Turn Point Research Articles

Rhinoplasty: The Lateral Crura–Alar Ring

Rhinoplasty surgeons routinely excise or incise the lateral crura despite nostril rim retraction, bossa, and collapse. Given recent emphasis on preserving the lateral crura, a review of the lateral crura's anatomy is warranted. The authors quantify specific anatomical aspects of the lateral crura in cadavers and clinical patients. This was a 2-part investigation, consisting of a prospective clinical measurement study of 40 consecutive rhinoplasty patients (all women) and 20 fresh cadaver dissections (13 males, 1 female). In the clinical phase, the alar cartilages were photographed intraoperatively and alar position (ie, orientation), axis, and width were measured. Cadaver dissections concentrated on parts of the lateral crura (alar cartilages and alar ring) that were inaccessible clinically. Average clinical patient age was 28 years (range, 14-51 years). Average cadaver age was 74 (range, 57-88 years). Clinically, the distance of the lateral crura from the mid-nostril point averaged 5.9 mm, and the cephalic orientation averaged 43.6 degrees. The most frequent configuration of the axis was smooth-straight in the horizontal axis and a cephalic border higher than the caudal border in the vertical axis. Maximal lateral crura width averaged 10.1 mm. In the cadavers, average lateral crural dimensions were 23.4 mm long, 6.4 mm wide at the domal notch, 11.1 mm wide at the so-designated turning point (TP), and 0.5 mm thickness. The accessory cartilage chain was present in all dissections. The lateral crura-alar ring was present in all dissections as a circular ring continuing around toward the anterior nasal spine but not abutting the pyriform. The lateral crura (1) begins at the domal notch and ends at the accessory cartilages, (2) exhibits a distinct TP from the caudal border, (3) has distinct horizontal and vertical vectors, and (4) should have a caudal border higher than the cephalic border. Alar malposition may be associated with position, orientation, or configuration.

First Lactate Turn Point

First Lactate Turn Point

Errors, Corrections and other Textual Problems in Three Copies of a Middle English <i>Antidotary</i><sup>1</sup>

Error analysis has been traditionally conceived as the step prior to any critical editing, providing the editor with grounded arguments to devise a stemma that would accurately reflect the relationship between the extant copies. Yet, the scenario for texts other than literary changes, as with scientific texts, in which accuracy in terms of content stands out over faithfulness to the original in terms of form. Anyway, errors and other textual problems may provide clues as to how manuscripts circulated and scientific knowledge was disseminated. This article analyses scribal practice in three copies of the same Antidotary , focusing on scribal errors, corrections and other textual problems, which will serve to account for the divergences and similarities they show. For the purpose, each copy is described and their individual textual problems are categorised and discussed. This will help to illustrate the dissemination of scientific knowledge, as well as varying scribal practice, which will in turn point at the possible relation between the copies.

Association of grip strength and related indices with independence of activities of daily living in older adults, investigated by a newly‐developed grip strength measuring device

To investigate the association of grip strength and activities of daily living independence in older adults, using a newly-developed grip strength measuring device. Patients who visited the clinic for memory disorders at the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (142 men and 205 women, mean age 74.8 ± 8.8 years) were included in the present study. Their strength during gripping performance is described in detail, and following the indices were calculated: maximum strength (MS), response time (RT), time to MS, time to reach turning point (TP), strength at TP, inclination from start to TP, time from TP to reach MS, inclination from TP to MS and ratio of strength (TP/MS). Barthel Index (BI), total scores and scores of each subclass were used for evaluating activities of daily living independence. MS was compared between the independent and dependent groups. Correlations, using partial Pearson's coefficient adjusted for age, and Mini-Mental State Examination total score were analyzed between indices and BI by sex, side, and age groups. MS was significantly higher in the independent group. MS and RT were significantly related with BI total and certain subclasses in both hands, TP/MS was significantly related in the right hand of either sex, and strength at TP was significantly related in both hands in women and in the left hand in men. Time to reach TP was particularly correlated in both hands and time from TP to reach MS in the right hand, in men. The correlation of indices varied by sex, hand side and age group, especially in men aged in their 70s, and in women aged less than 70 years and women aged in their 80s. MS was shown to be useful, but some of the newly defined indices, such as RT, strength at TP, and elements regarding before and after TP until reaching MS, were also suggested to be useful.

