TNF Inhibitors Research Articles

Real-World Safety and Efficacy of Targeted Therapies in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A 5-Year, 5130-Case Follow-Up from FIRST Registry.

This work aims to illustrate the evolution and ongoing challenges of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management with targeted therapy over 20 years, using a cohort study from the world's oldest society. Data were obtained from FIRST registry, a multicenter cohort of patients with RA treated with biologic/targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs). Patients were followed for 60 months and assessed for drug efficacy, retention, and reasons for discontinuation. Analysis of 5130 treatments over 16,616 person-years revealed shifts in strategies and demographics. Despite an aging population (51.9-64.3 years) with increasing comorbidities (lung disease: 11.1-36.2%, malignancy: 2.2-13.1%), b/tsDMARD use expanded to include patients with lower disease activity. With better disease control, discontinuations due to adverse events decreased, and particularly infections fell from 2.1 to 0.7 per 100 person-years. Remission rates improved over time in the naïve group but remained largely unchanged in the prior b/tsDMARDs group. Retention rates varied by bDMARD class, with TNF inhibitors (TNFi) showing a decrease over time and IL-6 receptor inhibitors (IL-6Ri) and CTLA4-Ig showing an increase in retention. TNFi had high remission rates but low retention, whereas CTLA4-Ig and IL-6Ri had lower remission rates and higher retention. Changes in functional improvement were modest overall, and in patients aged 75 years and older, functional gains remained limited. The study highlights the evolving landscape of RA management in an aging society, noting gains in efficacy and safety. However, unmet needs persist, particularly for patients not fully achieving treat-to-target goals and those with limited functional improvement.

Abstract 1809: The role of HyDIFFUZETM in co-formulation with subcutaneous infliximab

Abstract Background: Recombinant human Hyaluronidase PH20 (rHuPH20) is an enzyme that degrades subcutaneous (SC) hyaluronan and has been used as a drug dispersion agent to optimize the SC delivery of co-formulated therapeutic antibodies. HyDIFFUZETM, a stand-alone rHuPH20 is under development as a dispersion agent and tissue permeation modifier for co-formulated drugs in the stage of the registration study(N=243) in S. Korea. Recently, SC formulation of Infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Although the therapeutic response to infliximab is strongly associated with drug exposure, the effect of HyDIFFUZETM on absorption and therapeutic response of co-formulated infliximab remains unclear. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the applicability of HyDIFFUZETM as an effective drug dispersion agent by evaluating the effects of HyDIFFUZETM on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of co-formulated infliximab, compared to SC infliximab alone. Methods: To investigate whether HyDIFFUZETM enhances dispersion of infliximab, PK of infliximab was analyzed after SC injection along with HyDIFFUZETM and compared with that of infliximab without HyDIFFUZETM. A single dose was administered to SD rats (n=5/group), and blood samples were collected at 12 time points over 28 days post injection. Plasma concentrations of infliximab were determined using ELISA and PK parameters were obtained by Phoenix WinNolin. Results: In vivo PK studies showed that formulation of 84 mg/kg Infliximab combined with 1400 unit/kg HyDIFFUZETM resulted in AUCt 127.2% and Cmax 119.9%, compared to 84 mg/kg infliximab without HyDIFFUZETM. Furthermore, PK profiles of 63 mg/kg infliximab with HyDIFFUZETM similar to that of 84 mg/kg infliximab alone with AUCt 105.5% and Cmax 95.1%. These results suggest that HyDIFFUZETM might reduce the dose of infliximab required to generate equivalent therapeutic effects. Increasing the dose of Infliximab/HyDIFFUZETM resulted in a greater-than-dose-proportional increase in AUCt, Cmax, and T1/2, indicating enhanced systemic drug exposure. Additionally, SC formulated of 168 mg/kg infliximab with HyDIFFUZETM showed an AUCt approximately 90% of that achieved with IV injection of 60 mg/kg infliximab. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the HyDIFFUZETM significantly enhanced intravascular uptake of infliximab, with sustained therapeutic plasma concentrations of Infliximab observed over an extended duration as the dose increased. These findings suggest that combining infliximab with HyDIFFUZETM may allow enhanced systemic drug exposure even at lower dose sand potentially extend dosing intervals. Furthermore, the results presented the possibility that SC infliximab/HyDIFFUZETM may potentially replace intravenously (IV) infliximab in the induction regimen resulting in an entire treatment of induction and maintenance with SC infliximab/HyDIFFUZETM only. Citation Format: Younseo Oh, Hyungip Kim, Heeyoun Kim, Donghwan Kim, Boyoung Park, Juyoung Byun, Chaeyoung Lim. The role of HyDIFFUZETM in co-formulation with subcutaneous infliximab [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 1809.

