Ophiocordyceps , the largest genus within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae, is known for its parasitism on many insect hosts. Recent advances in global biodiversity research have enhanced the classification and ecological understanding of this genus, underscoring its pivotal role in global ecosystems. As the type genus of Ophiocordycipitaceae, Ophiocordyceps has undergone extensive taxonomic revision based on comprehensive studies. In this study, Ophiocordyceps polyrhachicola , a novel species from China that parasitizes the ants of the genus Polyrhachis inhabiting leaf litter of temperate deciduous forests is introduced. Species placement is supported corroborated by morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses of a multi‐locus dataset comprising ITS, LSU, SSU, rpb1 , rpb2 , and tef1‐α sequences. Detailed comparisons with closely related taxa reveal distinctive morphological traits and molecular characteristics, establishing O. polyrhachicola as a unique and well‐delimited species within the genus.

The higher classification of Deltocephalinae Fieber, 1869 (992 genera, 7243 species) is revised to reflect the results of recent phylogenomic analyses of 730 terminal taxa and > 160 000 nucleotide positions, which provided well-resolved and supported estimates of relationships among major deltocephaline lineages. The revised classification recognizes 30 monophyletic tribes and 24 subtribes. Diagnostic morphological characters of the newly redefined tribes are discussed and a revised key to tribes is provided. Proposed changes include the following: Athysanini Van Duzee, 1892 is redefined to include the nominotypical subtribe (corresponding to the previously recognized Holarctic Athysanus-group of genera), subtribe Cochlorhinina Oman, 1943 stat. nov., and Koebeliina Baker, 1897 stat. nov. (= Grypotinae Haupt, 1929 syn. nov.). Eupelicini Sahlberg, 1871 is redefined to include the nominotypical subtribe, Drakensbergenina Linnavuori, 1979 stat. nov., Paradorydiina Evans, 1936, and Stenometopiina Baker, 1923 stat. nov. Penthimiini Kirschbaum, 1868 includes junior synonym Magnentiini Linnavuori, 1978 syn. nov. Platymetopiini Haupt, 1928 is reinstated from synonymy under Athysanini to include the Palearctic type genus and most of the endemic Neotropical genera previously included in Athysanini; it also includes Cerrillini Linnavuori, 1975 syn. nov. Scaphoideini Oman, 1943 is redefined to include the nominotypical subtribe, Drabescina Ishihara, 1953 stat. nov. (= Paraboloponidae Ishihara, 1953, syn. reinstated), and Phlepsiina Zahniser & Dietrich, 2013 stat. nov. Selenocephalini Fieber, 1872, is redefined to include the nominotypical subtribe Selenocephalina (= Ianeirini Linnavuori, 1978 syn. nov., Adamini Linnavuori & Al-Ne’amy, 1983 syn. nov., and Dwightlini McKamey, 2003 syn. nov.) and subtribes Bonaspeiina Zahniser & Dietrich, 2013 stat. nov., and Hypacostemmina Linnavuori & Al-Ne’amy, 1983 stat. nov. Vartini Zahniser & Dietrich, 2013 is redefined to include the nominotypical subtribe, Punctulina Dai et al., 2017 stat. nov., and Bambusanina subtribe nov., which is erected to include seven bamboo-feeding genera formerly placed in Athysanini. Several genera are also transferred among tribes based on the recent phylogenomic results. A complete list of tribes, subtribes, and their included genera is provided. Paramesanus Dlabola, 1979 syn. nov. is considered a junior synonym of Awasha Heller & Linnavuori, 1968 resulting in the new combination Awasha wittmeri (Dlabola, 1979) comb. nov. Mascoitanus Linnavuori & Heller, 1961 stat. nov., formerly a subgenus of Brasilanus Linnavuori, 1959, is raised to generic status resulting in the new combination Mascoitanus lateralis (Linnavuori & Heller, 1961) comb. nov. Omanellinus Zhang 1999 syn. nov. is considered a junior synonym of Omanella Merino, 1936, resulting in the new combination, Omanella populus (Zhang, 1999) comb. nov. Xugyrosus nom. nov., is proposed as a replacement name for Gyrosus Xu & Zhang, 2023, resulting in the new combination, Xugyrosus deltodontus (Xu & Zhang, 2023) comb. nov.

