Type Locality Research Articles

Mass mortality of clam shrimp (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) from the Lower Devonian (Emsian) Fossil-Lagerstätte of Consthum, Luxembourg—paleoecologic and taxonomic implications

Abstract The hitherto oldest known mass mortality of clam shrimp is described from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of Luxembourg. This (almost) monospecific clam shrimp association allows for a much more comprehensive assessment and understanding of preservational and ontogenetic variation in a single taxon, Pseudestheria diensti (Gross, 1934). This suggests that other taxa originally described from the “classical” Willwerath locality, the type locality of P. diensti, are variants of the latter, and thus Pseudestheria subcircularis Raymond, 1946 and Palaeolimnadiopsis ? eifelensis Raymond, 1946 are synonymized here with P. diensti. A further clam shrimp taxon, for which we propose a new species, Palaeolimnadia stevenbeckeri n. sp., is found in the same stratum, but not in the mass mortality layer itself. The clam shrimp mass mortality is interpreted to reflect sudden destruction of the original habitat on a delta plain and subsequent transport and burial in a marginal marine low-energy setting. http://zoobank.org/0cfcb6a1-3fb7-4a1a-a1a4-609f8b1bc536

A nomenclatural synopsis of the genus Triplaris (Polygonaceae)

Triplaris (Polygonaceae) is a genus of fast-growing dioecious trees, containing 18 biological species. Despite a recent taxonomic revision, many of the names in the genus still need typification. The present work had three major goals: 1) to list all putatively published names in Triplaris, 2) to typify the untypified names, and 3) to refine type locality information for a number of the rare species in the genus, in order that the type localities might be later revisited and these rare species be better known. We recovered 98 names (at the specific and subspecific rank). Eleven of these names are now recognized as Ruprechtia species by Brandbyge (1986) or Pendry (2004). We here designated 24 types, including: 17 lectotypes (Blochmannia weigeltiana, Magonia scandens, Triplaris americana, T. arnottiana, T. auriculata, T. caracasana var. vargasii, T. estriata, T. gardneriana, T. noli-tangere, T. pachau var. longipetala, T. pachau var. pachau, T. pavonii, T. poeppigiana, T. pyramidalis, T. schomburgkiana, T. surinamensis var. chamissoana, Vellasquezia melaenodendron), 3 epitypes (T. auriculata, T. pyramidalis, Vellasquezia melaenodendron), and 4 neotypes (T. brasiliana, T. caracasana var. caracasana, T. cumingiana, T. martiana var. martiana). Concerning two species (T. paraguayensis and T. riedeliana), we have left the type specimens undesignated until original material is discovered.

Face and Available Chair Detection and Localization With a Second-Generation (44-Channel) Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis.

To compare accuracy of the comprehensive vision processing (VP) algorithm (Lanczos2 [L2]) with the novel VP algorithms, face detection (FaD) and available chair detection (ChD) methods in recipients of the second-generation suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis. Four suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis recipients (#NCT05158049) were acclimatized to new VP methods (FaD and ChD) with L2 used as control. For face localization, one or two mannequins (white/black) were forward or backward facing in three positions in a room with a white backdrop. Participants were asked to detect the number of mannequins and faces present and point to the forward-facing mannequin. For available chair localization, two mannequins (white/black) were seated in two of three chairs (white/black). Participants were asked to detect and navigate to the available chair. FaD performed significantly better than L2 for correct face detection (FaD) (81.25 ± 10.21%; L2 32.81 ± 5.98%; P = 0.029) and for face localization (FaD, 81.25 ± 10.21%; L2, 26.56 ± 10.67%; P = 0.029). The accuracy of mannequin detection was equivalent between FaD (47.22 ± 5.56%) and L2 (52.78 ± 13.98%) with one mannequin (P = 0.457), and with two mannequins present (FaD, 21.43 ± 18.44%; L2. 3.57 ± 7.14%; P = 0.257). The ChD VP method (88.89 ± 12.00% correct) performed significantly better than L2 (19.44 ± 13.22%) for localizing available chairs (P = 0.029). FaD and ChD VP methods performed better than L2 for the purpose of localizing faces and available chairs, respectively. New VP algorithms can improve the localization of specific object types while using the second-generation suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis.

