Two-wheeler Accidents Research Articles

Effect of different helmets against ground impact based on the in-depth reconstruction of electric two-wheeler accidents

Skull fracture and brain injury are frequent head injuries in electric two-wheeler (ETW) accidents, and the type of helmet and impact conditions affect the effectiveness of the helmet in protecting the rider’s head. The purpose of this study was to conduct in-depth reconstructions of rider’s head-to-ground impacts in ten ETW accidents by using a multi-body system combined with a finite element approach and to evaluate the effect of two typical full-face helmets (FFH) and one half-coverage helmet (HCH) through head accelerations and intracranial biomechanics injury metrics in ground impacts. The results showed that all three helmets reduced the risk of skull fracture in most cases, however, FFH performed better due to its wider protection area. In addition, three helmets showed varying degrees of overall reduction in measuring all indicators of brain injury. Although the effectiveness of the helmets on angular acceleration was largely influenced by the angle and location of impact, it was certain that wearing an FFH was more likely to reduce rotational head movements than an HCH, and that the FFH also offered the better advantage in reducing diffuse axonal injury (DAI) risk due to its better resistance to ejection in a crash.

Investigating the severity of non-urban road traffic accidents in typical regions of Sichuan and Guizhou, China

Objective The traffic characteristics of Sichuan and Guizhou differ from those of other regions due to its unique geographical features. In addition, accident studies in China mainly focus on urban roads in the eastern and central regions. However, studies on western regions, especially non-urban roads, are scarce. Thus, this study aims to explore the factors that influence the severity of accidents on non-urban roads in typical regions of Sichuan and Guizhou. Methods A total of 541 cases from 2014 to 2020 were selected from the database of the China In-Depth Accident Study, where 18 variables, which may exert an impact on accident severity, were extracted after screening. First, heterogeneity of data was eliminated through latent class analysis (LCA). The ordered probit (OP) model was then conducted for each class to obtain significant variables that exert an impact on accident severity. The study quantified the degree of influence of the significant variables using marginal effect analysis. Results The LCA results demonstrate that data were categorized into the following classes, namely, (a) two-vehicle accidents involving trucks, (b) pedestrian and multiple-vehicle accidents, (c) two-wheeler accidents, and (d) single-vehicle accidents. The OP results show that most variables could exert impact on accident severity, and some of them exerted varying levels of influence on the severity of different classes, whereas others only influence a specific class. Conclusion According to this study, we obtained the accident characteristics of these regions and put forward some targeted suggestions to further improve the level of road traffic safety. The findings can provide support for the construction of transportation in line with the regional characteristics in China.

A Retrospective analysis of the profile of trauma victims presenting to an emergency department in South India

ABSTRACTBackground:Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries.Methodology:This retrospective observational study was done in the Emergency Department (ED) of a tertiary care trauma center in Southern India in 2018 (January to December).Results:During the study period of 1 year, the ED attended 74,466 patients which included 7675 (10.3%) trauma patients. The mean age was 35.3 (SD: 18.5) years with three-fourth (76.6%) being males. Pediatric/adolescents (age ≤18 years) and geriatric age groups (age ≥60 years) comprised 16.7% and 11.8% cases, respectively. Road traffic accidents (RTA) (66%) were the predominant mode of injury followed by falls (fall from height: 8.6% and fall on level ground: 7.8%). Among the RTAs, the majority were two-wheelers related (73.8%), followed by pedestrian injuries (9.4%) and four-wheelers injuries (7.2%). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed pedestrian injuries, low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and hypotension at arrival as independent predictors of hospital mortality. The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.7%. A quarter (24%; n = 1841) of the patient’s population was solely managed by the ED team and discharged stable, while 2179 (28.4%) victims required hospital admission.Conclusion:Trauma is a major cause of mortality especially among the breadwinners of families in India with almost half being due to two-wheeler accidents. Efficient ED professionals and a multispecialty team of trauma surgeons, neurosurgeons, and orthopedics handle the major load of acute trauma. Pedestrian injuries, low GCS, and hypotension at arrival are independent predictors of in-hospital mortality.