During a late-winter field survey in Baihuashan National Nature Reserve, Beijing, several noctuid moths were observed flying during the daytime at low temperatures and being actively preyed upon by Marsh tits, which removed the heads and wings of captured individuals. These observations indicate that adults of this noctuid lineage are active in late winter, providing a critical nutritional resource for insectivorous birds during the ecologically constrained, food-limited winter period. Here, we formally describe this lineage as a new genus, Shoudus gen. nov., based on a new species, S. baihuashanus sp. nov., collected from Baihuashan reserve, including three specimens retrieved during active interception of tit predation, along with detached wings and heads recovered from the snow. The new genus is placed in the tribe Orthosiini Guenée, 1837, primarily based on adult external morphology, including large compound eyes with long interfacetal hairs and bipectinate male antennae, as well as forewing patterning similar to certain orthosiine genera such as Perigrapha and Clavipalpula. Notably, the dark reddish-brown forewings with sharply contrasting pale markings, as seen in the new genus and these related genera, appear well adapted for camouflage against bark, leaf litter, and exposed soil in their habitats-potentially functioning as both background matching and disruptive coloration. To further assess its phylogenetic placement, we conducted a molecular analysis based on mitochondrial COI sequences (13 newly generated and 6 retrieved from BOLD/NCBI). The resulting maximum likelihood and Bayesian trees consistently support the monophyly of the new genus and reveal a close phylogenetic relationship with Orthosia, the type genus of Orthosiini. This integrative evidence strongly supports the recognition of Shoudus as a distinct lineage within Orthosiini.

Two aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, motile rods, catalase and oxidase-positive, designated strains GXIMD 04217T and GXIMD 01310T, were isolated from in situ cultivation in mangrove rhizosphere soil collected in Guangxi Province, China. Strain GXIMD 04217T can grow at 0-12% NaCl (w/v, optimum 5-6%), pH 5-10 (6) and 15-45°C (28-37°C), while strain GXIMD 01310T can grow at 0-10% NaCl (4-5%), pH 4-8 (5-7) and 15-45°C (28-37°C). Global alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain GXIMD 04217T shares 92.9% sequence identity to its closest neighbour Photobacterium lucens CAIM 1938T, then 92.2% to Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans DSM 21945T. While strain GXIMD 01310T shared 97.0% sequence identity to its closest neighbour "Gallaecimonas mangrovi" MCCC1K03441T, then 96.1% to Gallaecimonas xiamenensis MCCC1A01354T. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and whole-genome sequences indicated that strain GXIMD 01310T form an independent lineage alongside the family Gallaecimonadaceae. Concurrently, strain GXIMD 04217T formed a separated branch independent of the other family in the order Alteromonadales. The genome DNA G + C contents of GXIMD 04217T and GXIMD 01310T were 64.1 and 55.7%, respectively. Both strains shared the identical respiratory quinone ubiquinone-8. The major polar lipids of GXIMD 04217T were phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPG), three unidentified aminophospholipids (APL), and five unidentified phospholipids (PL). While those of GXIMD 01310T were PG, PE, DPG, two unidentified aminophospholipids, six unidentified phospholipids, and one unidentified lipid. The major cellular fatty acids for GXIMD 04217T were C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c (10.7%), and C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c (14.3%), and those of strain GXIMD 01310T were C16:1 (25.4%) and C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c (26.3%). Based on above characteristics, strain GXIMD 01310T was suggested to represent a new species in the genus Gallaecimonas, and then strain GXIMD 04217T was suggested to a novel family in the order Alteromonadales, for which the name Gallaecimonas aegicerasi sp. nov., A. qinzhovensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Aegicerorhabdaceae fam. nov., were proposed. The type strain for G. aegicerasi is GXIMD 01310T (= MCCC 1K08986T = KCTC 8390T), and that for A. qinzhovensis is GXIMD 04217T (= MCCC 1K08658T = KCTC 8392T). The Aegicerorhabdaceae contains Aegicerorhabdus, the type genus is Aegicerorhabdus.

BackgroundThe genus Roeslerstammia Zeller, 1839, the type genus of the family Roeslerstammiidae, comprises a total of four species on a global scale. The type species, Roeslerstammiaerxlebella (Fabricius, 1787) is distributed across the Palaearctic Region, from Europe to Japan. However, the presence of this species has only been confirmed in European countries, Russia and Japan.New informationThe present study reports the first record of Roeslerstammiaerxlebella in Korea, specifically from Odae-san National Park. This paper constitutes a review of the taxonomic history of the family Roeslerstammiidae and the genus Roeslerstammia. A thorough taxonomic account of the recently documented species, R.erxlebella, is presented, accompanied by a taxonomic key and an illustrated map delineating the geographical distribution of the genus Roeslerstammia. Furthemore, the DNA Barcode data of a Korean individual was made available, alongside public data from BOLD systems. The DNA Barcoding analysis further indicates that the Korean individual is R.erxlebella.