Landscape Classifications for Landscape Metrics-based Assessment of Urban Heat Island: A Comparative Study

In recent years, some studies have been carried out on the landscape analysis of urban thermal patterns. With the prevalence of thermal landscape, a key problem has come forth, which is how to classify thermal landscape into thermal patches. Current researches used different methods of thermal landscape classification such as standard deviation method (SD) and R method. To find out the differences, a comparative study was carried out in Xiamen using a 20-year winter time-serial Landsat images. After the retrieval of land surface temperature (LST), the thermal landscape was classified using the two methods separately. Then landscape metrics, 6 at class level and 14 at landscape level, were calculated and analyzed using Fragstats 3.3. We found that: (1) at the class level, all the metrics with SD method were evened and did not show an obvious trend along with the process of urbanization, while the R method could. (2) While at the landscape level, 6 of the 14 metrics remains the similar trends, 5 were different at local turn points of the curve, 3 of them differed completely in the shape of curves. (3) When examined with visual interpretation, SD method tended to exaggerate urban heat island effects than the R method.

Educação do corpo - bailes no Rio de Janeiro do século XIX: o olhar de Paranhos

Muitos autores consideram os anos 1850 como um marco na história brasileira, pois foi um período em que se conformou, em diferentes âmbitos, uma estabilidade que permitiu avançar, de forma mais efetiva, o processo de construção da nação independente. Na capital, que se tornou foco irradiador de novas modas e costumes, gestou-se uma dinâmica social mais mundana, uma maior estruturação do comércio de luxos e entretenimentos. Ao estudar esse período da história brasileira, este artigo tem por objetivo discutir os aspectos educacionais que cercavam uma das atividades comumente promovidas no Rio de Janeiro de meados do século XIX, os bailes, a partir do olhar de um importante personagem do Império: José Maria da Silva Paranhos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa histórica que utilizou como fontes 47 crônicas da série Cartas ao amigo ausente, publicadas no Jornal do Commercio entre os anos de 1850 e 1851. Ao final, conclui-se que a visão de Paranhos a respeito dos bailes tem relação direta com sua percepção e seus projetos para o país. Os eventos dançantes não eram concebidos somente como um divertimento, mas, a seu ver, eram também ocasiões que contribuíam para forjar e fortalecer uma sociedade civil, composta por distintos setores da elite nacional, que poderia conduzir o Brasil a um futuro alvissareiro, marcado pelas ideias de civilização e progresso. Os posicionamentos de Paranhos ajudam a entender os bailes como uma estratégia de educação do corpo a partir de três princípios: eficácia, propriedade e identidade.

Myocardial Dimensions and Hemodynamics during 24-h Ultraendurance Ergometry

This study aimed to evaluate cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic responses during 24 h of continuous cycle ergometry in ultraendurance athletes. Eight males (mean ± SD; age = 39 ± 8 yr, height = 179 ± 7 cm, body weight [Wt] = 77.1 ± 6.0 kg) were monitored during 24 h at a constant workload,∼25% below the first lactate turn point at 162 ± 23 W. Measurements included Wt, HR, oxygen consumption (V˙O2), cardiac output (Q), and stroke volume (SV) determined by a noninvasive rebreathing technique (Innocor; Innovision, Odense, Denmark). Myocardial dimensions were evaluated using a two-dimensional echocardiogram. [M-mode measurement]-left atrial (LAD), ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDD), and end-systolic diameters (LVESD) were obtained over the left parasternal area. Venous blood samples were analyzed for hematocrit (Hct%), albumin (g·L(-1)), aldosterone (pg·mL(-1)), CK, CK-MB (U·L(-1)), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (pg·mL(-1)). HR (bpm) significantly increased (P < 0.01) from 1 h (132 ± 11) to 6 h (143 ± 10) and significantly decreased (P < 0.001) from 6 to 24 h (116 ± 10). V˙O2 and (Q were unchanged during the 24 h. Wt (76.6 ± 5.6 vs 78.7 ± 5.4), SV (117 ± 13 vs 148 ± 19), LVEDD (4.9 ± 0.3 vs 5.6 ± 0.2), and LAD (3.6 ± 0.5 vs 4.3 ± 0.7) significantly increased between 6 and 24 h (P < 0.001). No significant changes were observed for LVESD. Hct (45.1 ± 1.3 vs 41.3 ± 1.2) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and CK (181 ± 60/877 ± 515), aldosterone (48 ± 17 vs 661 ± 172), and NT-proBNP (23 ± 13 vs 583 ± 449) significantly increased (P < 0.05). The increase in SV (ΔSV) was significantly related to changes in Wt (ΔWt), and HR (ΔHR) and ΔWt were significantly related to ΔLAD and ΔLVEDD. Our findings suggest that the decrease in HR during 24 h of ultraendurance exercise was due to hypervolemia and the associated ventricular loading, increasing left ventricular diastolic dimensions because of increased SV and LVEDD, resulting in an increase in NT-proBNP.

