Two-dimensional Energy Spectra Research Articles

Band-Resolved Double Photoemission Spectroscopy on Correlated Valence Electron Pairs in Metals.

Correlated valence electrons in Ag and Cu are investigated using double photoemission spectroscopy driven by a high-order harmonic light source. Electron pairs consisting of two d electrons as well as pairs with one sp and one d electron are resolved in the two-dimensional energy spectrum. Surprisingly, the intensity ratio of sp-d to d-d pairs from Ag is 3 times higher than in the self-convoluted density of states. Our results directly show the band-resolved configurations of electron pairs in solids and emphasize a band-dependent picture for electron correlation even in these paradigmatic metals.

Evaluation of wave forecast in the north Indian Ocean during extreme conditions and winter monsoon

ABSTRACTThe accuracy of the operational ocean state forecast system at ESSO-INCOIS during extreme events as well as calm conditions for a lead time of 24, 72 and 144 h is evaluated in this paper. Forecasted wave parameters (significant wave height, mean wave period and mean wave direction) are compared with in situ data for three cyclones (Sidr, Khai Muk and Nisha) that occurred in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Forecasts obtained for 24 and 72 h showed good agreement with in situ data. Error statistics obtained during extreme events (SI < 30%, correlation coefficient > .75) suggests the good quality of the wave forecasts, which could be used for issuing high wave alerts. The two-dimensional energy spectra from the wave model during the Sidr cyclone period showed the capability of the model to simulate wind seas and swells even under cyclonic conditions. During winter monsoon, the error statistics obtained in the BoB suggests, good quality of 24- and 72-h wave forecasts. Thus the wave model is good at simulating the wave conditions for different wave height ranges and for a lead time of up to 72 h and hence a reliable tool for generating operational ocean state forecasts.

The New Methodology and Chemical Contrast Observation by Use of the Energy-Selective Back-Scattered Electron Detector.

We report on a robust method for chemical element-sensitive imaging by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The commercial Auriga FE-SEM microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), equipped with an energy-selective grid detector (EsB) as a part of the experimental setup, was applied for generation of chemical contrast at low accelerating voltages, which is gentle for sensitive samples. The EsB-grid detector, conceptually adapted by us as an energy retarding field analyzer (RFA), was used to detect the two-dimensional (2D) energy spectrum for the first time. The electron energy spectrum measured by sweeping the retarding grid potential revealed thresholds corresponding to electronic transitions in the specimen, followed by 2D-derivation treatment applied just at the observed thresholds. This allowed chemical mapping by SEM. In this report the 273 eV Auger transition in carbon deposited onto the Si(100) sample was chosen as a source for chemical contrast in the SEM image. In addition to Auger electrons, we expect analogous energy-selective contrast enhancement for inelastically scattered electrons, for example, in plasmonic contrast and elastically scattered electrons, for example in phase contrast, our method, proved for carbon, is expected to apply to a broader list of elements as a general capability of chemical mapping, at several-fold better lateral resolution when compared with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

Characterizing infrasonic ocean ambient noise in Northwest Pacific

The ability of the International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound network to detect atmospheric explosions and events of interest strongly depends on station specific ambient noise which includes both incoherent wind noise and real coherent infrasonic waves. To characterize the coherent ambient noise, a broadband array processing was performed with IMS continuous waveform archive from 2007 to 2016 using the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation algorithm (PMCC). The processing parameters include a new implementation of adaptive frequency dependent window length and a logarithmic band spacing. Such configuration allows to better discriminate between interfering signals with improved accuracy in the wave parameters estimations. Multi-year comparisons between the observed and modeled directional microbarom amplitude variations at several IMS stations using two-dimensional wave energy spectrum ocean wave products are performed to build of a reference database of infrasound oceanic sources in Northwest Pacific. The expected benefits of such studies concern the use of multi-year complementary data to finely characterize coupling mechanisms at the ocean-atmosphere interface. In return, a better knowledge of the source of the ambient ocean noise opens new perspectives by providing additional integrated constraints on the dynamics of the middle atmosphere and its disturbances where data coverage is sparse.