Silesaurid (Archosauria: Dinosauriformes) remains from the base of the Dockum Group (Late Triassic: Otischalkian) of Texas provide new insights to the North American record of dinosauriforms.

Silesaurids (Archosauria: Dinosauriformes) are found in Middle to Upper Triassic deposits across Pangea, but few stratigraphic sections record the evolution of the group in one geographic area over millions of years. Here, we describe silesaurid remains from the oldest of the Upper Triassic stratigraphic sequence from the base of the Dockum Group, from the type locality of the Otischalkian faunachronozone. Isolated limb bones diagnostic of silesaurids include humeri, femora, and tibiae of a seemingly unique Silesaurus-like taxon from the same locality (Otis Chalk Quarry 3). The femora consist of four specimens of different lengths that sample the variation of character states associated with ontogeny, also sampled previously in both silesaurids (e.g., Asilisaurus kongwe and Silesaurus opolensis) and within neotheropods within Dinosauria (e.g., Coelophysis bauri). Our observations of the variation in the silesaurid sample further reinforce the interpretation of high variation of morphological features common in dinosauriforms. Furthermore, we show that overpreparation of bone surfaces has hidden some of this variation in previous interpretations. The tibia growth series shows that the fibular crest of the tibia develops during ontogeny, yet another phylogenetically informative character for dinosaurs and their kin that is at least ontogenetically variable in silesaurids. The presence of silesaurids at the base of the Dockum Group (late Carnian or early Norian) conclusively shows that the group was present near the onset of deposition of Upper Triassic rocks and survived for millions of years in the same geographic area at low latitudes throughout the Late Triassic.

Hidden diversity of Pyropia dentata complex (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) in Japan, with description of a new species Pyropia neodentata from the Pacific coast of Japan

SUMMARYTo clarify the genetic diversity of the Pyropia dentata complex in Japan, we conducted molecular analyses and morphological observations using samples collected from Amakusa region (the type locality), on the East China Sea coast, Hirado, on the Sea of Japan coast, and Enoshima, on the Pacific coast of Japan. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL gene clearly indicated that the samples from Enoshima (Pyropia cf. dentata in a previous study) were a different species from P. dentata collected from Amakusa and Hirado. The samples from Amakusa and Hirado were also genetically different from each other based on the phylogenetic tree. However, it was inferred that the samples collected from these two localities reflected intraspecific variation in P. dentata. Although the morphological features of the samples from the three localities were similar, the samples from Enoshima differed from the samples from Amakusa and Hirado in the blade thickness and the division formula of zygotosporangia. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological observations using the samples from Enoshima, we describe a new species, Pyropia neodentata. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the new species is distributed on the Pacific coast of Japan, whereas P. dentata is widely distributed from the East China Sea coast to the Sea of Japan coast, including Korea and China.

The Ixodes auritulus complex (Acari: Parasitiformes: Ixodidae) in the Southern Cone of America.

Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Parasitiformes: Ixodidae) represents a species complex principally associated to birds belonging to the orders Ciconiiformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Piciformes, Pelecaniformes, Procellariiformes, Strigiformes, and Tinamiformes in both immature and adult stages. This is a cosmopolitan tick species whose distribution encompass the Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Zoogeographic Regions, and Pacific Oceans islands. Ixodes auritulus sensu stricto was described from southern Chile, and recently new species from this complex were described based only on morphological characters. In this study, specimens of ticks determined to belong to the I. auritulus complex obtained from the Southern Cone of America in different biogeographic regions of Argentina, southern Chile, Brazil and Uruguay were analyzed. Additionally, a female paratype of Ixodes rio Apanaskevich & Labruna, 2022 from the southern from Brazil was included in the study. Morphological characters were analyzed and phylogenetic analyses were performed by obtaining partial mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA and cox1 genes. The specimens from Punta Arenas, Magallanes Province, southern Chile (type locality) correspond morphologically to I. auritulus s.s. and those from central and northern Argentina (Pampa and Yungas Biogeographic Provinces), Uruguay and southern Brazil (Pampa Biogeographic Province) were morphologically compatible with I. rio. The phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences support the classification of I. auritulus s.s. from southern Chile and I. rio from Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay as two distinct species. Additional morphological and molecular analyses of ticks from ecological regions other than those included here are necessary to deepen the knowledge of the diversity of the I. auritulus complex in the Southern Cone of America.