Pattern and distribution of injuries in fatal motorized two-wheeler accident cases - A prospective study

In India, motorized two-wheelers are an extremely popular form of transport, and they are more commonly involved in road traffic accidents (RTAs) than other vehicles. Occupants of motorized two-wheelers are more prone to sustaining serious injuries, which are responsible for greater morbidity and mortality among them. This study was conducted to assess the pattern and distribution of injuries and the causes of death in fatal RTAs involving motorized two-wheelers. This is a prospective study of 100 cases of RTAs involving riders and pillion riders of motorized two-wheelers, which were brought for autopsy in the mortuaries of J.J.M. Medical College and Chigateri General Hospital, Davangere over 2 years. In our study, the head and neck regions were found to be most commonly involved, and abrasions were the most common external injury. Intracranial hemorrhages were found to be the most common head injury. The most commonly involved skull bone was the base of the skull, and linear (fissured) fracture was the most common type of skull fracture. The commonest intracranial hemorrhage was subarachnoid hemorrhage. Frontal lobes suffered maximum injury, and contusions were the most common brain tissue injury. The most common thoracic injuries were rib fractures. The liver was the most commonly injured solid organ. More injuries were seen in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the vertebrae. The humerus was the most common upper limb bone to be fractured. The femur was the most common lower limb bone to be fractured. Head and neck injuries were responsible for deaths in the majority of the victims.

An efficient automatic accident detection system using inertial measurement through machine learning techniques for powered two wheelers

The two-wheeler accidents in most populated and developing countries have become vulnerable and six accidents happen every hour on average. This paper proposes an efficient automatic accident detection system that attempts to detect the occurrences of the accidents in powered two-wheelers (PTW) automatically using vehicle-dependent parameters and the physiological parameters of the rider in real-time. The proposed system builds an accident detection system in PTW using three steps namely, critical event detection system, accident detection system, and severity assessment system. The critical event detection system reads the accelerometer sensor values from the On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) unit mounted on the PTW and classifies the state of the vehicle as normal, fall-like, and fall through the enhanced decision tree algorithm. The enhanced decision tree algorithm uses a tanh function to calculate entropy values. The rules are extracted to fix the threshold by pruning the decision tree to identify the fall of the vehicle and the rider. Due to the unstable nature of PTW and the rider, a novel Adaptive Sequence Window algorithm (ASW) is proposed to substantiate and validate the occurrence of accidents based on the sequence of states identified. Once the accident is detected, the Decision Support System (DSS) running on the OBD mounted on the PTW decides the severity of the accident by combining the three parameters namely fall of the vehicle, fall of the rider, and pulse rate of the rider using the first-order predicate logic rules. The enhanced decision tree algorithm outperforms the other classifiers such as naïve Bayes, artificial neural network, and recurrent neural network with an accuracy of 99.8%. The OBD unit mounted on the PTW and the rider’s helmet is used to detect the occurrence of accidents automatically along with its severity with less time. The ASW algorithm enables the system to detect the fall of the vehicle and rider within five minutes and prevents false positives. Further, the information can be communicated based on the severity of the accident to the emergency medical service for quick response.

Pattern and Distribution of Limb Injuries in Fatal Motorized Two-Wheeler Accident Cases – A Prospect

Pattern and Distribution of Limb Injuries in Fatal Motorized Two-Wheeler Accident Cases – A Prospect

Prevalence and distribution of maxillofacial trauma in tertiary care centers before/ after motorcycle helmet use law in Sullia, India-A retrospective study.

In India, motorcycles are commonly involved in accidents and traffic rules negligence, most of which include some type of maxillofacial trauma. In September 2019, the rules for motorcycle and helmet use were modified to compulsory use in the state of Karnataka. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of mandatory helmet use on maxillofacial fractures and injuries in Sullia Taluk, Karnataka. The study was based on the information obtained from clinical records in the K.V.G Dental College and the K.V.G Medical College from February 2019 to February 2020. The inclusion criteria were subjects who met with two-wheeler accidents with complete case records and radiological investigations. A total of 78 individuals reported with maxillofacial trauma from February 2019 to February 2020. The mean age was 31±14years. There were 74 (94%) males and 4 (6%) females. Forty-nine cases reported before the mandatory helmet use rule and 29 cases reported after the helmet use rule. There was a 36.3% decrease in the incidence of maxillofacial trauma, 23.5% decrease in fractures, and an 89% reduction in the number of victims who underwent open reduction and internal fixation during the post-law period. There was a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of maxillofacial trauma after the implementation of the helmet rule.

