Two-stage Experiment Research Articles

Ideology trumps self-interest: continued support for a political leader despite disappointing tax returns

ABSTRACT People presumably strive to maximize their own benefit whenever possible, so it is puzzling when they vote for leaders who may not have their best interest at heart. We tested whether support for a political leader is diminished when supporters learn they are financially disadvantaged by the leader’s policies. In a two-stage experiment (Time 1 n = 601, Time 2 n = 343) with pre-registered hypotheses, Trump voters predicted their expected tax refund (or payment), and then reported their tax outcome immediately after the filing deadline. Afterwards, we confronted half of the participants with the discrepancy between their actual and predicted tax outcome. Having lower-than-expected tax outcomes was not associated with reduced support for Trump either on its own, or in combination with being reminded of this outcome. However, it led participants who were dissatisfied with their tax outcome to downgrade the importance of lowering taxes, possibly in an effort to reduce dissonance and justify continued support for Trump. Subjective tax outcome satisfaction did predict Trump support, but was dwarfed in magnitude by other variables such as system justification and political orientation. Thus, people may find ways to rationalize information that goes against their self-interest into their partisan world-view.

Operating regime investigational study of steel-reinforced concrete superstructure flexible pin stops of the existing road bridge

In the article, the author published the full-scale experiment results on an existing steel-reinforced concrete road bridge, carried out to determine the actual parameters of the operation regime of the interconnection elements — flexible pin stops. This work was carried out as part of the author's dissertation research in the field of improving methods for testing the elements' endurance of the steel-reinforced concrete superstructures interconnection and is a development of the previously conducted comprehensive comparative analysis of existing models for testing endurance. The article gives a detailed description of the conditions for conducting and methods of a two-stage experiment, which includes short-term and long-term parts, as well as a detailed description used for processing experimental data for each of the stages. Based on the results of the experiment's short-term part, when compared with the results of finite element modeling of the operation of the stops, the possibility of using existing computational models to describe the actual model operation was confirmed. Also, within the framework of the short-term part, according to the conducted dynamic tests results with the moving load passage through the threshold, the presence of a significant dynamic component of the resulting forces in the interconnection stops was revealed. During the second long-term part of the experiment, a continuous recording of stresses in the interconnection elements from the passage of an unregulated traffic flow over the bridge was made. The article presents both direct survey data (tensograms) and the results of their further processing in terms of damage accumulation analysis; also, the accumulated damages values from actual traffic loads are compared with the expected values in the calculation according to some design standards. Intermediate conclusions based on the experiment results are formed and directions for future work within the scope of this study are indicated.

Persistence of Digestive Enzyme Activities of Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus): Evidence From Diet Switch After Evisceration

A two-stage diet-switch experiment was conducted to examine the hypothesis that the changes in digestive enzyme activities of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) induced by historic diets might persist in the regenerated intestines. In stage I, A. japonicus were treated with two different diets for 56 days, including diet A with 11% crude protein, 1% crude lipid, and 40% carbohydrate, and diet B with 18% crude protein, 2% crude lipid, and 35% carbohydrate. In stage II, each treatment was subjected to evisceration with 0.35M KCl or not (eviscerated and non-eviscerated groups), half of which were then switched to different diets from diet A to B or vice versa for 112 days. The persistence of digestive enzyme activities was evaluated by measuring the changes in digestive enzyme activities before and after evisceration. In stage I, diets B and A increased trypsin and amylase activities, respectively. In stage II, the higher trypsin activities were observed in eviscerated and non-eviscerated A. japonicus that had consumed diet B in stage I. The higher amylase activities were observed only in eviscerated A. japonicus that had consumed diet A in stage I. It indicated that the historic diets showed long-term effects on the digestion of A. japonicus, which led to the persistence of changes in both trypsin and amylase activities in intestines, especially in the regenerated intestines. In addition, the specific growth rates (SGRs) and metabolic rates (MRs) of A. japonicus were affected by the long-term effects of historic diets. Meanwhile, the relationships between enzymic activities, SGRs, and MRs were observed in A. japonicus, indicating that the historic diets could produce long-term effects on the growth and metabolism of A. japonicus through their long-term effects of historic diets on digestive enzyme activities. In conclusion, the present study showed that the changes in digestive enzyme activities induced by different diets in stage I could persist in the intestines and regenerated intestines, leading to long-term effects of historic diets on the growth and metabolism of A. japonicus.