Correlation Between Solidification Behavior and Melt Crystallization Kinetics of Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) during Injection Molding

The relationship between solidification behavior and crystallization kinetics, during the injection molding process of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) was investigated. It was found that the crystallization rate was in proportion to the cooling rate. The existence of a turning point (TP) in the dimensionless temperature (θ) vs. ln t curve, which is potentially applicable for the estimation of cooling time, was experimentally verified for iPP. The present study is expected to be useful for the optimization of the processing conditions during injection molding of crystalline polymers, and also supplies a good insight into further study of the “processing-structure-property” relationship of polymeric materials.

1974, a downturn of the long wave?

As its title suggests, the work looks at whether 1974 is a downturn of a long economic movement. In order to answer this question, the author first justifies the hypothesis that the years 1945 to 1973 represented a long upward swing. The focal point of a decisive turn in the long wave, 1972-1974, is then considered. Finally, the prevalence of downswing phenomena since 1974 is assessed.

A New Grip Strength Measuring Device for Detailed Evaluation of Muscle Contraction among the Elderly.

We developed a new grip strength measuring device, which considers the time axis, for evaluating muscle contraction in detail in elderly people. To present the novel device and preliminary results concerning agility in gripping. Cross-sectional analysis. One hundred and twenty-one older persons (48 men and 73 women, mean age 74.4 years) referring for memory disorders to the outpatient clinic of our institute. A novel device taking advantage of an industrial force-gauge was developed for measuring gripping performance. The instrument graphically described participants' strength production. Nine indices were derived from four points identified by the graph: 1) starting point ("Go signal"), 2) time when gripping starts, 3) turning point (TP) when the inclination of the curve depicting strength production changes, and 4) peak of strength production. Results obtained from the study sample of older persons were compared (as ratios) to a control group of 30 healthy young adults in their thirties in order to calculate age-related decline rates. Differences between right and left side were compared. A significant difference was observed between right and left hands concerning the time to reach peak of strength, and time from TP to strength peak in both men and women. For women, the following indices were also significantly different: time to reach TP, strength at TP, time from TP to strength peak, curve inclination from TP to strength peak, and ratio of TP strength divided by peak strength. Declines in several indices of gripping agility were measured. The parameters which were more closely related to time than strength itself showed significant differences between right and left hands, especially in women.

Postadmission Sepsis as a Screen for Quality Problems

The present on admission (POA) indicator used with diagnosis codes listed in hospital discharge abstracts makes it possible to screen for possible in-hospital complications, which may in turn point to quality of care problems. A case-control study was performed among 382 patients from 30 New York State hospitals to see if lapses in quality were associated with the development of postadmission sepsis. Cases with hospital-acquired sepsis (labeled not POA) were compared with matched controls without sepsis. The authors found that central venous catheters and emergently inserted peripheral intravenous catheters were associated with subsequent development of sepsis. Urethral catheters were associated with sepsis for medical patients but not for surgical patients. Adherence to several process of care guidelines was incomplete but none occurred statistically significantly more frequently among sepsis cases than controls. Using discharge abstract diagnosis codes to determine the presence of postadmission complications shows promise for identifying areas for quality improvement.