ABSTRACT Members of Gomontiaceae (Ulotrichales, Ulvophyceae) are generally characterized by endolithic shell- or lime-boring unicellular sporophytes (codiolum sporophytes), which can play important geological and ecological roles in coastal ecosystems as bioeroders. The genus Gomontia is the type genus of Gomontiaceae. However, the original description of its type species, Gomontia polyrhiza, was probably based on mixed samples that included both unicellular and filamentous multicellular species belonging to different orders. This poor description, combined with tiny and lime-boring habit, may have led to an underappreciation of the taxonomy and diversity of the genus and the Gomontiaceae in general. In this study, we address the long-standing ambiguity surrounding Gomontia and argue that the genus should be recognized as having a discoid gametophyte and a lime-boring unicellular codiolum sporophyte, based on life cycle studies of authentic G. polyrhiza. We also report the life cycle, morphology, and phylogeny of a Gomontiaceae green alga, inhabiting calcareous sand grains from the coast of northern Japan, which we describe as Gomontia parvoerecta sp. nov. This species exhibited a heteromorphic alternation of generations with a lime-boring codiolum sporophyte, similar to G. polyrhiza. However, its gametophytes were initially discoid and subsequently developed into small, twisted, cylindrical, and erect thalli, differing from G. polyrhiza. Phylogenetic analyses and genetic distances of 18S rDNA sequences further indicated that the two species are closely related but distinct. This study highlights the underexplored ecology of lime-boring Gomontia and Gomontiaceae green algae, and provides a taxonomic basis for understanding their overlooked diversity.

Background/Objectives: The butterfish Stromateus stellatus is undervalued and usually discarded as bycatch, leading to an inefficient and unsustainable use of marine biomass. Overall, although Stromateus is the type genus of the family Stromateidae, its species are less studied than more economically important fishes. Methods: In this study, we determined and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of S. stellatus. Furthermore, we performed maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses to infer the phylogenetic relationships among 21 species of the order Scombriformes. Results: Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and de novo assembly, a circular mitochondrial genome of 16,509 bp was obtained, exhibiting the typical vertebrate mitochondrial structure comprising 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. Three intergenic regions were identified, including the control region and the origin of light-strand replication, along with several gene overlaps. The heavy strand nucleotide composition was determined to be 28.79% A, 27.84% C, 16.32% G, and 27.05% T, with a GC content of 44.16%. The three Peprilus and five Pampus species formed a clade together with S. stellatus, supported by high bootstrap and posterior probability values, confirming the monophyly of Stromateidae. Conclusions: The gene order and content are consistent with those reported for other Stromateidae species and correspond to the typical arrangement observed in most bony fishes. This mitochondrial genome represents the first one reported for the genus Stromateus, providing valuable insights into the genetic makeup of S. stellatus, contributing to a better understanding of marine biodiversity. Additionally, these data will support future research on pelagic fish evolution and assist in sustainable fisheries management.

Predictors of vision-related quality of life in patients treated for filamentous fungal keratitis.

IntroductionThe broiler chicken industry has grown rapidly, suggesting that this sector plays a key role in ensuring global food security. However, to meet future needs, how chickens are raised must be improved, as probiotics are promising feed additives.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of 338 articles retrieved from four scientific databases to evaluate the effectiveness of different probiotic formulations in broiler chickens. The analysis focused on body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR).ResultsThe most common probiotics were Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and a mixture of different genera types (Probiotic Mix). The results showed that these probiotic formulations had a significant positive effect on both BWG and FCR. The combined effect sizes for BWG were as follows: Lactobacillus (1.08); Probiotic Mix (0.96); and Bacillus (0.87). The effect sizes for FCR were as follows: Probiotic Mix (-1.32) Lactobacillus, (-1.22); and Bacillus (-1.04). Except for BWG in Bacillus category, there was considerable variation in the results. Researchers have also looked at factors such as probiotic dose (CFU/kg) and the number of strains in the Probiotic Mix, but these did not have a significant influence on heterogeneity. When converted combined effect sizes to metric units (g or kg), Lactobacillus showed the best results, with a 221.69 (g) increase in BWG and 0.17 (kg) decrease in FCR. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that probiotic supplementation, particularly Lactobacillus, improves growth performance and feed efficiency in broiler chickens. These findings support the inclusion of probiotics in poultry farming as a strategy to enhance production efficiency and contribute to future global food security.

