Turkish Social Research Articles

“Safe Work, Strong Performance”: Unveiling the Nexus Between Occupational Health and Safety, and Job Performance in Turkish Social Workers

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the relationship between occupational health and safety and job performance of social workers. A total of 388 Turkish social workers participated in this online study. The sociodemographic questionnaire, Occupational Health and Safety Practices Performance Evaluation Scale (OHS-PES), and Job Performance Scale (JPS) were used to collect data. 74.7% of the participants were female, 70.8% had a bachelor’s degree, and 72.9% were employed in the public sector. 41.9% of participants received basic occupational health and safety training, 17.1% basic disease prevention, 25.8% first aid, 37% basic disaster and emergency, and 30.5% accident prevention. The mean OHS-PES score was 70.90 ± 18.05, and the JPS score was 16.42 ± 2.22. The OHS-PES and JPS were positively correlated, r = .177, p < .001. All sub-dimensions of the OHS-PES showed positive and statistically significant correlations with job performance. Organizations should prioritize targeted interventions to improve workplace safety and potentially enhance the overall job performance of social workers, including comprehensive trainings and psychosocial risk mitigation strategies.

An Analysis on the Coverage of Kirkit Weaving Art, One of Our Cultural Values, in Turkish Social Media: ‘The Case of Resurrection: Ertugrul (Diriliş Ertuğrul) TV Series’

The Pazyryk carpet, known as the oldest example of knotted weaving, shows that the Turks had an important place in the Kirkit weaving art and supports the view that the art of weaving spread to Central Asia with the Turks. Kirkit weavings are among the cultural values that have an important place in the Turks and the societies of that period. It is known that they were used as floor mats in areas of residence, as well as decorative ornaments, and daily necessities such as pillows, saddlebags and cushions. Productions such as TV series, movies or documentaries, which are social media tools, play an important role in establishing a connection with the past by reflecting the values such as social life, customs and traditions of the period they deal with in their works that cover historical periods. Social media tools play a crucial role in the development and change of societies. In the Turkish media, the historical development of Turks is periodically covered in programs. Resurrection: Ertugrul (Diriliş Ertuğrul) TV Series is one of them. Resurrection: Ertugrul series is one of the productions that reflect Turkish culture and history. The series covers the lifestyle, traditions and arts of the period. In this context, the art of carpet weaving also has an essential place in the series. While the series reflects the lifestyle and culture of the Turks, it also emphasizes that the art of carpet weaving is an important part of this period. Kirkit weavings are shown in the series not only as an item but also as a work of art and a cultural icon. The rugs add visual richness to the scenes by increasing the visual richness of the series. The series “Resurrection: Ertugrul” emphasizes the need to protect cultural heritage by reminding people of the importance of traditional handicrafts such as rug weaving. The series, which is about the historical adventure of the Kayı tribe, one of the Turkish tribes, reflects the cultural values of the tribe at that time. By this study, it has been attempted to evaluate the coverage of the kirkit weaving art, one of our cultural values, in the case of the broadcast.

Trend analysis of occupational accidents during 2013-2020 based on various characteristics in Turkey.

This study analyzes the role of factors such as gender, age, and work experience on occupational accidents and the sectoral variations in Turkey with official statistics. The specific aim of this study is to provide an epidemiological basis for gender, age, sector, and professional experience-specific work-related accident prevention programs. Turkish Social Security Institution's official secondary dataset was considered for 2013 and later because of a change in the official calculation method of the Institution in 2013. Trend analysis was used by using the Mann-Kendall Test to determine the trend in occupational accidents based on time and work experience (month-year). In the eight sectors considered between 2013 and 2020, including construction, manufacturing, transport, mining, communication, health, electricity, and agriculture, 82% of injured workers were men, with the most accidents occurring in the 25-34 age group (33%). Manufacturing had the highest number of accidents (58.5%), followed by construction (19.4%). Occupational diseases were most common in manufacturing, affecting 73% of men and 63% of women. Accidents occurred mainly in men aged 25-34 (34.2%) and women aged 35-44 (29.3%). Occupational diseases showed a positive, statistically significant trend as work experience increased (p < 0.05). A positive and statistically significant trend was detected in occupational accidents from 2013 to 2020 (Tau = 0.786, p = 0.009). In countries like Turkey, where informal employment obscures occupational accidents, trend analysis helps increase their visibility. However, discovering that gender, age, and work experience are key factors in sector-specific accidents is crucial for improving safety and developing prevention programs.