ANALYSIS OF FLOWS INSIDE QUIESCENT PROMINENCES AS CAPTURED BY HINODE/SOLAR OPTICAL TELESCOPE

ABSTRACT Developing an understanding of how magnetic fields can become entangled in a prominence is important for predicting a possible eruption. This work investigates the kinetic energy and vorticity associated with plasma motion residing inside quiescent prominences (QPs). These plasma flow characteristics can be utilized to improve our understanding of how the prominence maintains a stable magnetic field configuration. Three different contrast-enhanced solar prominence observations from Hinode/Solar Optical Telescope were used to construct velocity maps—in the plane of the sky—via a Fourier local correlation tracking program. The resulting velocities were then used to perform the first-ever analysis of the two-dimensional kinetic energy and enstrophy spectra of a prominence. Enstrophy is introduced here as a means of quantifying the vorticity that has been observed in many QPs. The kinetic energy power spectral density (PSD) produced indices ranging from −1.00 to −1.60. There was a consistent anisotropy in the kinetic energy spectrum of all three prominences examined. Examination of the intensity PSD reveals that a different scaling relationship exists between the observed prominence structure and velocity maps. All of the prominences exhibited an inertial range of at least 0.8 &le; k &le; 2.0 rads Mm &minus; 1 ?> . Quasi-periodic oscillations were also detected in the centroid of the velocity distributions for one prominence. Additionally, a lower limit was placed on the kinetic energy density (ϵ ∼ 0.22–7.04 km 2 s &minus; 2 ?> ) and enstrophy density (ω ∼ 1.43–13.69 &times; 10 &minus; 16 s &minus; 2 ?> ) associated with each prominence.

Core-resonant double photoemission from palladium films

We studied the core-resonant double photoemission process from palladium films with linearly polarized synchrotron radiation. We excited either the 3d or 4p core level and focused on the Auger transitions which leave two holes in the valence band. We find that the two-dimensional energy distributions are markedly different for the 3d and 4p decay. The 3d decay can be understood by a sequential emission of the two electrons while the 4p decay proceeds in a single step. Despite the large differences in the two-dimensional energy spectra we find the shape of the energy sum spectra rather similar. For the description of the 4p decay we propose a model which uses available single electron spectra, but suggest an alternative interpretation of these data. With this we are able to explain the range over which the available energy is shared. Key assumptions of the model are verified by our experiments on the 3d decay.

Two-dimensional angular energy spectrum of electrons accelerated by the ultra-short relativistic laser pulse

The new method of calculating energy spectra of accelerated electrons, based on the parameterization by their initial coordinates, is proposed. The energy spectra of electrons accelerated by Gaussian ultra-short relativistic laser pulse at a selected angle to the axis of the optical system focusing the laser pulse in a low density gas are theoretically calculated. The two-peak structure of the electron energy spectrum is obtained. Discussed are the reasons for its appearance as well as an applicability of other models of the laser field.

Rescattering of recolliding electron and low energy structure in few-cycle mid-infrared strong laser field: A 3D-TDSE study

Abstract Through the numerical solution of the 3D time-dependent Schrodinger equation, the two-dimensional photoelectron energy spectra (PES) of argon have been calculated, showing good accordance with the experimental measurements. Further analysis on the TDSE calculated data and comparison of PES under linearly and circularly polarized laser pulses demonstrated that the forward rescattering of the recolliding electron is mainly responsible for the appearance of the low energy structure (LES) in the PES. It is further revealed that the LES is correlated with the high angular momenta ( l = 8 – 13 ) of the photoelectron.

