Turkish Officers Research Articles

Milli Mücadele’de Amasya’nın Tercih Edilme Nedenleri ve Amasya Tamimine Giden Süreç

On October 30, 1918, after the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, many parts of Anatolia, especially Istanbul, were occupied by the Allied Powers. The Turkish people, who remained silent about the occupations for a while, threw off the dead soil with the occupation of Izmir by Greece and participated in rallies protesting these occupations in various parts of the country. In the meantime, there were ideas among the Ottoman bureaucrats and intellectuals who accepted the vassalage of various big countries. However, patriotic officers such as Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Kazım Karabekir, Fethi Okyar, Ali Fuat Cebesoy Pasha, and Kazım Karabekir sought ways to start the National Struggle by moving to Anatolia. They were not sure from which province in Anatolia the National Struggle should start. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Kazım Karabekir Pasha and other patriotic Turkish officers saw Amasya as the place to start the National Struggle. The aim of the study is to reveal the process leading to the Amasya Declaration in the National Struggle, the importance of this declaration and the reasons why Amasya was preferred. In order to convey the information in the article, a literature review was conducted and books, articles and scientific theses on this subject were read and tried to be conveyed to the reader. The aim of the study is to present to the reader the patriotic and common sense approach of the people of Amasya towards the problems of the country in the process leading to the Amasya Declaration.

CAREER PREFERENCE OF THE TURKISH OFFICERS AFTER SEA SERVICE

In this study, the post-maritime careers of Turkish officers who have STCW A-II/1 and A-III/1 qualification at the undergraduate level were investigated, and their new career preferences were examined. The high salary profession has been identified as one of the main reasons why Turkish officers prefer the maritime profession. Turkish seafarers’ working periods on the ship were examined, and the shortness of these durations was observed to be noteworthy. This situation shows that due to not properly career planning, it is seen that they do less sea service because of factors such as family etc. than Filipinos. Therefore, properly planned career management serves both the goals of the institutions and the expectations of the employees. Studies also have shown that a significant majority of the sector's employees aim to have a second career after sea service in the same sector. It is a very remarkable result for the maritime industry that Turkish officers want to work on shore base of the sector. The survey method was used to obtain the data. The regression model in SPSS 22 program was used in the analysis of the obtained data. As a result of this study, it has been observed that most of the Turkish seafarers generally work in the maritime sector after sea services.

From Missionary Tradition to Liberal Leadership: Robert College, 1918–1970

ABSTRACT This article analyses the transformation of Robert College, the first American college founded abroad, from 1923 to 1970. Based on a careful investigation of Robert College archives and personal accounts of the College staff, it contends that the school’s missionary character acquired a new identity after the foundation of Republican Turkey. Robert College gradually abandoned its missionary tradition to become an institution of liberal learning in the service of westernizing Turkey. The College presidency and trustees have long elaborated on the new context and trends in liberal education in the United States. At the same time, the Turkish officers and graduates quickly adjusted to this new character immersed in secular values. The College’s transition involved a shared commitment going beyond political partnership, reflecting an intellectual vision that came out of long years of negotiations within the College establishment.

From colonialism to nation fact - anatomy of an age from lawlessness to justice: Malta exhibitions in the novel of Sevda Sürgünleri

Malta Sürgünleri meselesi, I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra İngilizlerle imzalanan Mondros Ateşkes Antlaşması’nın Anadolu’yu kolay bir şekilde işgale hazırlayan hükümlerini uygulamak adına, herhangi bir kanıt olmaksızın, vatansever Türk subaylarını, devlet ve fikir adamlarını, gazetecilerini Malta’ya sürgüne gönderme hadisesidir. Sömürgeci bir anlayışla hareket eden İngilizlerin ve müttefiklerin asıl amacı, Anadolu’da başlaması muhtemel millî direnişe destek verme ihtimali olan bu insanları yargılayarak Mondros Ateşkes Antlaşması’nın hükümlerini istedikleri gibi uygulamaktır. Bunun için İstanbul Hükümeti, Ermeniler ve Rumlarla işbirliği yapar. İşbirlikçilerin uydurma belgeleri ile Malta’ya sürgün edilenleri “Ermeni soy kırımı” iddiasıyla suçlar ve tutuklarlar. Bu arada savaşın bitmediğine inanan İttihat ve Terakki’nin yurt dışındaki ve içindeki faaliyetleri, Mustafa Kemal önderliğinde gerçekleşen Kuva-yı Milliye’nin millî mücadeledeki başarısı, Malta’ya sürgün edilenleri oradan kurtarılmalarını sağlar. Mim Kemal Öke’nin, Sürgündeki Sevda isimli romanında tarihî gerçeklikle örtüşür bir şekilde Malta’ya gönderilen sürgünleri kurmaca dünyaya aktarması incelememizin nedenini oluşturmaktır. Amaç, tarihin karanlık bir sayfasını gün yüzüne çıkarmaktır. Bu yapılırken konu ile ilgili bilimsel çalışmalara müracaat edilmiştir.