Bir Zamanlar Anadolu’da Filmi Bağlamında Türk Toplum Yapısında Bürokrasi, İktidar ve Kadın Görünümü

Nuri Bilge Ceylan's "Once Upon a Time in Anatolia" explores social dynamics and authority relations around a murder investigation set deep in Anatolia. The movie offers a good example of reading Turkish social structure through themes such as authority, hierarchy, bureaucracy and female innocence. Throughout the film, Power and hierarchy in the Turkish social structure reveals the authority structures and authority relations in the village society, while at the same time criticizing the bureaucratic structure in the society through bureaucracy, obstacles and dysfunction in the investigation process. Instead of the usual bureaucratic structure, Turkish society's perspectives, views and understanding of bureaucracy, authority and hierarchy relations and the manifestations of these concepts in society are seen. At the same time, it emphasizes the innocence of women, the powerlessness of female characters and the obligation to conform to social norms, thus opening up for discussion gender roles and the position of women in society. It tries to explain the Turkish social structure's perspective on women in the context of concepts such as innocence and punishment, as well as in the context of women and gender roles. In a general context, the relationship between concepts such as dichotomies, power, authority, bureaucracy and the Turkish social structure is revealed. The quiet and isolated village life of Anatolia actually harbors the complexity of social dynamics and power relations. By reflecting this complexity, the film allows for a deeper understanding of Anatolian society. "Once Upon a Time in Anatolia" is not just the story of a murder investigation, but rather a social and sociological portrait that examines the complexity of social structures and relations. Keywords- Authority Bureaucracy, Turkish Social Structure Woman

Reconceptualizing Global Citizenship in Turkish Social Studies Textbooks With a Focus on Social Justice

This study examines the integration of global perspectives in the social studies textbooks used in Grades 4 to 7 in Turkey using content analysis as a methodology. The analysis focuses on seven mandatory textbooks distributed across the country and the big ideas and themes reinforced as official knowledge promoted by the state. The findings reveal both strengths and weaknesses in the textbooks’ content and approach to teaching about global connections. While the textbooks aim to promote global citizenship, cultural understanding, and economic relationships, they also perpetuate nationalistic perspectives, stereotypes, and biased coverage of various forms of inequality and social injustice. Failure to critically analyze diverse cultures, perpetuation of biased views, negative portrayal of Western culture, and a lack of comprehensive coverage of inequality are some of the arising issues and emerging themes identified. Additionally, the textbooks neglect explicit discussions about equity and social justice and connections to the civic engagement of citizens. These findings promote passive citizenship and underscore the need for greater attention to inclusivity, cultural understanding, and comprehensive coverage of global issues and social justice in social studies education in Turkey and beyond as it relates to international relations.

OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE SOSYAL GÜVENLİĞİN SAĞLANMASINDA AHİ TEŞKİLATININ ROLÜ

Ahilik, Türk örf ve adetlerinden ve İslam dininin öğretilerinden etkilenerek bir mesleğin kurallarını belirleyen ve bu kurallara göre ekonomik işleyişi yerine getiren örgütlenmelerdir. Ahi teşkilatları toplumun gereksinim duyduğu mal ve hizmetleri kendi içerisinde çırak, kalfa ve usta biçiminde belirli bir hiyerarşiye göre üretmişlerdir. Faaliyette bulundukları şehir veya kasabalarda pazarın ya da piyasanın gereklerine göre üretilecek malın miktarı, fiyatı, standardı, hangi yetkinlikte üretileceği ve emeğin niteliğine ilişkin ölçütleri belirlemişlerdir. 13. yüzyıldan itibaren fütüvvet anlayışı çerçevesinde Anadolu’nun Türkleşmesinde etkin bir rol oynayan Ahi teşkilatları Selçuklu Devleti ve Osmanlı Devleti dönemlerinde Anadolu’da ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasal işlevleri olan örgütler olarak varlığını güçlü biçimde göstermiştir. Ahi teşkilatları toplumun gereksinim duyduğu sosyal güvenlik işlevlerini de yerine getirmiştir. Bu sosyal korumayı hem mesleki düzeyde hem de toplumsal düzeyde sağlamıştır. Ahi teşkilatları, kendi üyelerine başta mesleki riskler olmak üzere sosyal risklere karşı sosyal güvenlik sağlamıştır. Ayrıca bu teşkilatlar faaliyet gösterdikleri şehir ve kasabalarda, gereksinim içinde olan yoksullara yardım, yolcu ve evsizlere barınma, hasta ve yaşlılara bakım ve tedavi, kimsesiz gençlere yardım ve eğitim gibi uygulamalar gerçekleştirerek toplumsal düzeyde bir sosyal güvenlik sağlamıştır. Ahi teşkilatlarının sağladığı sosyal güvenlik uygulamaları günümüz Türk Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemi’nin de temelini oluşturan uygulamalar olmuştur.

Social-Symbolic Work in the Construction of Social Problems: Constructing Gender Inequality in Turkish Social Partnerships

How social problems are constructed within social partnerships has significant effects on the management, impact, and survival of those partnerships. To explore how social problems are constructed, we adopt a social-symbolic work perspective, which highlights the variety of forms of work involved in this process, how they interact, and the impact of context on that process. Empirically, we focus on two social partnerships in Turkey that both addressed gender inequality but constructed that problem in very different terms. Our study suggests that the differences in how they came to construct the problem of gender inequality in Turkey was tied to the qualities of two forms of social-symbolic work—relational work and practice work—in which they engaged: the partnership that constructed gender inequality as an embedded problem engaged in extensive relational work and deep practice work; in contrast, the partnership that constructed the problem as disembedded engaged in efficient relational work and shallow practice work. Further, we observed that the construction of the problem of gender inequality was tied to different outcomes: an embedded social construction of the problem was associated with holistic outcomes on a more limited scale; a disembedded construction of the problem was associated with simpler outcomes on a greater scale. The paper contributes to the literature on social partnerships by showing how social problems are constructed through partners' work and how this affects their impact and sustainability. It also extends the literature on social-symbolic work by highlighting the interplay of different forms of work in constructing social problems. Finally, it contributes to research on gender inequality and organizations by showing how the work of social partnerships can shape conceptions of gender inequality at the meso level.

Adlandırılmış Varlık Tanıma Modelleri ile Türkçe Sosyal Medya Metinlerinde Küfürlü Sözlerin Sansürlenmesi

Adlandırılmış varlık tanıma problemi, veri çıkarımı, doğal dil işleme ve metin madenciliği gibi alanların alt dalı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Adlandırılmış varlık tanıma, yapılandırılmamış metinlerdeki varlık isimlerinin uygunluklarına göre önceden belirlenen kişi ismi, organizasyon ismi veya yer ismi gibi sınıflara atama yapmak için kullanılan bir araçtır. Gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte sosyal ağlar çok insan tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Sosyal medya kullanan kişiler her türlü resim, metin veya video içeriklerini paylaşabilmektedir. Paylaşılan bu içerikler ise bazen uygunsuz yani aile yapısını etkiler nitelikte olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Twitter’daki Türkçe tweetler kullanılarak küfür, hakaret ve uygunsuz kelimeler adlandırılmış varlık tanıma problemi olarak ele alınmış ve bu kelimeler farklı yöntemler ile tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada, önce metinlerde geçen kelime ve kelime öbekleri etiketlenmiş daha sonra ise etiketlenen kelimeler vektörleştirilmiştir. Vektörler, Bi-LSTM ve öneğitimli BERT modelleri kullanılarak eğitim yapılmıştır. Bi-LSTM modeli hem eğitimde hem de test aşamasında %99‘a yakın doğruluk oranı sergilemiştir. BERT modeli ise eğitim aşamasında %99 civarında doğruluk oranı gösterirken, test başarısının %95 civarında olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma hızı açısından, Bi-LSTM modelinin BERT modelinden yaklaşık olarak 3 kat daha hızlı olduğu görülmüştür.