Effects of organic and inorganic fertilisers and Paraburkholderia sp. SOS3 on growth and drought responses of the therapeutic-honey plant Leptospermum polygalifolium

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have gained increasing attention for their potential to enhance nitrogen (N) acquisition efficiency and alleviate biotic and abiotic stress. We conducted a two-stage experiment to investigate, firstly, synergistic effects of combining the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Paraburkholderia sp. SOS3, with either urea (iN) or a combination of urea with poultry manure-based fertiliser (iNoN) on seedling growth of Leptospermum polygalifolium (Myrtaceae) over 133 days. This was followed, secondly, by a water-deficit trial over 14 days to test whether SOS3 inoculation and N fertilisation influenced water stress tolerance. We studied plant growth, plant N uptake, medium physicochemical properties, whole-plant cumulative transpiration (Tp), transpiration efficiency (TEp) and carbon isotope discrimination (CID). Seedlings fertilised with iNoN had an over 5-fold increase in total biomass and 6-fold increase in N uptake compared with seedlings fertilised with iN, and this response was not affected by SOS3 inoculation. Inoculation with SOS3 significantly impacted water stress responses in water-stressed plants, with a reduction of 2–18% in Tp and an increase of 4–8% in CID, although TEp was not affected by inoculation. Our results suggest that L. polygalifolium can acquire combinations of inorganic and organic N more efficiently than inorganic N alone and highlight that Paraburkholderia sp. SOS3 may reduce water use under water deficit conditions through shifts in gas exchange.

A nonassociated constitutive model describing transients in material behaviour induced by strain-path changes

To describe transients in material behaviour induced by strain-path changes (SPCs), including the transients in the stress and r-value versus strain curves, a phenomenological nonassociated constitutive model was proposed. The model was characterised by using a distortional function to define the yield surface based on experimental observations and a simpler nondistortional function to define the plastic potential surface. The prediction accuracy of the simplified plastic potential function was discussed by comparing different plastic potential functions in terms of their prediction of the r-value transient. In addition, anisotropic expansion of the yield and plastic potential surfaces during SPCs was described by a back stress restoration rule. To validate the proposed constitutive model, two-stage loading experiments were conducted on a 6061O aluminium sheet. Stress transients, including early yielding and permanent softening, were observed under both reverse and orthogonal loading. Moreover, a downward transient was observed on the r-value versus strain curve for the prestrained 6061O sheet, which had a constant r-value during monotonic loading. Simulations were conducted in parallel with tests in the subsequent loading stage. The numerical results of the stress-strain response, r-value transient, and force-displacement curves matched well with the experimental outcomes.

Identifying Financial Market Trend Reversal Behavior With Structures of Price Activities Based on Deep Learning Methods

In recent years, with the popularity of artificial intelligence (AI) applications, financial market forecasting based on deep learning models has gotten more attention in academia and industry. According to statistics, a long short-term memory network (LSTM) is the first choice for deep learning to deal with the financial time series predicting problems due to its internal memory that can process incoming input with the previous state. However, most of the research used the raw financial time series data composed of opening, closing, highest, lowest price, and transactional time as learning features to feed into models. This study proposed a novel approach focusing on appropriate structures that can organize the price activities as a bell shape curve and identify the greed and fear in the market with deep convolutional neural networks. In addition, this study also considered the influence of time causality on patterns. It is difficult to accurately catch the rapid changes in the market, especially the causal link between various patterns and trend reversal behavior while using only static features extracted by AI models. We designed disparate methods while generating images that could keep the time-variant features on structures and be extracted by convolutional neural networks. Each image was labeled as the upward trend to downward trend, downward trend to upward trend, and trend did not change according to reversals of overall price direction. Finally, to evaluate the availability of the trained model, two-stage experiments were carried out. The first stage of the experiment mainly evaluated the accuracy and profitability of trades following the models, and the second stage considered practical trading rules such as the stop-loss mechanism. The results of the first and second stages showed the proposed models had better profitability and extremely well-matched classification capabilities when compared with the state-of-the-art deep learning models.