Effectiveness of JAK inhibitors in biologics-naïve patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study.

We evaluated drug retention rates to compare the effectiveness of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors vs. tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) biologics and non-TNFi biologics in biologics-naïve rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and assessed intra-class differences among JAK inhibitors. We conducted a cohort study using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, including RA patients initiating TNFi biologics, non-TNFi biologics, or JAK inhibitors. We follow patients from index date until outcome, death, or end of 2-year study period. To evaluate retention rate, we used treatment change defined as discontinuation or switching of medication. We calculated hazard ratios of treatment change to compare the effectiveness of JAK inhibitors vs. biologics, using JAK inhibitors as reference group. Of 16,212 patients, 2,654 (16.37%) received JAK inhibitors, 10,080 (62.18%) received TNFi biologics, and 3,478 (21.45%) received non-TNFi biologics. We found TNFi biologics were associated with a higher risk of treatment change than JAK inhibitors (hazard ratio = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.25-1.53). We found no significant difference between JAK inhibitors and non-TNFi biologics. The risk of treatment change among JAK inhibitors (e.g., tofacitinib, baricitinib) was similar. Our findings reflected drug effectiveness by the duration that patients maintained the regimen, considering both therapeutic effects and adverse events. We found JAK inhibitors had better effectiveness than TNFi biologics, with no significant difference compared to non-TNFi biologics in biologics-naïve patients. Intra-class comparison of JAK inhibitors indicated similar effectiveness for both tofacitinib and baricitinib. These findings supported the use of JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis patients after failure of conventional DMARDs treatment.

Janus kinase inhibitors show a longer drug survival than biologics in a real-world cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis - a retrospective analysis from the RHADAR database.

Numerous biologic and targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs) have been approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), rituximab, abatacept, interleukin-6 inhibitors (IL-6i) and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). Real-world data regarding treatment persistence and drug survival in the time period following the approval of JAKI are limited. To investigate the persistence and drug survival of different (b/tsDMARDs) in patients with RA based on real-world data from German outpatients. We performed a retrospective analysis of RA patients in the German RHADAR database who received a newly prescribed therapy with a b/tsDMARD between January 15, 2015 and October 17, 2023. To compare drug survival, we used Cox regression analyses adjusted for age, sex and disease duration. We included 4678 patients (79.9% female, mean age 58.7 years, mean disease duration 11.7 years). TNFi (47.8%) and JAKi (29.4%) were most frequently prescribed. The five-year drug survival rate was highest for JAKi (68.3%), followed by TNFi (58.6%), IL-6i (58.6%), abatacept (55.0%), and rituximab (53.3%). Compared to JAKi, Cox regression showed a higher discontinuation risk for rituximab (HR 1.36, p = 0.015), abatacept (HR 1.46, p < 0.001), IL-6i (HR 1.20, p = 0.026), and TNFi (HR 1.29, p < 0.001). Rituximab had the highest two-year survival (70.3%) but a sharp decline afterward, with 60% of discontinuations occurring between March 2020 and July 2022. In a real-world setting in German outpatients with RA, JAKi was associated with longer drug survival than bDMARDS. There were no significant differences in treatment persistence among different bDMARDs.

Incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with Janus kinase inhibitors compared to biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: data from an international collaboration of registries (the "JAK-pot" study).

To assess the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in RA patients treated with JAKi, TNF-inhibitors (TNFi) or biologic Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs with other modes of action (bDMARD-OMA) in a multi-country, real-world population. RA patients from 15 registries in the JAK-pot collaboration were included. MACE incidence was analysed using two approaches: a within-registry analysis aggregating country-specific estimates from registers with >25 incident MACE events through meta-analysis, and an individual-level data combined analysis. We used adjusted linear mixed Poisson regression to obtain incidence rate ratios (IRR) of MACE between treatment groups, accounting for multiple treatment courses. The study included 73'008 treatment courses (16'417 JAKi, 35'373 TNFi and 21'218 bDMARD-OMA) and 828 incident MACE among 51'233 patients. Median follow-up time was 1.3 years, with most of the follow-up concentrated in the first two years of treatment. Incidence rates were 7.0, 7.6 and 11.8 per 1'000 person-years for JAKi, TNFi and bDMARD-OMA, respectively. Compared to TNFi, JAKi (within-registry adjusted IRR: 0.89, 95%CI 0.63 to 1.25)) had similar incidence rates of MACE and bDMARD-OMA had higher rates (within-registry adjusted IRR: 1.35, 95%CI 1.10 to 1.66). Combined analysis showed similar results. Observational data from the JAK-pot collaboration show no evidence of an increase in cardiovascular events during the first 2 years of use with JAKi compared to TNFi in the general RA population.