Evolution of a turbulent cloud under rotation

AbstractLocalized patches of turbulence frequently occur in geophysics, such as in the atmosphere and oceans. The effect of rotation, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\boldsymbol{\Omega}$, on such a region (a ‘turbulent cloud’) is governed by inhomogeneous dynamics. In contrast, most investigations of rotating turbulence deal with the homogeneous case, although inhomogeneous turbulence is more common in practice. In this paper, we describe the results of $512^3$ direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a turbulent cloud under rotation at three Rossby numbers ($\mathit{Ro}$), namely 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5. Using a spatial filter, fully developed homogeneous turbulence is vertically confined to the centre of a periodic box before the rotation is turned on. Energy isosurfaces show that columnar structures emerge from the cloud and grow into the adjacent quiescent fluid. Helicity is used as a diagnostic and confirms that these structures are formed by inertial waves. In particular, it is observed that structures growing parallel to the rotation axis (upwards) have negative helicity and those moving antiparallel (downwards) to the axis have positive helicity, a characteristic typical of inertial waves. Two-dimensional energy spectra of horizontal wavenumbers, $k_{\perp }$, versus dimensionless time, $2 \varOmega t$, confirm that these columnar structures are wavepackets which travel at the group velocities of inertial waves. The kinetic energy transferred from the turbulent cloud to the waves is estimated using Lagrangian particle tracking to distinguish between turbulent and ‘wave-only’ regions of space. The amount of energy transferred to waves is 40 % of the initial at $\mathit{Ro}=0.1$, while it is 16 % at $\mathit{Ro}=0.5$. In both cases the bulk of the energy eventually resides in the waves. It is evident from this observation that inertial waves can carry a significant portion of the energy away from a localized turbulent source and are therefore an efficient mechanism of energy dispersion.

Geometrical design of radar detectors in moderately impulsive noise

The presence of crossing seas in the nearshore maylead to a drastic amplification of local wave heights or to a substantial change in the orientation of the highest parts of the wave crest owing to nonlinear interactions of waves in shallow water. The location and strength of the related effects can be roughly forecast based on the properties of crossing wave systems in the framework of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. We introduce a method of the identification of crossing seas and singling out the properties of interacting wave systems from numerically simulated two-dimensional wave energy spectra of selected locations in the Baltic Sea obtained within a multi-decadal (1956–1997) wave hindcast using the WAM model. Each spectrum spans across 24 evenly spaced directions and 40 frequencies starting from 0.042 Hz (23.8 s) to about 1.718 Hz (0.58 s). The numerically replicated spectra usually contain a certain level of noise, which may lead to the detection of false maxima and is filtered out using a Gaussian-type convolution filter. We then test each sample of the resulting anti-aliased distribution with a pyramid shaped stencil in order to find the spectral density, frequency and direction of all relative maxima. Their frequency and direction is then mapped back onto the initial spectra to evaluate the heights of the single wave systems. The average reduction of maxima detection from unfiltered to filtered data is 9.2%.

Beta-plane turbulence: Experiments with altimetry

Results from a new series of experiments on barotropic and baroclinic turbulent flows generated in a rotating tank with topographic β-effect are presented. The velocity fields are measured by the Altimetric Imaging Velocimetry. The turbulent flows observed in the experiments develop zonal jets which are latent in a stationary forced-dissipative regime of the flow but become prominent in the decaying flow. The two-dimensional energy spectra of the flows exhibit the development of anisotropy towards zonal motions. The experiments demonstrate dual turbulent cascade with energy and enstrophy ranges. The frequency-wavenumber spectra reveal the presence of Rossby waves at low wavenumbers which are excited by the turbulent motions. The experimental results are compared with available theory of β-plane turbulence.

Coincidence Doppler Broadening of Positron Annihilation Radiation in Fe

We measured the Doppler broadening annihilation radiation spectrum in Fe, using 22NaCl as a positron source, and two Ge detectors in coincidence arrangement. The two-dimensional coincidence energy spectrum was fitted using a model function that included positron annihilation with the conduction band and 3d electrons, 3s and 3p electrons, and in-flight positron annihilation. Detectors response functions included backscattering and a combination of Compton and pulse pileup, ballistic deficit and shaping effects. The core electrons annihilation intensity was measured as 16.4(3) %, with almost all the remainder assigned to the less bound electrons. The obtained results are in agreement with published theoretical values.