On the type locality of the Naso Stardrum Stellifer naso (Jordan 1889), and comments on morphological change over a century.

Stellifer naso is known from the State of Bahia (Brazil), but there is a lack of an accurate definition of its type locality. Thayer's expedition (around 1865-1866), led by Louis Agassiz and staff from the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ, Harvard University), intended to explore Brazilian fauna and flora, with most of its material housed in the MCZ and used to describe several species, including S. naso. Examination of specimens from the original description of that species, housed in the MCZ and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, helped review the accurate point of origin for such specimens. A combination of data from reproductive biology and the history of the region further support the actual type locality of S. naso as Iguape Bay, with an error radius of 2.5 km. Damming in the Paraguaçu River in the early 1980s might have had an impact on the morphological variation over time recorded to this species.

First report of anguilliform catfish Olyra praestigiosa Ng & Ferraris 2016 from the state of Arunachal Pradesh, a biodiversity hotspot

Olyra praestigiosa, an anguilliform catfish was first described exclusively from Darjeeling Himalayas of north Bengal. However, during an ichthyological survey along Tissa river system from February 2023 to April 2024, 8 individuals of Olyrids were collected from 7 distinct sampling locations which were later identified as O. praestigiosa. Additionally revealing it’s occurrence very distant from the original type locality of Chel river in West Bengal. Consequently signifying the first report of O.praestigiosa from the state of Arunachal Pradesh. It is defined by having an anguilliform body, first and second dorsal fin rays being non-ossified as well as the upper caudal fin lobe being significantly expanded. A comparison of morphological characteristics of Olyra praestigiosa specimens collected from the Tissa River system with the original description of O. praestigiosa available in the literature revealed slight variation in dorsal fin to adipose fin distance as well as wider range of adipose fin base length in proportion to it’s standard length. Additionally the altitudinal range of its distribution was expanded from 382 m in type locality to 212 – 919 m in Tissa river originating in the Indo-Myanmar borders.

Rediscovery of the holotype of Petaurus notatus Peters 1859 (Petauridae; Marsupialia) and clarification of the type locality

A recent integrative taxonomic study concluded that the sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps (sensu lato), comprises more than one species and that Petaurus notatus Peters 1859 should be resurrected as the available name for one of the two newly circumscribed species. The type specimen of Petaurus notatus has been considered to be lost, leading to a neotype being nominated. A recent search of the type collections of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, located the holotype and we provide photographs and a morphological description of the skin and partial skull. The neotype should now be set aside. The type locality of Petaurus notatus is also clarified, correcting misinterpretations of locality information provided in the original type description and recent texts.

Finding the Hidden Orogeny—The Proterozoic Polymetamorphic History of Northern New Mexico

ABSTRACTPressure–temperature–time‐deformation histories provide key constraints on orogenic processes but can be affected by later overprinting. This is exemplified in the Proterozoic orogenic belts of southwestern Laurentia where competing tectonic models involve either a single progressive Mesoproterozoic event, the Picuris orogeny, or a polyorogenic history that also includes the ~1.65 Ga Mazatzal orogeny. We address this controversy with structural analysis and petrochronology in the type locality of the Picuris orogeny. Xenotime and monazite domains associated with the greenschist‐facies axial planar fabric of early F1 folds yield 1644 ± 11 Ma (xenotime) and 1641 ± 15 Ma (monazite) ages and 450°C–482°C temperatures recording metamorphism and shortening associated with the Mazatzal orogeny. This Palaeoproterozoic greenschist‐facies assemblage was overprinted by higher grade, protracted (1470–1350 Ma) tectonism that included the Picuris orogeny. Our results document the complex polyphase crustal assembly of Laurentia and highlight how petrochronology can effectively see through higher grade overprints to identify a more complete orogenic evolution.