Abstract Landrevinae are nocturnal, forest-dwelling crickets, that live underneath tree bark. To clarify their diversity in India, we reconsider the taxonomic definition of the genus Landreva Walker, 1869, known from India, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu, and Costa Rica. We assert that Landreva is monotypic for Landreva insignis Walker, 1869 from Sri Lanka, as this is the only species described by Walker (1869) when defining the genus. Based on the genitalic structures and their potential endemicity to the Indian subcontinent, all the species described previously in Landreva are here moved to a new genus, Ajareta Desutter-Grandcolas & Jaiswara, n. gen., type species Ajareta kervasae Desutter-Grandcolas & Jaiswara, sp. nov., with the following new combinations: Ajareta angustifrons (Chopard, 1936) n. comb. (Sri Lanka), Ajareta clara (Walker, 1869) n. comb. (Sri Lanka), Ajareta ebneri (Chopard, 1969) n. comb. (India, East Himalayas, Sikkim), Ajareta hemiptera (Bolivar, 1900) n. comb. (India, Tamil Nadu), Ajareta indica (Vasanth, 1993) n. comb. (India, Assam), Ajareta kuveni (Fernando, 1957) n. comb. (Sri Lanka), Ajareta semialata (Chopard, 1928) n. comb. (India, Karnataka), Ajareta subaptera (Chopard, 1925) n. comb. (Sri Lanka), Ajareta talus (Fernando, 1958) n. comb. (Sri Lanka) and Ajareta zola (Fernando, 1957) n. comb. (Sri Lanka). Three new species are also described from Southern India, i.e., Ajareta kervasae Desutter-Grandcolas & Jaiswara sp. nov. from Karnataka, and Ajareta sairandhriensis Jaiswara & Bhaskar sp. nov. and Ajareta meridionalis Desutter-Grandcolas sp. nov., both from Kerala. The Landreva species described from outside the Indian Region are moved to different genera: Landreva rica Otte, 2007, described from Costa Rica, is assigned to the neotropical genus Perutrella Gorochov, 2011 (Oecanthidae, Tafaliscinae, Tafaliscina) forming the combination Perutrella rica (Otte, 2006) n. comb. Landreva erromanga Otte, 2006, described from Vanuatu, is transferred to landrevine genus Eleva Otte, 1988 with the following combination Eleva erromanga (Otte, 2006) n. comb.

The type genus of Lucanidae, Lucanus Scopoli, 1763, exhibits a high diversity in China, currently comprising 60 Chinese species. Here we describe a new species of Lucanus from Sichuan, China: Lucanus wangyifani sp. nov. We also first record Lucanus hewenjiae Huang & Chen, 2013 from Hunan Province, and discuss the difference between the specimens from Hunan and Guangxi. The variation of L. wangyifani sp. nov. and L. hewenjiae are illustrated.

Fish are classified as any of the cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates of the super class Pisces typically Showing gills, fins and a streamline body. In addition, ‘fish’ also refers to the flesh of such animals used as food. This super class of vertebrates includes all the bony and cartilaginous finfish, and excludes Molluscs and Crustacea. We most often like to consume sea food, and in this sea food fishes Play an important role and are important part of the daily diet for human being. Sometimes we find spoiled Fish, the spoilage is due to different types of bacteria that grow on the slime Of fish. An attempt was made to isolate and identify different types of genera in bacteria that at spoil the fish. The most commonly found genera include pseudomonas, Photobacterium. To identify and isolate this type of Bacteria, Samples were collected from Vishakhapatnam harbour from ten different species of fish. The Isolation and identification were done with the help of streak plate method. Different types of bacteria were identified which includes staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas, Klebsiella, proteus species. The Bacteria were isolated based on the gram staining.

Abstract Ongoing revision of the classification of the spider crab (Majoidea) families has seen numerous changes in recent years. Polyphyly in the diverse family, Inachidae, has seen numerous genera moved to other families, particularly to Oregoniidae and Macrocheiridae. The genus Eurypodius Guérin, 1828 from southern South America has had a fluid taxonomic history (including being the type genus of its own family) but for the past 100 years, has been considered an inachid. Reconsideration of Eurypodius on the basis of molecular data as well as adult and larval morphology show that it does not belong in Inachidae. Instead, genetic evidence places Eurypodius in a clade together with representatives of the families Epialtidae, Mithracidae, and Majidae, phylogenetically distant from other inachids. As such, the family Eurypodiidae MacLeay, 1838, is removed from the synonymy with Inachidae and here treated as a separate family. Eurypodiidae is rediagnosed and the type species of Eurypodius, E. latreillii Guérin, 1828, described and figured.