Modeling method of rider-two-wheeler-road coupled system in two-wheeler traffic accident reconstrucitons

In order to more accurately simulate the injury of riders and the motion characteristics of two-wheelers, the modeling method and the simulation model of two-wheeler traffic accidents are studied in this paper. Firstly, the rider dummy model is established by using the module combination method. Then, taking into account the manipulation of riders on two-wheelers and the interaction between the two-wheeler and the road, the hand grip model and the two-wheeler model are established respectively. On this basis, a rider-two-wheeler-road coupled system model is proposed. The analysis of driving dynamics shows that the coupled model has good motion stability. The coupled model is applied to the simulation of real two-wheeler accident. The simulation results are consistent with the on-site monitoring videos and investigation reports, which verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the modeling method.

Risky behaviors, psychological failures and kinematics in vehicle-to-powered two-wheeler accidents: Results from in-depth Chinese crash data

As the use of powered two-wheeler (PTW) becomes increasingly prevalent, PTW accidents are emerging as a major threat to the people’s life and property in China. Understanding the risky behaviors, psychological failures and kinematics in vehicle-to-PTW accidents is an important first step in addressing this issue.Here 69 vehicle-to-PTW accidents captured on video from the Traffic Accident Investigation and Research in China (TAIRC) database are selected and reconstructed. All accidents are categorized into different crash scenarios using a harmonized method. Accident causations are identified from the perspectives of praxeology and psychology. Kinematics characteristics, such as impact speed and relative position, are also analyzed.The results show the crossing accident bundle is the most frequent followed by rear, oncoming and run-up accident bundles, with proportions of 43.48 %, 27.54 %, 11.59 % and 17.39 % respectively. Accident causations of different crash scenarios have great differences whether in accident responsibilities or in psychological failures. For instance, the PTW riders who violate the traffic regulations need to be mainly responsible for most crossing accidents, whereas most rear accidents are blamed on drivers who fail to properly check their mirrors when they turn, turn around or change lanes. From the perspective of psychology, the perception failures encountered by both drivers and riders are a typical causation in crossing accidents, while it is a contributing factor in rear accidents that a failure of prognosis from the rider combined with a failure of perception from the driver. Visual obstruction exists widely in crossing and oncoming accident bundles. The impact speeds of vehicles and PTWs are often less than 40 km/h in all accident bundles. A wider sensing area (field of view = 90°, view detection range = 35 m) should be achieved to more effectively detect the conflict PTWs.These findings about vehicle-PTW accidents provide a stronger support for the development of prevention countermeasures and advanced driver assistance system.

An Application of Fuzzy Value Assignment In A Relation In Two Wheeler Road Accident Non Wearing Helmet Death Details

The most important feature of data manipulation is the valve assignment in relation to the similarity method. When it comes to changing values and specifying direction, this method is extremely accurate. The primary source of data for this study is the 2019 two-wheeler non-helmet death list. Every day, there is a new accident. On the other hand, bicycle injuries are at an all-time high among this generation's riders. In this article, we'll examine the number of non-helmet two-wheeler accidents each month, month by month, and rotation by rotation.