A comprehensive taxonomic review of Indian Gyrinidae (Coleoptera): new combinations, geographic distribution, and annotated species checklist

ABSTRACT Based on a thorough examination of specimens housed at the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, and a comprehensive review of existing literature, we report a total of 60 species/subspecies belonging to six genera and three tribes within the subfamily Gyrininae of Gyrinidae from India. We also identified a total of 654 records of whirligig beetles from 322 unique localities in India. Of the 60 species/subspecies reported from India, specimen data and habitus photographs are provided for 39 species. Furthermore, data for the type specimens of 12 species were included, accompanied by habitus illustrations and attached labels. For each species, we provide the current name, synonyms, type locality, key citations, and distribution both within and outside of India. The distribution of species is mapped on maps. Regarding biogeographic distribution, the Himalayas exhibit the highest species diversity with 30 species, followed by the Western Ghats (24 species), north-east (24 species), Deccan Peninsula (22 species), Gangetic Plains (21 species), semi-arid (six species), islands (three species), and desert (three species). To clarify taxonomic relationships, we propose new combinations for the following species: Patrus ahlwarthi (Ochs) comb. n., P. aenipennis Régimbart, comb. n., P. andamanarum (Ochs) comb. n., P. brincki (Ochs) comb. n., P. cardoni (Régimbart) comb. n., P. cavernicola (Ochs) comb. n., P. choprai (Ochs) comb. n., P. coimbatorensis (Ochs) comb. n., P. coronatus (Ochs) comb. n., P. cylindricus (Régimbart) comb. n., P. desgodinsi assamensis (Ochs) comb. n., P. dilatatus comb. n., P. fletcheri (Ochs) comb. n., P. indicus (Régimbart) comb. n., P. lucidus (Régimbart) comb. n., P. marginipennis marginipennis (Aubé) comb. n., P. orissaensis (Vazirani) comb. n., P. punctulatus (Régimbart) comb. n., P. ribeiroi (Vazirani) comb. n., P. ritsemai (Régimbart) comb. n., P. rivularis (Régimbart) comb. n., P. semivestitus (Guérin-Méneville) comb. n., P. similis (Ochs) comb. n., and P. volubilis (Ochs) comb. n., These species were previously included under the subgenus Orectochilus of genus Patrus. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:05E28D53-F10E-4421-8834-C4DEE58D2652

A story of Neomicrorbis: a widely distributed bathyal serpulid long hidden in museum collections

Neomicrorbis Rovereto, 1903 is a serpulid taxon well represented in the Cretaceous and Tertiary fossil records and described as the bathyal extant species Neomicrorbis azoricus Zibrowius, 1972. This enigmatic species of uncertain taxonomic affinities exhibits a morphology intermediate between serpulids sensu stricto (Serpulinae and Filograninae) and Spirorbinae. Only recently the phylogenetic placement of these unique serpulids has been clarified, unequivocally positioning them as the sister group to all other Spirorbinae. Despite this advancement, most aspects of their biology, distribution, and even morphology remain largely unexplored. We provide detailed morphological descriptions of specimens from the Azores (type locality) in the Atlantic, as well as from the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, using both long-hidden material in museum collections and recently collected specimens. This study enhances the original description of N. azoricus, which was based on a single, poorly preserved juvenile specimen, by offering a comprehensive overview of the species’ morphology. Our analysis utilizes advanced imaging techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, microCT, and 3D visualization. Contrast-enhanced microCT scanning has proven exceptionally valuable for non-invasive visualization of the worms within their calcareous tubes. This method shows great promise for studying serpulids in natural history collections. Our findings reveal a remarkable morphological consistency across specimens from geographically remote regions, suggesting a wide distribution for the species. However, molecular data on Neomicrorbis are currently limited to recently collected specimens from the Indian Ocean. Further genetic studies are necessary to fully understand the population structure and genetic diversity of Neomicrorbis azoricus across its range.

Detecting the distribution patterns of histone lactylation in the mouse testis at different developmental stages.