Filamentous foam disintegration with free nitrous acid: Effect on anaerobic digestion

Sludge foaming is a common problem in wastewater treatment plants negatively affecting operation of anaerobic digestion reactors. Therefore, in common practice, foam is removed from reactors without being fermented, leading to increase in sludge mass for disposal. However, foam is rich in lipids and can be a good source of methane if operational problems can be overcome. In this paper, in a two-stage experiment, we show that foam disintegration with free nitrous acid (FNA) can boost methane production and decrease foaming potential. In the first stage, the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of foam was evaluated to be higher by 19–63% (191-263NmL/gVS) than the BMP of waste activated sludge (WAS) (161 ± 1NmL/gVS) confirming previous assumptions. The main findings of the second stage (continuous experiments) are: (1) foam and WAS co-digestion leads to sludge stratification and thickened biomass accumulation in the upper part of the reactor, (2) FNA disintegration destroyed foam structure, resulting in lower biomass stratification and 14% higher methane production (134 mL/gVS) than observed in the reference reactor, (3) FNA disintegration of both substrates (foam and WAS) does not provide noticeable benefits in terms of biomass stratification. However, it does enhance methane production to 140 mL/gVS and sludge mineralization efficiency. A significantly higher impact of FNA on methane yield from foam than WAS was attributed to the high content of M.parvicella and the ability of these bacteria to adsorb and accumulate lipids. Anaerobic digestion of FNA disintegrated foam leads to substantial benefits in terms of methane production, reactor volume, and reagents consumption.

In-Organization Ethics Power-Allocation Mechanisms and Members' Decision-Making Behavior.

This study examines experimental evidence showing how ethics power allocation mechanisms affect an individual’s in-organization resource division and ethical behavior. We used two two-stage lab experiments to explore power seeking and usage; the experiments contained two stages of power contending and power usage. Stage one used two different power-seeking mechanisms in the honesty game. Stage two was based on the dictator game and the ultimatum game to measure an individual’s power usage. The results show that the decisions taken by power-holders could influence the optimization of collective resources, and power-holders who gain power with unethical methods could result in collective resource allocation inequities. With more balanced in-organization power, members tend to be more honest. Subjects also adjust their unethical behavior to adapt to the environment, which could cause the diffusion of unethical behavior. This paper re-designed the dictator game and the ultimatum game by adding an ethically vulnerable power acquisition mechanism. For organizations to prevent the disproportionate dispersion of resources and achieve more public benefits, it is meaningful for managers to create a proper in-organization ethical power allocation mechanism.

Chinese Comma Disambiguation in Math Word Problems Using SMOTE and Random Forests

Natural language understanding technologies play an essential role in automatically solving math word problems. In the process of machine understanding Chinese math word problems, comma disambiguation, which is associated with a class imbalance binary learning problem, is addressed as a valuable instrument to transform the problem statement of math word problems into structured representation. Aiming to resolve this problem, we employed the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) and random forests to comma classification after their hyperparameters were jointly optimized. We propose a strict measure to evaluate the performance of deployed comma classification models on comma disambiguation in math word problems. To verify the effectiveness of random forest classifiers with SMOTE on comma disambiguation, we conducted two-stage experiments on two datasets with a collection of evaluation measures. Experimental results showed that random forest classifiers were significantly superior to baseline methods in Chinese comma disambiguation. The SMOTE algorithm with optimized hyperparameter settings based on the categorical distribution of different datasets is preferable, instead of with its default values. For practitioners, we suggest that hyperparameters of a classification models be optimized again after parameter settings of SMOTE have been changed.

Inequitable wages and tax evasion

In a two-stage lab experiment, we examine whether wage inequity has a greater impact on tax compliance and on the beliefs about peers’ compliance levels among the wronged when it results from intentional human choice versus a random mechanism. Subjects are organized into groups of six. In the first stage, we perform a wage inequity manipulation by assigning equitable or inequitable wages to subjects as remuneration for a real-effort task. In the second stage, subjects are prompted to report their incomes, of which a certain percent is deducted but not redistributed between them. Then, subjects state their incentivized beliefs about the mean of the declared-to-true income ratio among their group members. We find that tax compliance and beliefs are eroded when wage inequity stems from intentional human choice but not when it is due to randomness. Consequently, it is not inequity per se that reduces tax compliance and corrupts beliefs, but rather when inequity is due to a human choice. Our results demonstrate that incidental unfairness in the form of intentional wage inequity adversely affects tax compliance and beliefs about peers’ compliance levels. In conclusion, intentional wage inequity can be harmful for society. Preregistered at aspredicted.org #36099.