Motorized Two-Wheeler Accidents; A leading Cause of Death and Disabilities: Autopsy Based Study in Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: More than half of all road traffic deaths in the world occur among vulnerable road users including pedestrians, motorcyclists and cyclists whereas; motorcyclists contribute almost one fourth of the death toll of road traffic crashes. Implementation of suitable strategies to address the issues of road traffic crashes is much difficult without information, absolute value of the problem, patterns and risks of injuries & death. Objective: To determine the different patterns, severity and distribution of injuries & their frequency in motorized two wheelers accidents. Study Design: Cross-sectional Study. Settings: Study was conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine at Nishtar Medical University, Multan Pakistan. Duration: One year from January 01, 2018 to December 31, 2018. Methodology: Total 167 cases died of road traffic accidents brought for autopsy and of those, 104 cases were reported to be died of motorcycle accidents involving both riders & pillion riders. The data of victim’s age, gender, site and pattern of injuries were obtained through detailed examination of the hospital record, autopsy reports and police inquest. The injuries over head, neck & thoraco abdominal region were given due consideration being dangerous to life. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: Of the total 104 cases died in motorcycle accidents; 99 (95.20%) were males & 5 (4.80%) female. Riders died in 81 (77.89%) cases & pillion riders 23 (22.11%). The age group between 21-40 years involved 67 (64.42%) cases; maximum injuries were observed on Head/Face affecting 84 (80.8%) cases while on thorax 26 (25%) cases, Neck/Spine 12 (11.5%), pelvis 14 (13.4%) and abdominal area sustained injuries in 8 (7.6%) cases. As regard pattern of injuries; abrasions were found in 48 (31%) cases, lacerations 38 (24%), contusions 14 (9%) while fractures were observed in 56 (36%) cases. Among fatal injuries, 74 (71%) were found on Head, 7 (6.7%) over cervical spines, 3 (2.8%) on limbs whereas fatal injuries on thorax & Abdomino-pelvic areas were found 6 (9.6%) in each category. Of the total 81 riders, fractures of skull were observed in 59 (73%) cases and of 23 pillion riders, 16 (69.5%) got fracture of skull. Conclusion: Male riders of motorcycles belonging to age range 21-40 years were more prone to fatal injuries i.e., fractures of skull, neck, spine & Abdomino-thoracic injuries. Abrasions, contusions and lacerations were the most common type of injuries. Helmet legislation needs to be supported by strong enforcement and social marketing campaigns. Reducing the incidence by strict implementation of traffic rules and safety education via electronic & print media is need of the day.

IoT based Smart Motor Cycle Helmet

The main purpose of this paper is to urge the two wheeler motor cycle riders to wear a helmet. In India, most of the death cases occur due to the two wheeler accidents. In most of the cases, rider suffers head injuries, which leads to death. In order to reduce the number of accidents, this research work proposes a smart helmet, which will be very useful for the two-wheeler riders. In general, two-wheeler accidents occur due to the high consumption of alcohol by the rider. The proposed smart helmet ensures the safety of the rider, while driving on the road. The proposed model comprises of an alcohol detection, accident identification, location tracking, hands-free device, solar powered module and fall detection. The proposed smart helmet will be connected to the ignition. Henceforth, if the rider does not wear a helmet, the ignition will not be triggered to start the two-wheeler. For handling an emergency situation, GSM module is used to send an alert message to the registered mobile number.

Profile of Fatal Motorized Two-Wheeler Accident Cases - A Prospective Study

Profile of Fatal Motorized Two-Wheeler Accident Cases - A Prospective Study

Do Turbans Provide Protection Against Cranial Trauma in Two-Wheeler Accidents? A Review of the Indian Medical Literature

The wearing of turbans or head scarves is mandatory for practising Sikh men and women. Religious mandatesstipulate that nothing may be placed on top of the turban (scarf), thus making it impossible for practicing Sikhs towear protective motorcycle helmets. To honour the freedom of religious expression, many jurisdictions, includingIndia, have exempted Sikhs from mandatory helmet laws. Despite studies into the efficacy of protective helmetswhile riding ‘two-wheelers,’ little is known about the protective potential of turbans. This paper represents a reviewof Indian literature (277 studies) related to head injuries sustained in road traffic accidents involving two-wheelers.This review shows that the extant literature is of limited value when trying to understand the extent of the protectivepotential of turbans and that systematic, evidence-based epidemiological studies derived from hospital admissionsand forensic examinations are required.