Detecting the distribution patterns of histone lactylation in the mouse testis at different developmental stages.

Cretaceous Spanish amber: History, research and checklist of taxa

The present work is a checklist of taxa described or cited from bioinclusions preserved in Spanish amber outcrops (nine type localities). All these bioinclusions are Albian in age (ca. 110–102 Ma), except for a few from a Cenomanian outcrop. All the listed taxa are arthropods (mostly insects), with the exception of some plant parataxa and plant palynomorphs. The present checklist of taxa has been elaborated 30 years after the first bioinclusion was discovered in Spain, thus virtually it spans over 30 years of study by a Spanish team (AMBERIA) thanks to a series of national projects funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and other public institutions as the Natural Science Museum of Álava (Provincial Council of Álava), and the Government of Cantabria together with the semi-public enterprise EL SOPLAO S.L. The list comprises 7 classes (or similar rank), 24 orders (or similar rank), 101 families, 169 genera and 186 species (including the plant parataxa). Eight families, 104 genera (implicating a total of 104 type species) and 184 species were described based on 184 holotypes from Spanish amber. We provide all the relevant data for each taxon, focusing on new families, genera and species described based on Spanish bioinclusions, pretending to be as useful and readable as possible.

Ceratothoa nipaluna sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) from Hobart Bay, southeastern Tasmania, a buccal parasite of the Little Weed Whiting, Neoodax balteatus (Valenciennes, 1840)

ABSTRACT Ceratothoa nipaluna sp. nov. is described from Little Weed Whiting Neoodax balteatus (Odacidea) from Hobart Bay, Tasmania. The smallest species of the genus, in addition to the small size and host identity, it may be identified by the weakly ovate body shape, pereonite 1 anterolateral margins scarcely produced, pereopods 5–7 without a prominent carina, the pleotelson with a broadly rounded posterior margin, relatively short and robust pereopods, and the uropodal rami being distally narrowly rounded and not extending to the posterior margin of the pleotelson. It is known only from the type locality.

Crematogaster dhofarensis, a new ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Oman

ABSTRACT Ants of the genus Crematogaster Lund, 1831 are ecologically important and are distributed in a wide range of tropical and subtropical regions. Crematogaster dhofarensis Sharaf sp. n., a new species from Oman’s Dhofar Governorate, is described based on morphological characterisation, including detailed measurements via established indices and imaging techniques. The new species is distinguished from its most closely related congeneric species, C. melanogaster from South Africa, by its small size, long acute propodeal spines, and shining cephalic sculpture. The type locality highlights the ecological significance of Dhofar at the junction between the Afrotropical, Palearctic, and Indomalayan biogeographical realms. An updated synoptic list of the Crematogaster species hitherto known from Oman is provided. This study underscores the importance of Dhofar as a region with remarkable biodiversity, with seven endemic ant species. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8DD5EB51-549C-4D92-A88E-C709F70F3A52

Automated Detection and Localization of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type II: The Optimized Detection Framework (ODF).

Automated Detection and Localization of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type II: The Optimized Detection Framework (ODF).

Axinaea filandiensis (Melastomataceae, Merianieae), a new species from Colombia, and comments on the circumscription of Axinaea and groups in Meriania

Background and Aims: Axinaea is a predominantly Andean genus, with one species found in the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama. It is similar to Meriania, and the only feature that separates them from each other is the shape of the dorsal connective of the anther. The discovery of a new species, described here, with anther connective characters intermediate between the two genera, raised the need to improve the circumscription of Axinaea and document variation within Meriania, aspects that are addressed in this paper.Methods: A new species of Axinaea is described from collections deposited in the UDBC herbarium of the Distrital University of Bogotá. The degree of threat is evaluated and the need for conserving the species is described. In addition, various groups within Meriania, including Axinaea, are summarized, and a unique set of characters for Axinaea is proposed.Key results: Axinaea filandiensis sp. nov. is characterized by its 4-merous flowers, isomorphous stamens with blue anthers and globose-ellipsoid dorsal connectives. It is known only from the type locality and its conservation status is proposed as Critically Endangered (CR). Seven groups are described in Meriania, including Axinaea, and a unique set of characters is proposed for the latter genus, considering non-nectariferous flowers, cucullate corolla, isomorphic or slightly dimorphic stamens, anthers with the vascular bundle of the connective tissue directed backwards, and inappendiculate and globose to globose-elliptic connective. According to this circumscription, one species described in Meriania (M. rubrifolia) establishes its position within Axinaea.Conclusions: Axinaea filandiensis represents a critically endangered species that requires urgent conservation action. The unique set of characters established in this paper clarifies the separation between Axinaea and Meriania. It is proposed to maintain both genera separate, considering that Meriania is an artificial group that should be split into several genera.