موتەسەڕیفەکانی هەولێر هەڵوێستی سیاسی و ڕۆڵی ئاوەدانییان (١٩٢٣-١٩٤٥)

Abstract Erbil Mutasarif (governors) and their policies in political situations and role in construction between 1923-1945 The British Army were able to occupy Erbil on 10-11-1918, ten days after signing the Mondros -ceasefire, between The Ottoman Empire and the Great Britain. They formed a local administration in Erbil under the previous Mayor (Ahmed Usman), who had acted as a (local governor or vice Mutasarif), namely belonged to the (Fatah Pasha) Kirkuk’s Mutasarif, until 1923. After this transition period, Iraqi Monarch issued an official order that recognized (Ahmad Usman) as official governor of Erbil, continued his task till 1927. Erbil Mutasarif (governors) who were 11 people, except First Mutasarif (governor) the rest of them came from outside of Erbil such as Kirkuk, Mosul, and Sulaimaniya, the period the governing of some of them less than two weeks. The period which is dedicated to this topic, the set of significant changes took place either political situation or developing construction. These Mutasarif (governors) played major role in those events, which affected Erbil and its countryside positively and negatively. These events were can be classified such as: visiting a Kurdish revolver (Smko Shikak 1887-1930) in 1922, a Turkish Officer (Euzdemir) to Rawanduz district in 1922 who made chaos to the region, first king of Iraq (Faisal bin Hussein 1883-1933) in 1924 who reclaimed to annex Southern Kurdistan to Iraq, and the delegation of League of Nations in 1925 to listen people in order to make the decision about disputed area (Mosul Vilayet-Southern Kurdistan) either to be part of Iraq or Turkey. Furthermore, Barazan rebellions in thirteenth and fourteenth of the last century. In terms of construction, Erbil had been changed from a town by the end the Ottoman Empire to a middle city by the end of the Second World War, which is dedicated to this research. As a result of many construction projects in different fields took place, such as building schools, hospitals, and constructing Hamilton Road.

Foundations of Turkish Claims in the Eastern Mediterranean

The Eastern Mediterranean is becoming a new region of interstate confrontation and clash of national interests. This is largely due to the discovery of oil and gas reserves, the development of which is becoming possible with the existing technology. The Republic of Turkey has a special position regarding this maritime region. The paper analyzes those bases - historical, political and legal - that determine Turkeys current policy with regard to maritime delimitation and the settlement of maritime disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean. Particularly, it is shown that Turkeys policy in the region continues to be based on the approaches that were announced by Turkey during the I-III UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea (1958, 1960, 1973-1982 respectively), which have remained unchanged up to now. This position, as regards both the outer limits of the territorial sea, the legal regime of islands and the delimitation of the continental shelf, continues to define the essence of the controversy between Turkey and other countries of the region, including Greece and the Republic of Cyprus. At the same time, it is shown that there is a set of circumstances that significantly limit the prospects of solving these interstate contradictions within the framework of international judicial instances, including the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The conclusion is made that, for both Turkey and Greece, the most acceptable option would be to work out a model of settlement, which would not imply the obligation of its immediate implementation. Particular attention is paid to the ideological and practical framing of Turkish claims within the framework of the Blue Homeland doctrine, developed by a number of retired Turkish officers. It shows how Ankara uses the ideas of pan-Turkism and neo-Ottomanism to justify its claims to vast maritime spaces. The distinctive feature of this doctrine most likely is its anti-American, anti-NATO and anti-European orientation. There is a paradoxical situation when certain ideas enshrined in this concept directly correlate with the interests of the Russian Federation.