Acute Physiological Response to Aerobic Short-Interval Training in Trained Runners

To analyze the acute physiological response to aerobic short-interval training (AESIT) at various high-intensity running speeds. A minor anaerobic glycolytic energy supply was aimed to mimic the characteristics of slow continuous runs. Eight trained male runners (maximal oxygen uptake [VO(2max)] 55.5 ± 3.3 mL · kg(-1) · min(-1)) performed an incremental treadmill exercise test (increments: 0.75 km · h(-1)· min(-1)). Two lactate turn points (LTP1, LTP2) were determined. Subsequently, 3 randomly assigned AESIT sessions with high-intensity running-speed intervals were performed at speeds close to the speed (v) at VO(2max) (vVO(2max)) to create mean intensities of 50%, 55%, and 60% of vLTP1. AESIT sessions lasted 30 min and consisted of 10-s work phases, alternated by 20-s passive recovery phases. To produce mean velocities of 50%, 55%, and 60% of vLTP1, running speeds were calculated as 18.6 ± 0.7 km/h (93.4% vVO(2max)), 20.2 ± 0.6 km/h (101.9% vVO(2max)), and 22.3 ± 0.7 km/h (111.0% vVO(2max)), which gave a mean blood lactate concentration (La) of 1.09 ± 0.31 mmol/L, 1.57 ± 0.52 mmol/L, and 2.09 ± 0.99 mmol/L, respectively. La at 50% of vLTP1 was not significantly different from La at vLTP1 (P = .8894). Mean VO(2) was found at 54.0%, 58.5%, and 64.0% of VO(2max), while at the end of the sessions VO(2) rose to 71.1%, 80.4%, and 85.6% of VO(2max), respectively. The results showed that AESIT with 10-s work phases alternating with 20 s of passive rest and a running speed close to vVO(2max) gave a systemic aerobic metabolic profile similar to slow continuous runs.

OBST-based segmentation approach to financial time series

Financial time series data are large in size and dynamic and non-linear in nature. Segmentation is often performed as a pre-processing step for locating technical patterns in financial time series. In this paper, we propose a segmentation method based on Turning Points (TPs). The proposed method selects TPs from the financial time series in question based on their degree of importance. A TP's degree of importance is calculated on the basis of its contribution to the preservation of the trends and shape of the time series. Algorithms are also devised to store the selected TPs in an Optimal Binary Search Tree (OBST) and to reconstruct the reduced sample time series. Comparison with existing approaches show that the time series reconstructed by the proposed method is able to maintain the shape of the original time series very well and preserve more trends. Our approach also ensures that the average retrieval cost is kept at a minimum.

A New Method for Identifying Cochlear Ossification in Cochlear Implant Candidates with Deafness following Meningitis

Objectives: To develop a new method to determine the presence of intracochlear ossification and/or fibrosis in candidates for cochlear implantation (CI) with deafness following meningitis. Methods: This study involved 13 patients (15 ears: normal structures, soft tissue alone, partial bony occlusion, and complete bony occlusion in 4, 3, 2, and 6 ears, respectively) with profound deafness due to meningitis who underwent CI. We measured the radiodensity in Hounsfield Units (HU) using 0.5-mm-thick, axial, high-resolution computed tomography (CT) image slices at 3 different points in the basal turn, including the fenestration site and inferior and ascending segment sites, which were located along the electrode-insertion path. Pixel-level analysis on the DICOM viewer yielded actual CT values of intracochlear soft tissues by eliminating the partial volume effect. The values were compared with the intraoperative findings. Results: Values for ossification (n = 12) ranged from +547 HU to +1137 HU (n = 12); for fibrosis (n = 11), from +154 HU to +574 HU (n = 11); and for presence of fluid (n = 22), from −49 HU to +255 HU. From these values, we developed 2 presets of window width (WW) and window level (WL): 1) WW: 1800, WL: 1100 (200 HU to 2000 HU) and 2) WW: 1500, WL: 1250 (500 HU to 2000 HU). The results using these 2 presets corresponded well with the intraoperative findings. Conclusions: Our new method is easy and feasible to preoperatively determine the presence of cochlear ossification and/or fibrosis that develop following meningitis.

