed along with a SUF (synthetic ultrafiltrate) solvent, which is designed to mimic the physiological chemistry of extracellular fluid. Using sequentially obtained solvent samples, the dissolution behavior over a 46-d test period was evaluated by fitting the measurement data to two- or three-component negative exponential functions. These functions were then compared with Type M and S absorption taken from the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 66 Human Respiratory Tract Model. The results indicated that there was a substantial variability in solubility of the aerosols, which in part depended on the type of armor being impacted by the DU penetrator and the particle size fraction being tested. Although some trends were suggested, the variability noted leads to uncertainties in predicting the solubility of other DU-based aerosols. Nevertheless, these data provide a useful experimental basis for modeling the intake-dose relationships for inhaled DU aerosols arising from penetrator impact on armored vehicles.

RADIOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF CAPSTONE DEPLETED URANIUM AEROSOLS

Assessment of the health risk from exposure to aerosols of depleted uranium (DU) is an important outcome of the Capstone aerosol studies that established exposure ranges to personnel in armored combat vehicles perforated by DU munitions. Although the radiation exposure from DU is low, there is concern that DU deposited in the body may increase cancer rates. Radiation doses to various organs of the body resulting from the inhalation of DU aerosols measured in the Capstone studies were calculated using International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) models. Organs and tissues with the highest calculated committed equivalent 50-y doses were lung and extrathoracic tissues (nose and nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, mouth, and thoracic lymph nodes). Doses to the bone surface and kidney were about 5 to 10% of the doses to the extrathoracic tissues. Organ-specific risks were estimated using ICRP and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methodologies. Risks for crewmembers and first responders were determined for selected scenarios based on the time interval of exposure and for vehicle and armor type. The lung was the organ with the highest cancer mortality risk, accounting for about 97% of the risks summed from all organs. The highest mean lifetime risk for lung cancer for the scenario with the longest exposure time interval (2 h) was 0.42%. This risk is low compared with the natural or background risk of 7.35%. These risks can be significantly reduced by using an existing ventilation system (if operable) and by reducing personnel time in the vehicle immediately after perforation.

Pesquisa Qualitativa nos Estudos Organizacionais: Contribuições Fenomenológicas de Alfred Schütz

Modern science is in crisis. Today, we live in a scientific paradigm transition motivated by differences and complexities. In the organizational field, qualitative research emerges as a methodological alternative to the researcher. It aids the contemporary understanding of the actor involved with the management phenomenon, as it reveals his/her impressions and feelings related to personal and professional lived experiences. The interpretative approach of Alfred Schutz's social phenomenology constitutes one of the variants of the phenomenological movement that makes knowledge of essences possible, and constitutes a type of intelligible armor of the organizational being's understanding, which has its structure and specific laws.

Overtopping performance of different armour units for rubble mound breakwaters

This paper describes a major programme of small-scale physical model tests to establish better the influence of armour type and configuration on overtopping. Specifically, 179 tests determined the relative difference in overtopping behaviour for 13 types/configurations of armour. Roughness factors γ f were determined for rock (two layers), cubes (single layer and two layers), Tetrapod, Antifer, Haro, Accropode, Core-Loc™ and Xbloc™. These roughness influence factors have been included in the CLASH database and are for use in the neural network prediction of overtopping. Individual wave-by-wave overtopping volumes were analysed and found to compare well with current prediction methods. Measured reflection coefficients for the different units are also presented and compared with recent formulae.

Effect of design parameters on the anti-penetration properties of space armor

New types of armor, including space armor, multiple-layered armor, composite armor and modular armor have been successfully developed and installed on the armored vehicles of several nations. The protective capability of armor against penetration is established. Of developed composite armor, space armor has a simple structure and is easy to produce and can be produced at low cost. This study uses the finite element package DYTRAN and the pre and post processor PNTRAN to elucidate the ballistic resistance and penetration of space armor. Factors such as armor thickness, space between armors and projectile profile are considered. A technique for simulating the protection afforded by armor and supporting the design of space armor is developed.