Verification and Optimization of an Ultra-low Volume (ULV) Sprayer Used for the Inactivation of Indoor Total Bacteria

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Physical and chemical cleaning to remove indoor microorganisms, which cause allergic reactions and respiratory diseases, is labor-intensive and time-consuming. An ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer, a newly introduced device to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms, allows the disinfectant particles to reach hard-to-reach spaces indoors and is more cost-effective than the existing methods. However, few studies have been conducted to verify the efficiency of the ULV sprayer. We aimed to verify the disinfection efficiency of the ULV sprayer for inactivating total bacteria indoors, considering the factors affecting bacteria inactivation, and present the optimal ULV sprayer usage conditions to achieve the highest disinfection efficiency depending on room size. METHODS: Two-stage experiments were conducted. Total bacteria were grown in broth culture, seeded into biofilm templates, and placed in each location. VirkonTM Micro was dispersed into the rooms. Samples were collected pre-and post-spraying using Rodac plates to evaluate the disinfection efficacy. A response surface model was developed to optimize usage conditions for bacterial inactivation. RESULTS:The total bacteria removal efficiency was high (0.56 – 2.46 log10 reductions), including hard-to-reach spaces. The disinfectant concentration, spray amount, and room size had interactive effects on the total bacteria disinfection efficiency. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial model, with high coefficients of determination (R2) for all models (R2 0.82). The optimum conditions were a spray amount of 3.08 – 6.40 L in 160 m3, 3.78 – 7.22 L in 230 m3, and 5.68 – 8 L in 300 m3 when using dilution rates of 100 times. These conditions predicted a bacterial disinfection efficiency of 1.10 log10 reductions (92%) on all surfaces. CONCLUSIONS:Our results clearly indicate that the ULV sprayer effectively inactivates total bacteria indoors. The study results can be used as basic data for effective control of indoor surface microbes using ULV sprayer based on quantitative evidence. KEYWORDS: Built environment, Particle components, Microbes

An Empirical Comparative Study on the Two Methods of Eliciting Singers' Emotions in Singing: Self-Imagination and VR Training.

Emotional singing can affect vocal performance and the audience’s engagement. Chinese universities use traditional training techniques for teaching theoretical and applied knowledge. Self-imagination is the predominant training method for emotional singing. Recently, virtual reality (VR) technologies have been applied in several fields for training purposes. In this empirical comparative study, a VR training task was implemented to elicit emotions from singers and further assist them with improving their emotional singing performance. The VR training method was compared against the traditional self-imagination method. By conducting a two-stage experiment, the two methods were compared in terms of emotions’ elicitation and emotional singing performance. In the first stage, electroencephalographic (EEG) data were collected from the subjects. In the second stage, self-rating reports and third-party teachers’ evaluations were collected. The EEG data were analyzed by adopting the max-relevance and min-redundancy algorithm for feature selection and the support vector machine (SVM) for emotion recognition. Based on the results of EEG emotion classification and subjective scale, VR can better elicit the positive, neutral, and negative emotional states from the singers than not using this technology (i.e., self-imagination). Furthermore, due to the improvement of emotional activation, VR brings the improvement of singing performance. The VR hence appears to be an effective approach that may improve and complement the available vocal music teaching methods.