Statement of Retraction: cost of two-wheeler road accidents in India

Statement of Retraction: cost of two-wheeler road accidents in India

Uncertainty Analysis of Head Injury via Reconstruction of Electric Two-wheeler Accidents

Uncertainty Analysis of Head Injury via Reconstruction of Electric Two-wheeler Accidents

Estimating the cost of two-wheeler road accident injuries in India using the willingness to pay method

ABSTRACTFinancial loss due to road traffic accidents is very huge in India; yet, remarkable studies were not done to quantify the loss. In this study, an effort is made through a Stated Preference (SP) survey to know how users value the safety. The amount of money that the road users are ready to contribute for a secured transportation facility is derived from these data. The SP data were collected from two-wheeler riders in Calicut, Kondotty and Manjeri. Attributes included in the SP experiment were time and cost of travel and number of traffic accidents in a year and the WTP values are calculated through binary logit analysis. It was observed that travel cost, accident rate of the route selected, age, occupation, personal income and number of household members have significant impact on the decision-making process. WTP value of a road accident for a two-wheeler user was found to be Rs 0.4232/person/trip.

Design and Implementation of Smart Helmet and Intelligent Bike System

A smart helmet that covers and protects the head from any damage in driving a two-wheeler vehicle. The main aim of our project is to provide safety for a rider and to make life of citizens more secure while driving a vehicle. The alcohol sensor is used to detect the alcohol content in riders breath. If rider is in drunk state, without wearing the helmet the bike will not start. In this situation, the rider should have to wear the helmet then only the rider can start the bike. Zigbee module acts as transceiver to communicate between the sensors and control devices. The respective person of registered number can know the details whether the rider was drunk or not. The main advantage is to avoid the two-wheeler accidents and drunk drive cases. This project mainly focus on wearing of helmet or not.

Management of pelvic fracture urethral injuries in the developing world.

Pelvic fracture causes urethral injury in about 10% of patients. The etiology of injury is different in developing and developed world. While high-velocity automobile accidents are common in developed countries, where patients are in the car and there is usually a side impact, in the developing world, significant number of injuries are caused by two-wheeler accidents, pedestrians, farming accidents, fall from height, fall from tractor, fall from tree, and other causes like earthquake. We share our experience which is the largest in the reported literature. In our tertiary referral center, we get referrals from all across the globe. Since 1995 till 2018 we have performed 1307 surgeries for Pelvic fracture urethral injury. Our referrals are for complex urethroplasty. Our data from 1995-2018 was analyzed. Data after June 2018 was not included so as to have a minimum follow up of 6 months. 1296 patients were males and 11 were females. In the group of 1296 males, mean age was 32.4years (range 1-79years). The minimum follow-up was 6months, and the median follow-up was 56.7months (range 6.2-233.7). The overall success rate was 88.79% for primary cases while re-do urethroplasty patients had a success rate of 83.70%. The majority of our patients (more than 61.40%) needed inferior pubectomy: Of the total 1307 cases of urethroplasty for pelvic fracture urethral injury data was available for 1042 patients. Data were available for 1042 patients. The data from 2012 onwards were prospectively analyzed while the previous data were retrospectively analyzed. PFUI are common in the developing world. They tend to be more complex and have longer gaps as compared to developed world. This could be related to the anthropometric differences between races as well as nature of injury. They are best managed with delayed transperineal repair with excellent outcomes. Ancillary maneuvers are more frequently required. Re-do urethroplasty can achieve good results.

Femoral Avulsion of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in a Multiligament Setting: A Unique Case.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) femoral avulsions are a rare entity mainly seen in children. We describe a unique case of a bony ACL avulsion with a medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral meniscus (LM) tear in a 37-year-old patient who sustained a two-wheeler accident. The ACL femoral avulsion was fixed arthroscopically using a Knee Scorpion and a FiberTape fixed over a suture disc on the lateral cortex. The MCL was repaired with an internal brace using a FiberTape and two SwiveLocks and the torn LM was repaired using all-inside sutures. At 2 years of follow-up, the fragment was united, knee range of motion was 0° to 130°, and Knee Society Score was 98. This is the first case report of a femoral avulsion of the ACL combined with an MCL injury and a meniscus tear where all three were repaired with a unique technique and good results were obtained.