Türk Vardiya Zabitlerinin Kruvaziyer Gemilerde Çalışmasını Engelleyen Zorluklar ve Çözüm Önerileri

The cruise industry has experienced remarkable growth over the past two decades as can be seen from increasing numbers of passengers and cruise ships. Investments in the industry can show that continuous growth is expected for the future. It can be considered that the growing industry would create more employment opportunities for officers. On the other hand, although the number of Turkish officers has been increasing in recent years, it can be observed that Turkish officers almost never work on cruise ships. Aim of this study is to investigate the difficulties that prevent Turkish officers from working on cruise ships and to propose solutions to overcome these difficulties. In the study, literature and legal regulations were examined and a survey was conducted to obtain data on the employment procedures of companies. As a result of the study, various factors were identified in the fields of education, language and manning, which made it difficult for Turkish officers to work on cruise ships at national and international levels. Suggestions were made at the level of individuals, educational institutions, and governments to overcome these difficulties.

ТАК СОЗДАВАЛАСЬ ЛЕГЕНДА АНЗАК: УТРО 25 АПРЕЛЯ 1915 ГОДА

The article is devoted to the study of the first combat operations of the Australian-new Zealand army corps. It shows measures to ensure the surprise of the landing, a diversionary maneuver of the fleet in Saros Bay, the landing of three echelons of troops on the morning of April 25, 1915, on the beaches of Anzac Cove and North beach, the reasons for the rapid success and subsequent failures of the paratroopers. The reasons for the weak interaction of the landing units, the lack of artillery support, delays in the landing of the third echelon and the arrival of reinforcements to the front areas of the advance of troops are analyzed. It also shows the actions of the Turkish officer responsible for the defense of the Anzac landing site – Colonel Mustafa Kemal, who showed determination and did not allow the defenders of Gallipoli to retreat under the blows of superior forces of Australian and new Zealand troops. The article uses archival materials from the Australian War Memorial and British archives, diary entries and letters from Australians and new Zealanders, Russian and foreign research on the initial stage of the Gallipoli operation

II. Abdülhamit Dönemine Ait İki Farklı Japon Alfabesi ve Türkçe Transliterasyonlarındaki Sorunlar Üzerine

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Japonya arasındaki ilk resmî temaslar 1870’li yıllarda başlamış, 1890 yılında yaşanan Ertuğrul Faciası’ndan sonra ilişkiler artarak devam etmiştir. 1890'da Türk firkateyni Ertuğrul Japonya açıklarında batmış ve hayatta kalanlar Japon kruvazörleri tarafından İstanbul'a getirilmiştir. Kazazedelerle birlikte İstanbul’a gelen Noda Shōtarō isimli Japon gazetecinin padişah II. Abdülhamit’in isteği üzerine İstanbul’da kalarak bir yandan Türkçe öğrenirken diğer yandan Mekteb-i Harbiye-i Şahane’de Türk subaylara Japonca öğrettiği ve Jiji Shinpo adlı Japon gazetesinde çalışmaya devam ettiği bilinmektedir. 2018 yılının ocak ayına kadar Noda ve öğrencilerinin faaliyetlerinden Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Japonca eğitiminin eğitim öğretim çıktısı olarak değerlendirilebilecek 4 adet mektup dışında veri bulunmamaktaydı. 2018 yılında Prof. Dr. Ali Merthan Dündar’ın Mecmua-ı Lügat adlı eseri bilim dünyasına tanıtmasıyla 125 yıl aradan sonra Noda ve öğrencilerinin çalışmalarının önemli bir kısmı daha gün yüzüne çıkmış oldu. Bu çalışmada, Dündar’ın tanıtımına kadar Osmanlı’da ilk Japonca yayın olarak bilinen ancak Noda ve öğrencileriyle ilgisi olmayan Japon Elifbası (1908) ile Mecmua-ı Lügat’te (1893) yer alan Hiragana alfabesi karşılaştırılmıştır. Nitel araştırmaya dayalı çalışmamızda karşılaştırma sonucunda on beş yıl arayla yazılmış bu alfabelerin Türkçe transliterasyonlarında kayda değer farklılıklar olduğu saptanmıştır.