The tadpole of Chiasmocleis altomontana (Anura: Microhylidae).

Describing the morphology of anuran larvae contributes towards filling gaps in taxonomy and natural history. This is especially relevant for explosive breeders, in which adults remain at the reproduction site for only a short period, while tadpoles may be more conspicuous. Here, we describe the larval external morphology and internal oral anatomy of the microhylid frog Chiasmocleis altomontana from near its type locality in southeastern Brazil. We took 13 linear morphometric measurements of 11 tadpoles between stages 35 and 39 from four ponds. To compare the larval external morphology of the genus, we also built a morphospace based on the log-shape ratio of linear measurements provided by the original descriptions. To impute missing data, we used a trait imputation method that considered the phylogenetic relationships and a Brownian Motion model of multivariate trait evolution. Finally, we provide novel quantitative and qualitative data on the tadpole of Chiasmocleis anatipes based on museum specimens. The tadpole of C. altomontana is the largest among the Atlantic Forest species and the second largest of the genus, after C. anatipes. Like all species of the genus, the tadpole of C. altomontana is exotrophic, suspension feeder, Orton type II, and occurs in lentic temporary environments. Overall, C. altomontana shows subtle differences in dorsal fin height, dorsal fin insertion, tail tip, and snout in lateral view from its congeners. The spiracle of C. anatipes is ventral, single, covering the vent tube, as in all other microhylids. The species has a larger tail and interorbital distance than its congeners. All species of the Atlantic Forest clade are clustered together in the morphospace, suggesting little disparity, while those of the Amazonian clade are more spread, suggesting higher morphological disparity. Chiasmocleis altomontana was close to its sister species, Chiasmocleis mantiqueira, while C. anatipes differs greatly in terms of shape from the remaining species of the genus. Our results can improve our understanding of the morphological diversity of microhylid tadpoles and reduce the diversity shortfall in anuran larval forms.

First Record of Pleurocrypta petrolisthis Markham, 1988 (Isopoda, Bopyridae) Parasitizing a Porcelain Crab (Porcellanidae) from Brazil, with Notes on Morphology and Ecology.

Isopods of the genus Pleurocrypta Hesse, 1865 are branchial parasites of squat lobsters and porcelain crabs. Here, we record Ple. petrolisthis Markham, 1988 from Brazil for the first time, infesting the porcelain crab Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1801), and provide new morphological and ecological data. Samplings were conducted in Pernambuco and São Paulo, Brazil, between 2021 and 2022, using active and passive methods. Illustrations of Ple. petrolisthis were made with a drawing tube mounted on a stereomicroscope and a compound microscope, then traced using Adobe Illustrator. Statistical analyses were conducted on prevalence, side preference and the relationship between parasite and host size. Specimens conform well with the original description of Ple. petrolisthis, with few morphological differences in the females. In the males, the segmentation of pleon varied from fully fused to five-segmented, and the maxillipeds are present. Prevalence is higher than for other species of Pleurocrypta, and no preference for side of the branchial chamber was observed. Parasite size influenced host size, probably due to the deformation of the carapace in infested hosts. The study expands the distribution of Ple. petrolisthis from its type locality in Bonaire to Brazil. The variation in the pleon segmentation of the males is described for the first time, and the presence of maxillipeds is added to the original description. This is the first study to provide ecological data for any of the Western Atlantic species of Pleurocrypta, widening our knowledge of the relationship between bopyrids and their hosts.