Faustulidae sensu lato is a polyphyletic assemblage of digeneans that parasitise marine or euryhaline fish as adults in the gastrointestinal tract. In previous phylogenetic reconstructions, this family appeared to be represented by two groups nested within the Gymnophalloidea and Microphalloidea. However, the choice of a correct name for these groups was impossible without assessing the phylogenetic position of the type genus of the Faustulidae, Faustula Poche, 1925. In the current study, we provide morphological and molecular data on Faustula gangetica (Srivastava, 1935), which represents the first molecular data for the genus Faustula. Specimens of F. gangetica were found in Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton) from Shatt Al-Arab River, southern Iraq. We report the presence of discernible muscle fibres between the pharynx and the oral sucker, as well as a zone of distinctly differentiated transversely oriented muscle fibres located anterior to the common genital pore in this species for the first time. All molecular markers used in our study (ITS2 region, 28S rRNA gene) indicated that the genus Faustula is nested within the clade of gymnophalloid faustulids. Thus, Faustulidae sensu stricto is confirmed to belong to the Gymnophalloidea.

Hypsodontinae is a highly specialized subfamily of Bovidae, primarily distributed across East and West Asia as well as Eastern Europe during the Miocene; however, the type genus Hypsodontus had not been documented in East Asia. Here, we report a new species of Hypsodontus, Hypsodontus sinensissp. nov., from the Dongxiang Formation at the Citan locality, Linxia Basin, China, dating to the late Early Miocene (~17.2 Ma). This marks the first definitive record of the type genus in China. The new material consists of a horn core that exhibits more than 1/3 circle of strong homonymous twisting, uniform elongation, and a smooth surface, displaying closer affinities to H. pronaticornis. The age of Hypsodontus sinensissp. nov. represents the oldest known record, suggesting that this genus might have originated in China and radiated during the late Early Miocene or early Middle Miocene. The evolutionary relationships among the members of Hypsodontinae, i.e., Hypsodontus, Kubanotragus, and Turcocerus, are also discussed here. Materials from the Xishuigou locality and the Halamagai Formation of the Junggar Basin may represent an ancestral form of these genera mentioned above, possibly an early variant of Kubanotragus. The discovery of this new species at the Citan locality illustrates an early diversification of Hypsodontus in China and provides critical insights into the early evolution of Bovidae.

Abstract Most species of Rhizocephala are obligate parasites of decapod crustaceans, but species in three families parasitize non-decapod hosts: Chthamalophilidae Bocquet-Védrine, 1961 (parasites of barnacles), Duplorbidae Høeg & Rybakov, 1992 (parasites of isopods and cumaceans), and Thompsoniidae Høeg & Rybakov, 1992 (mostly parasites of decapods but includes one species that is a parasite of stomatopods). Hyperparasitism (form of parasitism in which a secondary parasite lives on or in a primary parasite of a host) is extremely rare in Rhizocephala, but Duplorbis Smith, 1906, the type genus of the enigmatic family Duplorbidae, currently contains two named species hyperparasitic on bopyrid isopods (abdominal and branchial parasites of decapods) and one species on free-living isopods. A lectotype is selected for Duplorbis smithi Nierstrasz & Brender à Brandis, 1923. Recent work on the parasites of squat lobsters from New Zealand revealed a putative new species of this genus, described herein as Duplorbis korun. sp., hyperparasitic on branchial bopyrids of the genera Paragigantione Barnard, 1920 and Parapleurocryptella Bourdon, 1972. Each parasitized female bopyrid contained 3–8 externae of D. korun. sp. in the brood chamber. Externae of one host contained mature cypris larvae, a stage previously poorly known in this genus. These larvae are described herein using SEM and are shown to have a pair of long frontal filaments (retained from the nauplius stage), an exclusive feature shared among Duplorbidae. The first molecular (18S rRNA sequence) analysis of the family was also conducted. Duplorbids appear nested within a well-supported monophyletic lineage also comprising of Polyascidae Høeg & Glenner in Høeg, Noever, Rees, Crandall & Glenner, 2019, Polysaccidae Lützen & Takahashi, 1996, Clistosaccidae Boschma, 1928, Thompsoniidae Høeg & Rybakov, 1992, and Chthamalophilidae Bocquet-Védrine, 1961, most closely related to chthamalophilids. The discovery of this new species expands our knowledge of the species diversity, host use, and larval development of hyperparasitic rhizocephalans.