Briefly Noted

On July 25, 2022, the first Article 25 Arbitration Appeal award was issued. The Article 25 mechanism is being used while Appellate Body appointments are still blocked. The substance of the case concerned a dispute between the European Union and Turkey regarding a localization requirement whereby Turkey required foreign producers to commit to localize in Turkey their production of certain pharmaceutical products and where producers did not commit to doing so, relevant products were no longer reimbursed by the Turkish Social Security Institution. Ultimately, the arbitral panel found that the localization requirement was not justifiable under GATT (and consequently that the panel below had not erred in its judgment).

A Comparison of Social Studies Curriculum: A Case of South Korea and Turkey

Countries use education as a tool to shape the desired human profile in line with universal principles. For this purpose, the courses in the curriculum have specific objectives. Social studies is an important course in the curriculum of countries for the purpose of raising “qualified people”. This course is included in the curriculum of many countries around the world (Canada, Japan, South Korea, Finland, Turkey, etc.) due to its mission of “realizing social existence”. The aim of this study is to compare the South Korean Social Studies Curriculum updated in 2015 and the Turkish Social Studies Curriculum updated in 2017. The data of the research, which was carried out by adopting the qualitative research approach, were obtained through document analysis. The data obtained from the research were analyzed according to the document analysis stages. When the results of the research are evaluated in general, it is seen that South Korea Social Studies Curriculum and Turkey Social Studies Curriculum are similar in terms of purpose, content (geography and economics topics) and achievement code system. In South Korea, the Social Studies course takes place at the primary, secondary and high school levels, and in Turkey it takes place at the primary and secondary school levels. It has been determined that the social studies course hours in the grade levels of both countries also differ.

Eğitim Fakülteleri Yönetiminde Kadın Temsilinin İncelenmesi

Bu çalışmanın amacı gelecek nesilleri şekillendirecek öğretmenleri yetiştiren eğitim fakültelerinin yönetim kademelerindeki cinsiyet dağılımının genel tarama modeli kullanılarak incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi birim istatistikleri taranarak devlet üniversitelerinin bilgilerine ulaşılmıştır. Ulaşılan 80 eğitim fakültesinin (77 eğitim fakültesi ve üç eğitim bilimleri fakültesi) dekan, dekan yardımcısı, bölüm başkanı, ana bilim dalı başkanı bilgileri betimsel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, erkek dekan oranının kadın dekan oranından yaklaşık beş kat, erkek dekan yardımcıları oranının kadın dekan yardımcıları oranından ise 2.5 kat fazla olduğunu göstermektedir. Buradan hareketle eğitim fakültelerinin üst yönetim kadrolarında kadın akademisyenlerin varlığının göze çarpan bir oranla azınlıkta kaldığı, orta seviye yönetim kadrolarında da durumun pek de iyimser olmadığı görülmektedir. Çalışmadan elde edilen diğer bir bulgu ise özellikle Türkçe ve Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi, Matematik ve Fen Bilimleri Eğitimi ile Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Eğitimi bölümlerinde kadınların yönetim pozisyonlarındaki sınırlı temsilidir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde akademik yönetimde kadın temsilinin iyileştirebilmesi için çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.