Evolution of plasma turbulence excited with particle beams

Particles ejected from the Sun that stream through the surrounding plasma of the solar wind are causing instabilities. These generate wavemodes in a certain frequency range especially within shock regions, where particles are accelerated. The aim of this paper is to investigate of amplified Alfvenic wavemodes in driven incompressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Results of different heliospheric scenarios from isotropic and anisotropic plasmas, as well as turbulence near the critical balance are shown. The energy transport of the amplified wavemode is governed by the mechanisms of diffusion, convection and dissipation of energy in wavenumber space. The strength of these effects varies with energy and wavenumber of the mode in question. Two-dimensional energy spectra of spherical k-space integration that permit detailed insight into the parallel and perpendicular development are presented. The evolution of energy injected through driving shows a strong energy transfer to perpendicular wavemodes. The main process at parallel wavemodes is the dissipation of energy in wavenumber space. The generation of higher harmonics along the parallel wavenumber axis is observed. We find evidence for a critical balance in our simulations.

Spatial resolution correction for hot-wire anemometry in wall turbulence

We investigate spatial resolution issues in hot-wire anemometry measurements of turbulence intensity and energy spectra. Single normal hot-wire measurements are simulated by means of filtering direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow at \(Re_\tau = 934\). Through analysis of the two-dimensional energy spectra from the DNS, the attenuation of the small-scale energy levels is documented, especially in the near-wall region. The missing energy displays anisotropic characteristics, and an attempt is made to model this using an empirical equation, thus providing a correction scheme for all wall normal locations. The empirical model is assessed using experimental boundary layer data and shown to effectively correct both the streamwise one-dimensional energy spectra and turbulence intensity at a Reynolds number significantly above that of the DNS.

LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL WALL BOUNDED TURBULENT FLOW

This paper reports on a numerical study of two-dimensional decaying turbulence in a square domain with no-slip walls. The generation of strong small-scale vortices near the no-slip walls have been observed in the lattice Boltzmann simulations just like in earlier pseudospectral calculations. Due to these vortices the enstrophy is not a monotone decaying function of time. Considering a number of simulations and taking their ensemble average, we have found that the decay of enstrophy and that of the kinetic energy can be described well by power-laws. The exponents of these laws depend on the Reynolds number in a similar manner than was observed before in pseudospectral simulations. Considering the ensemble averaged 1D Fourier energy spectra calculated along the walls, we could not find a simple power-law, which fits well to the simulation data. These spectra change in time and reveal an exponent close to -3 in the intermediate and an exponent -5/3 at low wavenumbers. On the other hand, the two-dimensional energy spectra, which remain almost steady in the intermediate decay stage, show clear power-law behavior with exponent larger than -3 depending on the initial Reynolds number.

The structure of the velocity field in a confined flow driven by an array of opposed jets

We investigate the confined flow in a new turbulence box configuration. Fluid is injected through two sets of 16 vertically opposed jets and outflows through two top/bottom porous planes. The resulting flow is generated by pairs of opposed round jets with backflow and their subsequent interactions. The research issue being addressed here is that of the dependence of the velocity field structure on two parameters: the injection Reynolds number based on jet diameter Reinj, which is varied between 6000 and 28000, and the flow geometry. The latter issue is addressed by investigating two kinds of flow geometries: (i) recirculating opposed jets (ROJ), for which the distance among two consecutive jet nozzles is 2.4 diameters and the nozzle-to-nozzle distance among each two opposed jets is 6 diameters, and (ii) simple opposed jets (SOJ), for which the distance among two consecutive jet nozzles is 4 diameters and the nozzle-to-nozzle distance among each two opposed jets is 10 diameters. The instantaneous aspect of the flow field is dominated by vortical structures and it is strongly dependent on the flow geometry. For both flow geometries, no coherence between each two consecutive pairs of jets is observed. All the statistics (dimensionless profiles of mean velocities and kinetic energy, derived quantities, and inner scales) do not depend on the Reynolds number and they are only the result of the flow geometry. The ROJ geometry leads to a flow which is characterized by strong interactions between opposed and neighboring jets which lead to both top-bottom and left-right instabilities in the central region. This leads to a strong energy and enstrophy injection, which imposes its signature on the two-dimensional kinetic energy spectra regime, characterized by a kxy−3 scaling, associated to the vortical structures present in the flow. The classical kxy−5/3 regime is very poorly represented, most likely because it is supposed to be present at scales smaller than the particle image velocimetry cut-off. Only a small volume of the chamber is characterized by local homogeneity and isotropy. The SOJ geometry is associated to flow which exhibits large regions that are locally homogeneous and isotropic. However, the top-bottom instabilities remain present. The mean pressure increase in the center of the chamber is of maximum 20% of the dynamic pressure at the inlet and decreases with increasing Reynolds number. The two-dimensional kinetic energy spectra clearly exhibit the classical kxy−5/3 scaling range; this is the signature of pure turbulence that finds enough space to develop. A fine-scale analysis is performed for both flow geometries in a particular point where the return flow is locally homogeneous, isotropic, and Gaussian. After an estimation of the mean energy dissipation rate according to various methods, we find that the Reynolds number based on the Taylor microscale scales as Reinj1/2, as in classical flows, and attains a maximum value of 350.