Effectiveness of Frequently Used TNF Inhibitors vs. Conventional Immunosuppressive Therapies for Noninfectious Uveitis

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the corticosteroid sparing efficacy of frequently used antimetabolites to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in the management of noninfectious ocular inflammation. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients with noninfectious uveitis on conventional antimetabolite (methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine,or leflunomide, “CONV”) or a TNF inhibitor (adalimumab or infliximab, “TNFi”) with active inflammation or more than 7.5 mg daily prednisone. Eyes were assessed in three groups: CONV only, TNFi only and combination of both (COMB). Cox regression models compared treatment success, adjusted for age, race, smoking, anatomic location of uveitis, duration of uveitis and visual acuity. Corticosteroid sparing success was defined as: inactive or slightly active uveitis on <=7.5 mg daily oral prednisone and <=2 drops of prednisolone acetate 1%. Results There were 1475 eligible patients in the analysis. By 6 and 12 months, respectively, the Cox model-predicted, percentage success was 27.6% and 44.9% for the CONV group; 34.2% and 53.9% in the TNFi group and 39.9% and 61.1% for the COMB group. COMB was more likely than CONV to achieve success (adjusted HR 1.58 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28, 1.95, p < 0.0001). Factors associated with lower success were age under 18 years, smoking, visual acuity worse than 20/50 at cohort entry, over 4-year duration of uveitis and daily baseline prednisone 7.5 mg or higher (all p < 0.05). Conclusion Our results suggest COMB is more effective than CONV at achieving disease quiescence and corticosteroid sparing success among patients with active noninfectious uveitis. More research is needed to determine if TNFi alone is superior to CONV for uveitic corticosteroid-sparing.

Pharmacovigilance study and genetic target prediction analysis of FDA adverse event reports (FAERS) for drug-induced sinusitis

ABSTRACT Background Drug-induced sinusitis has been widely reported as an adverse drug reaction in recent years, yet the pharmacogenetic mechanisms and risk factors associated with sinusitis remain elusive. Objective We aimed to identify the major drugs reported in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) in relation to sinusitis and to analyze their pharmacogenetic mechanisms through drug target analysis. Methods We conducted a review of the publicly available FAERS database from 2004 to the third quarter of 2023. We extracted genetic tools corresponding to each drug, utilized colocalization analysis, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, and cross-tissue drug target analysis to predict the impact of drug targets on sinusitis. Results Following the validation of drug-related risks, a total of 13 medications were ultimately identified, including TNF inhibitors: pomalidomide (ROR: 14.77), certolizumab pegol(ROR: 8.21), etanercept (ROR: 7.961), lenalidomide (ROR: 6.998), adalimumab (ROR: 6.677), infliximab (ROR: 3.939); C4B-targeted drugs: human immunoglobulin G (ROR:3.846) and other risk drugs were commonly reported. Co-localization analysis and MR analysis suggests associations between TNF, C4B, and LTA and sinusitis. Conclusion We demonstrated the risk of sinusitis associated with 13 drugs, including pomalidomide, and the impact of TNF and C4B drugs on sinusitis, which provides guidance for the use of related drugs and the prevention of sinusitis.

Impact of TNF inhibitors on inflammation-associated cognitive dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective analysis

ObjectivesTo evaluate cognitive improvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after 6 months of treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, analyze associated factors, and determine the percentage of patients achieving cognitive improvement.MethodsThis was a single-center prospective observational study conducted over 12 months on 70 RA patients initiating their first biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) with a TNF inhibitor. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and after 6 months using validated neuropsychological tests, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for global cognitive function, the digit span forward and backward tests for attention and working memory, and the Stroop-W, Stroop-C, and Stroop-CW tests for executive function and processing speed. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Quality of Life-Rheumatoid Arthritis Scale-II (QOL-RA II). Clinical variables, disease activity measured by the 28-joint Disease Activity Score based on C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP), inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and patient-reported outcomes were recorded. Associations with average CRP and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) scores were analyzed throughout the follow-up period. Cognitive improvement was defined as a ≥20% increase in MoCA test scores. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with improvement.ResultsA total of 70 patients (mean age, 56.2 years; 81.4% female) were included. After 6 months, patients showed significant cognitive improvement in a validated questionnaire, namely, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA test 23.1 ± 3.6 to 24.1 ± 3.3; p = 0.001), particularly in the executive and memory domains. Significant improvements were also observed in the digit span forward test (p = 0.003), digit span backward test (p = 0.021), Stroop-W test (p = 0.040), Stroop-C test (p = 0.014), and Stroop-CW test (p = 0.035). Improvements in the MoCA were associated with educational level (B = 2.628; p &amp;lt; 0.001), average CRP (B = −0.154; p = 0.002), and average HAQ (B = −0.303; p = 0.022). Similar associations were found for the other tests.ConclusionTNF inhibitor therapy in RA patients is associated with significant cognitive improvement, particularly in executive function and memory. These findings highlight the potential cognitive benefits of effective RA treatment and underscore the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors to enhance patient quality of life.