Alternative literacies in Turkish social studies teaching program

The research aims to determine which alternative literacy types should be included in the Social Studies curriculum used in Turkey since 2018 The data sources of the research, in which the document analysis method from the qualitative research methods was used, are the 2018 Turkish Social Studies Curriculum (for primary school and middle school 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th grades), and the studies in the relevant literature. The curriculum was accessed from the official internet website of the Republic of Türkiye Ministry of National Education Board of Education and Discipline; literature studies were accessed through databases like WoS, SCOPUS, EBSCO, ERIC, ScienceDirect, Sage, Wiley, Google Scholar, and DergiPark. The data were analyzed with the content analysis. The research results concluded that competencies are mostly related to cultural literacy, scientific literacy, technology literacy, civic (citizenship) literacy, and global literacy skills. Additionally, when the attainments were evaluated separately for each class level (4th-7th grades), it was seen that mainly geographical literacy, historical literacy, scientific literacy, cultural literacy, civic (citizenship) literacy, and global literacy could be included. Based on the results, it is recommended to assess technology literacy, natural disaster literacy, critical literacy, and visual literacy as alternative literacy types.

Cost-Effectiveness and Budget Impact of Comprehensive Anemia Management, The First Pillar of Patient Blood Management, on the Turkish Healthcare System

PurposePatient blood management (PBM) is a patient-centered, evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach aimed at optimizing hemoglobin concentration, ensuring the continuity of hemostasis and minimizing blood loss in patients undergoing surgery. The aims of this study were: (1) to explore the cost-effectiveness of comprehensive anemia management, the first pillar of PBM, in non-cardiac and cardiac surgery from the Turkish Social Security Institution’s (SSI’s) perspective; and (2) to explore the potential budget impact of PBM for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and hip and knee arthroplasty to the SSI.MethodsCost-effectiveness and budget impact models were developed based on the avoided postoperative adverse events following implementation of the first pillar of PBM for non-cardiac and cardiac surgical patients. The probabilities of adverse events (sepsis with and without pneumonia, renal failure, myocardial infarction and stroke) were taken from a recent meta-analysis and the costs of treating these adverse events to the SSI were estimated through expert views and the use of SSI guidelines.ResultsThe PBM arm dominated the control arm for both non-cardiac and cardiac surgeries in terms of cost-effectiveness in the simulated cohort of patients and was associated with improved outcomes and lower costs (1768 and 1244 avoided adverse events, and incremental cost reductions for non-cardiac and cardiac surgery of 7504 Turkish lira [TRY] and 6102 TRY, respectively). The budget impact analysis showed that PBM is a potential cost-saving option for the SSI, with savings of up to 196,937,705 TRY (€12,841,697) for hip and knee arthroplasty and 24,642,504 TRY (€1,606,861) for CABG surgery.ConclusionPBM is a cost-effective option with a potential of cost-saving for cardiac and non-cardiac surgery in Turkey.

The Independent Advisory Board for Turkish Social Security Institution: A Policy Transfer Trail from the United Kingdom Case

Social security is a policy area requiring technical, bipartisan, and objective expertise and a high level of consultation and consensus with stakeholders for proper decision-making and implementation. For assuring these necessities in the context of social security challenges, the UK government system employs an impartial advisory body. Using this example, this study intends to examine the historical and political backdrop and the implementation of the advisory committee and provide an outline for possible Turkish application. Based on the case study analysis executed in this paper, an obvious need for an independent advisory body in the Turkish social security system has been identified. However, the implementation and boundaries of such a body’s independence would directly determine its efficiency and requirement of existence.

Analysis of Geography Attainments in the Social Sciences Curriculum of Turkey According to the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy.

"The purpose of this study is to examine and compare geography attainment targets in the 6th and 7th grade Social Studies Curriculum according to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. Document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. The 6th and 7th grade geography attainment targets of the 2018 Social Studies Curriculum were analysed using a descriptive analysis technique. Twenty-two attainment targets for geography in the Social Studies Curriculum were examined using the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. It has been concluded that geography attainment targets in the Social Studies Curriculum of Turkey are generally at the lower level of thinking or cognition. This study reveals that metacognitive levels are not reflected for geography in the Turkish Social Sciences curriculum. Paying attention to these metacognitive criteria during curriculum updates may contribute to the development of high-level cognitive skills for students. In this way, teachers can focus on higher-level critical thinking skills in geography in secondary schools."

Allergy Practices in Otorhinolaryngology Residency Programs in Turkey: Quo Vadis?