A Comparative Analysis between GIMSS NDVIg and NDVI3g for Monitoring Vegetation Activity Change in the Northern Hemisphere during 1982–2008

The long-term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series data set generated from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) has been widely used to monitor vegetation activity change. The third version of NDVI (NDVI3g) produced by the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) group was released recently. The comparisons between the new and old versions should be conducted for linking existing studies with future applications of NDVI3g in monitoring vegetation activity change. Based on simple and piecewise linear regression methods, this study made a comparative analysis between NDVIg and NDVI3g for monitoring vegetation activity change and its responses to climate change in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1982–2008. Our results indicated that there were large differences between NDVIg and NDVI3g in the spatial patterns for both the overall changing trends and the timing of Turning Points (TP) in NDVI time series, which spread over almost the entire study region. The average NDVI trend from NDVI3g was almost twice as great as that from NDVIg and the detected average timing of TP from NDVI3g was about one year later. Although the general spatial patterns were consistent between two data sets for detecting the responses of growing-season NDVI to temperature and precipitation changes, there were large differences in the response magnitude, with a higher response magnitude to temperature in NDVI3g and an opposite response to precipitation change for the two data sets. These results demonstrated that the NDVIg data set may underestimate the vegetation activity change trend and its response to climate change in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the past three decades.

In situ Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction of pressure-induced phase transition in columbite CaNb2O6

Abstract The in situ high pressure studies of CaNb2O6 have been performed using Raman spectroscopy and Synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a DAC up to 23 GPa. Raman experiments show that most Raman peaks decrease in intensity and shift toward high wave numbers with increasing pressure. Two turn points in the slope of frequency–pressure curve of the slopes of Raman modes turn up at the pressure around 8 and 15 GPa. ADXRD results display that the old peaks disappear and some new peaks appear above 9.4 GPa, and the patterns remain unchanged above 15 GPa. Both Raman and X-ray diffraction data provide evidence of a reversible phase transition beginning from about 8 GPa and completing at 15 GPa.

Thinking about Roman Imperialism: Postcolonialism, Globalisation and Beyond?

AbstractFor the last twenty years or so, archaeologists of Roman Britain, among other provinces, have been seeking ways of moving beyond the concept of ‘Romanisation’ as a framework for thinking about Roman imperialism. Many of the ideas proposed have been drawn from two related bodies of thought which have emerged as ways of understanding the contemporary world: postcolonialism and globalisation theory. While achieving significant success in transforming interpretations of the Roman world, applications of these approaches present some fresh problems of theoretical and practical coherence. These in turn point to important issues to do with the role of theory in Roman archaeology, issues which have rarely been tackled head-on but which present obstacles to interdisciplinary dialogue. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the perspectives of postcolonial and globalisation theories, assess their strengths and weaknesses, and suggest some possibilities for linking the insights of these and other approaches to define a more holistic agenda for Roman archaeology.

Rhetorical Constructions of Anger Management, Emotions, and Public Argument in Baseball Culture: The Case of Carlos Zambrano

Carlos was a pitcher for the Chicago Cubs, and at the time of this essay, a pitcher for the Miami Marlins. Many baseball fans and writers know him for his pitching talents as well as his emotional outbursts. For example, Matt Leland recently noted, guy just has a fiery temperament. Sometimes, it's a focused intensity that he channels into his pitching performances. When that's the case, the Big Z normally dominates. Too often, though, has let his emotions get the best of him, both on and off the mound. (1) Leland described as having no qualms about fighting teammates in his own dugout, showing up his manager or letting the umpires know exactly how he feels about their calls. (2) Leland is one of many baseball writers who have questioned a string of incidents involving Zambrano. In June 2007, Dave Van Dyck reported, has come to this with the Cubs: Unable to beat other teams, they have started beating on each other. ... In the midst of losing their fifth straight game and nth in the last 15 ... batterymates Carlos and Michael Barrett tussled in the dugout and then apparently an all-out set-to in the clubhouse.' The fistfight between and Barrett would be followed by many temper tantrums in the dugout. In June 2010, was suspended indefinitely after a dugout tirade where he had to be separated from teammate Derrek Lee in the visitors' dugout after surrendering four runs to the Chicago White Sox in the bottom of the first inning at U.S. Cellular Field. (4) As part of his suspension, completed anger management counseling before being able to return to the playing field. talked about the counseling, telling Carrie Muskat, It's all done. I'm cured. ... The problem I have to solve is when I get upset on the field. I think my problem is after I cross those lines. When somebody makes an error or I make an error, that's my problem. ... It did work, and believe me, that was an experience that I can take through the years. (5) Fans and baseball writers have begun to question the sincerity of Zambano's reflection given two subsequent incidents. As a batter, struck out in a game on May 31, 2011, and broke his bat over his knee in frustration. Then, on June 5, 2011, he called the Cubs embarrassing and questioned Cubs reliever Carlos Marmot's pitching strategy after the Cubs lost six games in a row and eight of their previous ten. Many baseball writers called for a suspension. For example, Gene Wojciechowski wrote, You could see this latest meltdown--one in a lonnnnnnng line of nut-job moments by the Chicago Cubs starter--coming for days. And after what he said about his teammates Sunday, Cubs management ought to suspend him for days, weeks, months or, in a perfect world, the remainder of the season. (6) A few writers were sympathetic to Zambrano's claim that the Cubs were an embarrassment, but even those reporters commented on Zambrano's anger getting the best of him. For instance, Dylan Polk noted, If [the Cubs] look long enough, they'll understand Zambrano's point of view and turn things around. Although sympathetic, Polk still commented, Zambrano has a history of flying off the handle and letting his temper get the best of him, which prior to Sunday, fans thought culminated in 2010 with an altercation with then-first baseman Derrek Lee, landing in the bullpen as well as anger management. Since then, his temper has been a running joke among baseball fans, sort of a ticking time bomb that fans ... knew would inevitably explode. (7) The purpose of this essay is to explore the implications of the rhetoric of baseball fans and writers surrounding the early June 2011 episodes involving Zambrano. Zambrano's case is perhaps the most notable and most recent example of an athlete receiving attention because of his anger, as well as being required to undergo anger management therapy. While this essay does suggest that Zambrano's case has much to teach us about MLB'S anger management rhetoric, we do not mean to imply that he stands alone. …