Virtual Museum Space as the Innovative Tool for the Student Research Practice

The article presents the results of theoretical substantiation and practical ap-probation of modern possibilities for applying the visual teaching method. The EU countries’ educational experience on modern ways of working with museum expositions to form economic thinking is studied. The content of the two-stage pedagogical experiment is characterized. At the first stage, the possibilities of using educational excursions through museums and histori-cally significant territories of cities as a studying method are researched. The authors’ pedagogical product is presented - regional-themed tours on eco-nomics’ history. Using Ukrainian museums’ online resources (virtual tours, virtual exhibitions) has been developed and tested at the second stage. The thematic catalog of Ukrainian museums’ online resources for broad research practices has been created. The presented innovative tool has shown its ef-fectiveness in improving the educational process quality, forming infor-mation and media literacy, and applying inclusive education. This pedagogi-cal tool is essential in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and for stu-dents with disabilities.

Subsidies for technology adoption: Experimental evidence from rural Cameroon

We use a two-stage experiment to study how a short-term subsidy for a new product affects uptake, usage, and future demand for the same product (a new solar lamp). We use an auction design to gauge willingness-to-pay, and randomly vary the strike price across villages to create random variation in purchase prices and uptake across villages. Our main results are that subsidies do not adversely affect subsequent product use, but stimulate uptake. If subsidies depress future willingness-to-pay, then this effect is outweighed by additional learning about the benefits of the new product. The net effect is that short-term subsidies increase future willingness-to-pay. However; prices play an important allocative role, and lowering prices via subsidies encourages uptake by households with low use intensity. We do not find any evidence supporting social learning and anchoring beyond the initial sample of beneficiaries.

Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method

In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification problem for the subsequent transesterification reaction. In the following stage, base-catalyzed transesterification reactions were carried out with a 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a sodium hydroxide dosage of 1 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. Under ultrasound-assisted transesterification for 40 min, the conversion rate of biodiesel reached 97.05%, which met the requirement of EN 14214 standard, i.e., 96.5% minimum. In order to evaluate and explore the improvement of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) process in shortening the reaction time, additional two-stage biodiesel synthesis experiments using the traditional mechanical stirring method under the optimal conditions were further carried out in this study. It was found that, under the same optimal conditions, using the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process, the total reaction time was significantly reduced to only 80 min, which was much shorter than the total time required by the conventional method of 140 min. It is worth noting that compared with the traditional method without ultrasound, the intensification of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process significantly shortened the total time from 140 min to 80 min, which is a reduction of 42.9%. It was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic process is an effective and time-saving method for synthesizing biodiesel from used cooking oil with a high acid value.

Risk and ambiguous choices: individual versus groups, an experimental analysis

PurposeThis study examines individual ambiguity attitudes alone and in groups by leveraging the descriptive model of anchoring and adjustment on decision-making under ambiguity. The study extends Ellsberg's probability ambiguity to outcome ambiguity and examines decisions made under both ambiguities, at different likelihood levels and under the domain of gains and losses.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology selected for this study is a two-stage within-subject lab experiment, with participants from different Indian universities. Each participant made 12 lottery decisions at the individual level and at individuals in the group level.FindingsThe results show that ambiguity attitudes are not universal in nature. Ambiguity seeking as a dominant choice was observed at both the individual level and at individual in the group level. However, the magnitude of ambiguity seeking or ambiguity aversion contingent upon the domain of gains and losses differed widely across the individual level and at individuals in the group level.Research limitations/implicationsThe study enables to contribute toward giving a robust descriptive explanation for individual behavior in real-world applications of finance. It aims to provide direction for theoretical normative models to accommodate heterogeneity of ambiguity attitudes.Originality/valueThe study is novel as it examines a two-dimensional approach by representing ambiguity in probability and in outcomes. It also analyzes whether decisions under ambiguity vary when individuals make decisions alone and when they make it in groups.

Effects of person-organization fit objective feedback and subjective perception on organizational attractiveness in online recruitment

PurposeThis study applies a person-environment fit (PEF) framework to examine the extent to which organizational attractiveness may be influenced by person-organization fit (POF) feedback and person-job fit (PJF) feedback in web-based recruitment. Furthermore, the potential mediating roles of subjective POF and subjective PJF perceptions were examined.Design/methodology/approachSenior undergraduate business administration students participated in a two-stage experiment by completing a paper-and-pencil survey during a campus career fair and then reviewing a recruitment website.FindingsResearch findings showed that online assessment feedback on PJF was positively related to organizational attractiveness. The higher the level PJF, the more organizational attractiveness participants reported. Second, both POF and PJF feedback information can affect organizational attractiveness indirectly through subjective POF and PJF perceptions, respectively. Fresh graduates were more sensitive to PJF feedback in deciding organizational attractiveness.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the recruitment literature in at least three ways. First, online recruitment messages concerning can affect organizational attractiveness. Second, in support of the PEF framework, fresh graduates can distinguish subjective POF perceptions from subjective PJF perceptions. Third, fresh graduates are more sensitive to PJF information and perceptions in deciding organizational attractiveness.