Abstract Hypotrich ciliates are a highly diverse, predominantly benthic group, with a few planktonic representatives identified. This study examines two planktonic hypotrich species from China: Pelagotrichidium faurei (Tuffrau, 1972) Jankowski, 1978, and Psilotrichides hawaiiensis Heber et al., 2018, using live observation, protargol impregnation, and SSU ribosomal DNA sequencing. The Chinese population of Ps. hawaiiensis closely resembles previous reports but has more ventral cirri. This is the first detailed account of the morphology, ontogenesis, and SSU ribosomal DNA sequence of Pe. faurei. Key ontogenetic features of Pe. faurei include: (i) the proter retains the parental adoral zone, while the opisthe develops a new oral primordium; (ii) five frontoventral anlagen form five cirral rows per daughter cell; (iii) marginal cirral rows and dorsal kineties develop intrakinetally, while dorsomarginal kineties develop de novo; and (iv) macronuclear nodules fuse into a single mass before division. Morphological, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic differences distinguish Pe. faurei from the spirofilid type genus Hypotrichidium Ilowaisky, 1921. Phylogenetic analyses place Pe. faurei within the strongylidiid clade, separate from the spirofilids. Based on these findings, we propose a new family, Pelagotrichidiidae fam. nov., to accommodate the genus Pelagotrichidium Jankowski, 1978.

Tropidia, a type genus of Tropidieae (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae), represents an important lineage for investigating plastome evolution and phylogenetic relationships within Epidendroideae. Despite its importance, the lack of available plastid genomic data has hindered comprehensive analyses of its genome structure and phylogenetic relationships. In this study, we assembled and characterized the complete plastid genomes of Tropidia angulosa and T. nipponica, providing valuable insights into plastome evolution and phylogenetic placement of Tropidieae. The plastomes of T. angulosa and T. nipponica exhibited a highly conserved quadripartite structure, sharing similar genomic size (161,395 bp and 160,801 bp) and GC content (36.87% and 36.90%). Both plastomes contained identical gene content and gene order, with 79 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. A total of 169 simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) and 92 long-sequence repeats (LSRs) were identified, most of which were distributed in large single-copy (63.91% and 66.30%) and non-coding regions (83.43% and 65.22%). Comparative plastomes analyses revealed the overall structural stability among photosynthetic lineages, whereas structural variation was primarily detected in mycoheterotrophic lineages. Phylogenomic reconstruction based on plastid-coding sequences revealed that Tropidieae occupies a relatively isolated phylogenetic position within Epidendroideae. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of plastome evolution and the phylogenetic framework of Epidendroideae.

For the first time, Bethylus Latreille, the type genus of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Bethylinae), is reported from the Korean Peninsula based on the discovery of a new species, Bethyluscolligatus sp. nov., which was collected in Gangwon Province near the Demilitarized Zone. This new species is described and illustrated. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences from common Bethylus species to better understand the evolutionary relationships within the genus. The resulting phylogeny supports the distinction between B.colligatus sp. nov. and other species. Additionally, a key to the species of Bethylus in East Asia is provided.

Background: Streptomyces Waksman & Henrici 1943 is the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae, it is a group of bacteria that are classified as aerobic, Gram-positive, and filamentous. These bacteria are capable of producing well-developed vegetative hyphae that include branches. Methods: The period of time from December 2023 to January 2024 saw the collection of fifty soil samples. Several locations inside the city of Baghdad were chosen for the collection of samples. After sample dilution it put on ISP2 agar for Streptomyces isolation. Several biochemical tests were done for the isolates. Results: Thirty Streptomyces isolate were obtained depended on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristic. The colonies under suspicion were cultivated on ISP2 agar and chosen based on their color (gray, creamy, or white) and colony diameter (ranging from 1 to 10 mm). Additionally, their morphology was considered, with the colonies initially having a smooth surface and later becoming powdery, soft, and granular as they formed aerial mycelium. The isolates were positive to catalase, Citrate Utilization, Sugar utilization, Nitrate reduction, Casein hydrolysis and starch hydrolysis biochemical tests, Whole genome DNA from overnight cultures of isolates of Streptomyces fradiae were extracted. Conclusion Streptomyces identification is a complex procedure. Classification within the Streptomycetaceae family relies heavily on morphological and biochemical characteristics. The local Streptomyces spp. is classified as belonging to the genus Streptomyces based on morphological, cultural, and biochemical trait and genomic DNA analysis.