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate how allergy practices in the otorhinolaryngology (ORL) residency departments in Turkey have changed over the last 20 years and to examine the current status in ORL residency training.Methods:A 17-item questionnaire was developed following the study goals by a team experienced in allergy practices. The questionnaire was sent via e-mail to the program directors of all the 95 ORL residency departments in Turkey.Results:A total of 60 (63.2%) program directors completed the questionnaire. We found that allergy testing and immunotherapy had been performed in 70% and 28.3%, respectively, at any time to date. The most common reason for discontinuing in allergy practices over time was “the changes introduced by the Turkish Social Security Institute as stated in the healthcare implementation communiqué” and “the difficulties in obtaining vaccine supplies from companies”. Of all departments, allergy testing, immunotherapy, nasal smear, and nasal provocation tests were performed only by 35%, 8.3%, 28.3%, and 1.7%, respectively.Conclusion:Allergy practices have been increasingly used, especially in the 2000s, but came to a standstill upon the changes introduced by the Turkish Social Security Institute as stated in the healthcare implementation communiqué. These findings suggest that allergy training, in the recent years, has remained in the background in ORL residency programs in Turkey. To achieve standardization in allergy training in ORL residency programs, professional associations and authorities should develop solutions in cooperation with legislators.

Türk Siyasi Hayatında Kasım Küfrevi

1920 yılında Bitlis’te doğan Kasım Küfrevi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat fakültesinden mezun olduktan sonra siyasete atılmıştır. 1950 yılında Demokrat Parti (DP)den Ağrı adayı olarak gösterilen Küfrevi, Nakşibendi kimliği ile de ön plana çıkmıştır. Demokrat Parti, Ağrı’da yeni örgütlenen bir parti olmasına rağmen Küfrevi’nin bu kimliğinin de etkisiyle halkın kısa sürede ilgi ve güvenini kazanmıştır. Bu süreçte, Ağrı halkının parti, particilik ve ideolojik tutumdan ziyade Kasım Küfrevi ve beraberindekilere olan güven duygusunun yanı sıra, dini bağlılıklarının da etkili olduğunu söylemek yerinde olacaktır. 1950 yılının ardından 1954’te tekrar DP saflarında mecliste bulunan Küfrevi parti içerisindeki anlaşmazlıklardan dolayı DP ile yollarını ayırarak, aynı yıl Hürriyet Partisi’nde kurucu üye olarak görev almıştır. 1957 seçimlerinde Ağrı’dan bağımsız milletvekili olarak adaylığını koyan Küfrevi halkın kendisine gösterdiği teveccüh ile TBMM’ye girmeyi başarmıştır. 27 Mayıs 1960 Askeri Darbesi’nin ardından Yassıada’da yargılanan Küfrevi sonraki süreçte beraat etmiştir. 1965’te Yeni Türkiye Partisi’nden 13. dönem, 1969’da Cumhuriyetçi Güven Partisi’nden 14. dönem Ağrı milletvekili olarak mecliste bulunan Küfrevi, 14 Ekim 1973 – 12 Eylül 1980 tarihleri arasında Ağrı senatörlüğü yapmıştır. Demokrat Parti, Bağımsız, Yeni Türkiye Partisi ve Güven Partisi olmak üzere üç farklı partiden milletvekili olarak meclise girmeyi başaran Kasım Küfrevi, meccliste bulunduğu sürece gerek Ağrı özelinde gerekse, ekonomi, eğitim, fikir, sanat, sosyal ve siyasal konularda önergeler vermiş, bu önergelerin çoğunu mecliste kabul ettirmeyi başarmıştır. Farklı siyasi partiler altında seçime girmiş olmasına rağmen milletvekili seçilen Küfrevi hem dini bir kişilik olarak, hem de Ağrı halkı tarafından sevilen, saygı duyulan bir lider olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çalışmada, Türk siyasi hayatına Ağrıdan milletvekili olarak katılan ve uzun süre politikada bulunan Kasım Küfrevi’nin yaşam öyküsü ile beraber siyasi geçmişi incelenecektir. Çalışma sırasında Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivi, TBMM Arşivi, TBMM Zabıt Cerideleri ve süreli yayın seksiyonlarından yararlanılmıştır.