Identification and agreement of first turn point by mathematical analysis applied to heart rate, carbon dioxide output and electromyography

BackgroundThe second heart rate (HR) turn point has been extensively studied, however there are few studies determining the first HR turn point. Also, the use of mathematical and statistical models for determining changes in dynamic characteristics of physiological variables during an incremental cardiopulmonary test has been suggested. ObjectivesTo determine the first turn point by analysis of HR, surface electromyography (sEMG), and carbon dioxide output () using two mathematical models and to compare the results to those of the visual method. MethodTen sedentary middle-aged men (53.9±3.2 years old) were submitted to cardiopulmonary exercise testing on an electromagnetic cycle ergometer until exhaustion. Ventilatory variables, HR, and sEMG of the vastus lateralis were obtained in real time. Three methods were used to determine the first turn point: 1) visual analysis based on loss of parallelism between and oxygen uptake (); 2) the linear-linear model, based on fitting the curves to the set of data (Lin-Lin ); 3) a bi-segmental linear regression of Hinkley' s algorithm applied to HR (HMM-HR), (HMM- ), and sEMG data (HMM-RMS). ResultsThere were no differences between workload, HR, and ventilatory variable values at the first ventilatory turn point as determined by the five studied parameters (p>0.05). The Bland-Altman plot showed an even distribution of the visual analysis method with Lin-Lin , HMM-HR, HMM-CO2, and HMM-RMS. ConclusionThe proposed mathematical models were effective in determining the first turn point since they detected the linear pattern change and the deflection point of , HR responses, and sEMG.

Reducing expected delay and power in FPGAs using buffer insertion in single-driver wires

This paper addresses the problem of delay and power minimization in transmitting a signal along a distance in wire segments in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). With the continuous scaling of the IC technology node, while transistors become faster, wires become slower. Delay and power are considered to be the most important issues in designing FPGAs. In FPGAs, crossing signals can exit from the end of wire segments or exit from somewhere before the end point via Early Turns. This paper presents an efficient method for obtaining optimum places for Early Turns, and then reducing two types of delays including the expected delay, and the end-to-end delay. Also by using this method power can be reduced. A method has been proposed to reduce the FPGAs delay and power in wire segmentations by buffer insertion while choosing the best size and place for the buffers. We present a technique to find Early Turn points as proper places for buffer insertion. Simulation results for the 45nm technology node prove that the expected delay of the proposed wire segmentation structure has up to 53% better performance compared with the buffered interconnects constructed with only the end-to-end delay optimization. Also our results show that when the power optimization is performed based on the expected power, the power is improved 46% compared with the case that only the end-to-end power is optimized.