Musculoskeletal pain and its relation to individual and work-related factors: a cross-sectional study among Turkish office workers who work using computers

Objective . Office workers are commonly exposed to work-related musculoskeletal pain. This study investigated the individual and work-related risk factors linked to musculoskeletal pain and pain-related disability among Turkish office workers who work using computers. Methods. One-hundred and fifty office workers were included. Data were collected using an online survey with a combination of the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, Oswestry disability index (ODI), neck disability index (NDI) and disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire short-form (Q-DASH). The participants were divided into four subgroups: no pain (n = 26), lower back pain (n = 37), neck pain (n = 49) and upper-extremity pain (n = 38). Results. There were differences between subgroups in terms of the condition that feet touch the floor and the condition that the keyboard, mouse and wrist are in a straight line (p = 0.013 and p = 0.025, respectively). Working years was correlated with the ODI score (ρ = 0.802, p = 0.041). There was also a significant correlation between the NDI score and working hours (ρ = 0.415, p = 0.003), while Q-DASH was correlated with body mass index and working years (ρ = 0.406, p = 0.014, and ρ = 0.327, p = 0.043, respectively). Conclusions. Pain-related disability was associated with various risk factors such as physical inactivity, body mass index, working hours, working years and workplace ergonomics in the office workers.

Individual and Work-Related Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Turkish Office Workers

Individual and Work-Related Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Turkish Office Workers

Mekteb-i Harbiye Nazırlarından Matematikçi Mehmed Emin Paşa’nın Biyografisine Giriş

<p class="ql-align-justify">Mehmed Emin [Pasha] was among those young Turkish officers who were sent to England to receive military education in 1835. Besides being trained in the military arts, he studied mathematics at Cambridge University. Following his graduation from the university, he compiled a treatise titled An Introduction to the Calculus of Variations. He also published in France a study on the mathematical principles of missiles under the title Mémoire sur un nouveau système de confection des fusées de guerre. On his return to Turkey he was appointed director of the Turkish Military Academy (1841-1846). He was also a member of the Ottoman Academy of Sciences (Encümen-i Dâniş), established in 1851. The present article aims to provide newly disclosed biographical information about Mehmed Emin Pasha and to give the transliterations of his two previous biographies in Ottoman Turkish, written by Mehmed Esad and Salih Zeki.&nbsp;

Düzensiz spor aktivitesi olan ofis çalışanlarında sentetik zeminli yüzeylerde ortaya çıkan ön çapraz bağ yaralanmaları

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in Turkish office workers on the artificial playing surfaces.Materials and Methods: Eighty-seven patients who were operated for anterior cruciate ligament tear that had injuries on artificial surfaced playing areas (ASPA)s were evaluated retrospectively. Evaluations were undertaken using Lysholm and Tegner Activity Scale pre-operatively and in the last follow-up. Injury mechanisms, shoe types, frequency of sporting activity, time of warm-up exercises before sporting activity were assessed. Types of ASPA’s, body mass index (BMI) and return to work period were also determined.Results: Increase in Lysholm and Tegner activity scale between the preoperative and postoperative scores was found to be statistically significant (p&amp;lt;0.001). ACL tear occurred with non-contact injury in 65 patients, 22 patients had ACL tear with direct contact trauma. Football activity on the ASPAs is social allocation rather than a sportive activity. The rate of wearing special designed shoes for ASPA in sporting activities was low. The mean frequency of sporting activity was 1.4 times/month and the mean warm-up exercise time was 6.42 minutes. Sixty-nine ASPAs were made with 3th generation turf, 18 were 2nd generation turf. The mean BMI was 23.32 kg/m². The mean period for return to work was 17.41 weeks.Conclusion: Irregular sportive activity with insufficient equipment on the ASPA causes serious ACL injuries that have to be managed by surgical procedures with loss of working time and economical casualties.

A snapshot of the blackbox: a 2015 survey of the Turkish officer corps

ABSTRACTThis paper aims at opening the blackbox of the Turkish military by presenting the findings of a survey conducted among 1401 officers in May–August 2015. The findings, which could be defined as the snapshot of the Turkish military’s officer corps views, show that, as the ranks decrease, there are some major trends influencing the officer corps. These include heterogenization and diversification of opinions from collectivist to an individualist understanding of life, from an elitist to an egalitarian view of society, and change from value-centric service to a focus on financial goals and career opportunities. The findings also indicate that the Turkish Army, Air Force and Navy’s organizational cultures are dissimilar regarding their stance towards military transformation, organizational restructuring and some socio-political issues such as the extent of secularist sentiment, religiosity and political orientations.