Türk Sosyal Karakteri Üzerine Kuramsal Bir Çalışma

Sosyal Karakter, bir toplumda yaşayan insanların öğrenme ve etkileşim yoluyla kendi kültürlerinden kişiliklerine aktardıkları ortak değer ve anlayış biçimleridir. Türk kültürünün zihindeki biçimlenmesi olan Türk sosyal karakteri, toplumdaki ilişkiler ve iş yapış tarzlarında kendini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, yönetim-kültür ilişkisinde bugüne kadar detaylı çalışma yapılmamış olan ‘Türk sosyal karakteri” incelenmiştir. Özellikle Türk sosyal karakterinin, yönetim ve toplumsal gelişim süreçlerine frenleyici etkisi olan özellikleri irdelenmiştir.

Sürdürülebilir Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemi İçin Mali Kural Önerisi

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı; Türk Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemini sürdürülebilir ve etkin bir temele oturtmak için mali kural önerisinde bulunmaktır. Türkçe literatürde mali kural ile ilgili birçok çalışma olmakla beraber sosyal güvenlik sisteminde mali kurala yönelik herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Türkçe dışındaki literatür incelendiğinde ise özellikle Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin 1992 yılından bu yana sosyal güvenlik sistemi için mali kural uyguladıkları gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Avrupa Birliği örneklerinden de hareketle Türk Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemi için mali kural önerisinde bulunulmuştur. Ayrıca ulusal yazında Anayasanın 65.maddesine genellikle hukuksal açıdan yaklaşıldığı ve söz konusu maddenin Türk Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemine yönelik mali ve iktisadi etkilerinin ihmal edildiği tespit edilerek önerilen mali kural çerçevesi ile uyumlu olarak yeni bir yorum önerisinde bulunulmuştur. Analiz sonucunda Türk Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin sürdürülemez düzeyde olan açıklarını kontrol altına almak adına önerilen mali kural çerçevesinin kesin bir çözüm olmadığı ancak bu çerçeve ile birlikte önerilen kurumsal düzenlemelerin yapılmasının kayda değer şekilde iyileşmeler sağlayacağı vurgulanmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Türk Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemi, Anayasa ve 65.madde, Mali Kural, Sosyal Güvenlik Açıkları JEL Sınıflandırması: H55, H60

The Development of the Turkish Social Media Craving Scale (SMCS): a Validation Study

Over the past decade, the use of social media applications have increased worldwide. In parallel with this, abuse of social media has also increased. In recent years, many disorders related to social media use have been conceptualized. One of the common consequences of these disorders is the intense desire (i.e., craving) to use social media. The aim of the present study was to develop the Social Media Craving Scale (SMCS) by adapting the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS). The study comprised 423 university students (242 females and 181 males) across five different samples. The psychometric instruments used included the Social Media Craving Scale, Social Media Disorder Scale, Brief Self-Control Scale, and Personal Information Form. In the present study, structural validity and reliability of the SMCS were investigated. The structural validity of SMCS was investigated with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and criterion validity. The reliability of SMCS was evaluated using Cronbach α internal consistency reliability coefficient, corrected item total correlation coefficients, and test-retest method. As a result of EFA, the SMCS was found to be unidimensional scale. This unidimensional structure explained approximately half of the total variance. The unidimensional structure of SMCS was tested in two different samples with CFA. As a result of CFA, SMCS models were found to have acceptable fit values. The criterion validity of the SMCS was evaluated by assessing social media disorder, self-discipline, impulsiveness, daily social media use duration, social media usage history, frequency of checking social media accounts during the day, number of social media accounts, and number of daily shares. Analysis demonstrated that the SMCS was associated with all these variables in the expected direction. According to the reliability analysis (Cronbach’s α internal consistency coefficients, corrected item total correlation coefficients, and test-retest method), the SMCS was found to be a reliable scale. When validity and reliability analyses of the SMCS are considered as a whole, it is concluded that the SMCS is a valid and reliable scale in assessing social media craving.