Use of direct numerical simulation (DNS) data to investigate spatial resolution issues in measurements of wall-bounded turbulence

The effect of limited spatial resolution for hot-wire anemometry (HWA) is investigated by analysing the two-dimensional energy spectra from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow at Reτ ≈ 950. Various spanwise filter lengths are applied to the streamwise velocity components in order to mimic the limited spatial resolution of a single-normal hot-wire experiment. Clear attenuation of the small-scale DNS energy is observed as the filter length is increased and good agreement is noted between the missing energy from filtered DNS and that from hot-wire experiments over a range of sensing lengths. The missing energy in the near-wall region is shown to be highly anisotropic in nature, thus bringing into question existing correction schemes that rely on small-scale isotropic flow assumptions. An empirical model of the missing streamwise component energy spectra is formulated, as a function of wire length, and is shown to be useful as a new correction function for the missing energy and streamwise turbulence intensity at the near-wall energetic peak.

Combination quantum oscillations in canonical single-band Fermi liquids

Chemical potential oscillations mix individual-band frequencies of the de Haas--van Alphen and Shubnikov--de Haas magnetooscillations in canonical low-dimensional multiband Fermi liquids. We predict a similar mixing in canonical single-band Fermi liquids, which Fermi surfaces have two or more extremal cross sections. Combination harmonics are analyzed using a single-band almost two-dimensional energy spectrum. We outline some experimental conditions allowing for resolution of combination harmonics.

A proposal design of a multi-hit two-dimensional position-sensitive energy spectrum detector

A new non-linear comparison method of charge-division readout scheme is conceived and the first design of a multi-hit two-dimensional position-sensitive energy spectrum Si(Au) surface barrier detector with a continuous sensitive area is proposed.

Dosimetric verification of 6 and 18 MV intensity modulated photon beams using a dedicated fluoroscopic electronic portal imaging device (EPID)

Background and purpose Intensity modulated radiation therapy offers a dose distribution improvement by modulating the two-dimensional X-ray fluence. This increases the treatment complexity from the planning phase to the verification one. Pre-treatment dosimetric verifications of each treatment field are strictly necessary, films and EPIDs are generally used for this purpose. In this paper we investigated the dosimetric characteristics of a commercially available fluoroscopic EPID “I’mRT QA” (Scanditronix-Wellhöfer) (I-QA) based on charge-coupled device camera (CCD) and we present a new method for optimising the EPID’s response. Materials and methods I-QA is an optically sealed EPID and it is designed for on-line two-dimensional measurements of relative dose distribution. Dose profiles measured in water with diodes and dose distributions measured in water-equivalent phantoms with films were compared with those obtained with the I-QA for homogeneous and intensity modulated 6 and 18 MV photon beams. Results and conclusions I-QA measurements depend on the field size and on the two-dimensional energy spectrum of the beam. The incoming beam was modified positioning a series of lead and plastic (RW3) slabs above the fluorescent screen to obtain a homogeneous response of the I-QA over the whole sensitive area. The thickness of lead and RW3 sheets was optimised to get the best matching between diodes, films and the I-QA measurements for each energy. Gamma index evaluations showed a correspondence between I-QA measurements and diode ones within 3% or 2 mm for homogeneous and simple modulated fields, and within 5% or 3 mm for complex modulated fields.