Comparison of police stressors and negative psychosocial outcomes for officers in departments with and without community conflict directed toward them

The present study offers a unique comparison of workplace stressors and negative psychosocial outcomes for police officers with and without community conflict directed toward their departments, using identical measures for each sample. Participants included 233 Turkish officers from Istanbul who were presently receiving community conflict targeting their department and 207 officers from the northeastern United States who were not experiencing such community conflict. The two samples differed in age, years of police service and household size, so these variables were used as covariates in ANCOVAs that compared the two samples for four police stressors (Critical Incidents, Departmental Politics, Daily Hassles, Work-Home Conflict) and three negative psychosocial outcomes (police partner conflict, romantic partner conflict, poor self-esteem). Results revealed that the Turkish officers reported less intense stressors from Critical Incidents than did the USA officers, perhaps because the atypical stressor of community conflict directed at their department reduced concerns about more typical Critical Incidents of police work (burglaries, car accidents, barricaded suspects). The impact of this community conflict may have also been evident in the increased Work-Home Conflict, increased police partner conflict and worse self-esteem reported by the Turkish police in comparison to the USA police. A limitation of the present study is that broader cultural differences between the Turkish and USA police samples could have explained differences in their stressors and negative outcomes. Future research could compare departments with and without community conflict, but matched for nationality, size and resources. Future research could also examine whether officer concerns associated with community conflict lead to reduced job performance and decisions to leave the police force.

Analysis of Burnout Level of Police Officers: Evidence from Malatya, Turkey

Burnout, a relatively new concept, is defined as feeling cold and distant about one’s job or profession due to extreme stress or low level of job satisfaction. Police profession is considered to be one of the most likely places to observe burnout for obvious reasons. There are numerous empirical studies conducted in highly stressful or dangerous professions. They find that burnout level increases with age, lower level of job satisfaction and length of service. This study investigates the current situation burnout among Turkish police officers using a sample surveyed in the province of Malatya. The study compares the stress and burnout levels of police employees with respect to their gender, position and length of service; and finds that burnout level is higher among ordinary police officers, male police employees and more experienced police employees.

Analyzing musculoskeletal system discomforts and risk factors in computer-using office workers

Objective:This study analyzed the prevalence of work-related computer-user musculoskeletal discomforts, personal and computer-related risk factors.Methods:A cross-sectional survey on 395 office workers was made between July-September 2015. Musculoskeletal symptoms and risk factors were evaluated for participants’ demographics and job attributes on the 21-item questionnaire and the Turkish-Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire.Results:Participants reported musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck (67.85%), back (66.33%), lower back (59.49%), right shoulder (45.32%) and left shoulder (43.54%) during the past week and work interference was 33.6%, 28.5%, 30.6%, 31.3% and 31.9%, respectively. Musculoskeletal discomfort risks were being male, increasing daily computer usage, feeling computer-usage discomfort, hours working at desk and having knowledge about ergonomic exercises.Conclusion:Musculoskeletal symptoms are common in Turkish office workers and indicated the need for more attention to musculoskeletal disorders and designing effective preventive interventions.

English

English

The Impact of Ethical Leadership on Police Officers’ Code of Silence and Integrity: Results from the Turkish National Police

This study aims to investigate the perceived seriousness of integrity violations and the impact of ethical leadership on integrity and the code of silence by using structural equation modeling. The results suggested that integrity violations are regarded by Turkish officers as serious offenses, as they are perceived by their colleagues in other countries. The study also revealed the existence of the code of silence among police officers. Finally, it suggested that leadership positively affects the integrity of police officers and has a significant effect on breaking the code of silence in Turkey. Based on the findings, policy implications were discussed.

On two Old Italian Turcisms (1. cassasso 2. pettomagi/pettomanzi)

The paper aims to explain the origin of two old Italian words of Turkish origin, cassasso ‘a Turkish police officer’ and pettomagi/pettomanzi ‘Turkish officer(s) dealing with the possesions of the dead’. Contrary to a previous etymology of his, the author’s present opinion is that cassasso derives from the Ottoman-Turkish hasas, a spoken variant of the literary Arabism ‘ases ‘a guard, night-watchman, policeman’. As to pettomagi/pettomanzi, it is possibly a Turkish adaptation of Greek words as πeθ αμός ‘death’, πeθ αμένος ‘dead’ + nominal suffix -cI.