Tooth wear, growth and height in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed pelleted or extruded diets with or without added abrasives.

Among the different factors thought to affect dental wear, dietary consistency is possibly the least investigated. To understand tooth wear of herbivorous animals consuming different dietary consistencies with different abrasive potential, we fed 14 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) exclusively with a timothy grassmeal-based diet in either pelleted or extruded form, or the same diets with an addition of 5% fine sand abrasives (mean size 130µm). First, we offered the rabbits the pelleted and extruded diets as well as the pelleted control and pelleted abrasive diet in a two-stage preference experiment. Then, the rabbits received each diet for 2weeks in a randomised serial feeding experiment, where each animal served as its own control. Tooth measurements for wear, growth and height were achieved using a manual calliper, endoscopic examination and CT scans. The analysis of the diets as fed showed almost identical mean particle size, but the extruded diet had a lower density (volume/mass) and softer consistency compared to the pelleted one and was favoured by most rabbits. The rabbits selected against the diet with sand during the preference experiment, possibly because it caused more tooth wear, especially on the teeth most exposed to wear along the upper tooth row (upper P4 and M1). The maxillary teeth also showed evidence of an increased chewing laterality by the end of the experiment. The extruded diet led to a significantly lower cheek teeth height than the pelleted diet, potentially due to the higher chewing effort needed for a similar dry matter intake. The results suggest that dietary hardness alone is a poor predictor of dental wear. The regrowth of the teeth matched wear consistently.

Reaching for Returns in Retail Structured Investment

The growing market for retail structured investment products and empirical evidence for excessive pricing of such products raise the hypothesis that private investors show increased risk appetite in structured investment contexts. A two-stage framed field experiment building on cumulative prospect theory is designed to test this hypothesis. Subjects’ expectations regarding the future performance of an underlying index are elicited first. A bisection algorithm is then applied to derive the certainty equivalents of 20 simple individually tailored deposits. The results support the increased risk appetite hypothesis, revealing that subjects reach for substantial gains and underweight tail loss events when evaluating the deposits. Similar results emerge in a follow-up experiment where the uncertain deposits are replaced by risky versions. While previous studies propose that misperception of complex terms and optimism contribute to the mispricing of structured instruments, the current experiments show that nonstandard risk appetite manifests in the valuation of simple well-defined products, controlling for expectations. This paper was accepted by Manel Baucells, decision analysis.

Effect of initial mixed grain microstructure state of deformed Ni-based superalloy on its refinement behavior during two-stage annealing treatment

The effect of initial mixed grain microstructure state of deformed Ni-based superalloy on its refinement behavior during two-stage annealing treatment was investigated. Firstly, the deformed specimens with different initial mixed grain microstructure states were obtained by different hot compression experiments. Then, two-stage heat treatment experiments including aging treatments (AT) for precipitating δ phase and subsequent recrystallization annealing treatments (RT) to refine mixed grains were carried out. The results show that the deformation energy and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) degree are the main initial microstructure factors that affect the refinement behavior of deformed mixed grains. The deformation energy was estimated by the area under the stress-strain curve (S) due to the proportional relationship between them. When S is high, the recrystallization rate during the RT is high, and the final annealed grain is uniform and fine. When S is medium, the recrystallization rate is determined by DRX degree. The recrystallization rate is low and the final annealed grain is nonuniform when DRX degree is high. However, when DRX degree is low, the recrystallization rate is quick and final annealed grains are coarse but uniform. Besides, it is found that besides deformation energy, the competition relationship between static recrystallization (SRX) nucleation and breakage of δ phase affects the dissolution of δ phase during the RT. When the SRX nuclei form at δ phase boundary, the corresponding δ phase is protected.