Long-term effectiveness and safety of methotrexate-tacrolimus combination therapy versus methotrexate monotherapy in reducing rheumatoid arthritis flares after TNF inhibitor discontinuation: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThis study evaluates the long-term effectiveness and safety of methotrexate-tacrolimus combination therapy compared to methotrexate monotherapy in maintaining successful tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor discontinuation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed consecutive RA patients who discontinued TNF inhibitors after achieving disease control by October 2022 and received either methotrexate monotherapy or methotrexate-tacrolimus combination therapy for up to 10 years. Per-observation time-to-event analyses assessed treatment failure, treatment intensification, first disease flare, and irreversible functional deterioration. Mixed-effects Cox models, time-dependent Cox models without random effects, and Kaplan-Meier estimates with inverse probability weighting were applied. Safety assessment included treatment-limiting adverse events and renal function trends.ResultsA total of 147 treatment lines (96 methotrexate monotherapy and 51 combination therapy) in 116 patients were analyzed. The combination therapy significantly reduced treatment failure (hazard ratio [HR], 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24–0.72), treatment intensification with the index drugs (HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.22–0.67) and with biologics or Janus kinase inhibitors (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22–0.71), and first flare (HR, 0.55; 95%CI 0.36–0.84), with consistent findings across models. The benefit was most pronounced in patients with prior flares during methotrexate monotherapy after TNF inhibitor discontinuation, with HRs as low as 0.04–0.12 across outcomes. No significant differences in treatment-limiting adverse events were observed. The annual increase in serum creatinine for tacrolimus users was 0.0032 mg/dL, suggesting minimal long-term renal impact.ConclusionsMethotrexate-tacrolimus combination therapy significantly reduces relapse risk following TNF inhibitor discontinuation without compromising safety, offering a potentially sustainable treatment alternative after achieving remission with TNF inhibitor therapy.

Sex and gender matter for TNF inhibitor therapy in RA.

Sex and gender matter for TNF inhibitor therapy in RA.

Which Is the Best Option for AxSpA Patients After First TNFi Failure: Switch to Secukinumab or Cycling With Other TNFi?

Evaluation of drug survival and predictive factors of alternative tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) and secukinumab (SEC) use after TNFi therapy in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). This was an observational retrospective study of axSpA patients who switched to second-line biological disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARD) between January 2018 and February 2023. Drug retention rate was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test. Factors associated with drug survival of the second bDMARD were analyzed by multivariate regression analyses. A total of 201 axSpA patients (alternative TNFi: 143 patients, SEC: 58 patients) with a mean age 37.1 ± 8.6 years and consist of 58.2% male were included. Clinical characteristics and laboratory results at switching were comparable between groups. During a median follow-up period of 22.3 months, 80 (39.8%) of 201 patients discontinued bDMARD. Median follow-up period, drug discontinuation frequency, and drug retention rate were similar between groups. C-reactive protein (CRP) level (Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95-0.99, p = 0.032) and primary failure (HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.03-2.27, p = 0.037) were significantly associated with the risk of TNFi discontinuation. Smoking (HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.05-3.69, p = 0.036) and Achilles enthesitis (HR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.09-3.40, p = 0.024) were significantly associated with the risk of SEC discontinuation. In axSpA exposed to a TNFi, switching to a second TNFi has comparable effectiveness to switching to SEC. SEC may be a better option in patients who experienced primary failure of TNFi, whereas an alternative TNFi may be preferred in patients with higher CRP levels or Achilles enthesitis, or who are currently smoking.

Mortality and medical utilization in rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease: A real-world, large-scale retrospective study comparing Janus kinase inhibitors and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors.

Mortality and medical utilization in rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease: A real-world, large-scale retrospective study comparing Janus kinase inhibitors and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors.

Cancer recurrence risk with bDMARD treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a history of cancer: a nationwide Danish register-based cohort study

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk of cancer recurrence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a prior solid cancer in remission treated with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) compared with those...

Antirheumatic drugs in reproduction, pregnancy, and lactation: a systematic literature review informing the 2024 update of the EULAR recommendations.

Antirheumatic drugs in reproduction, pregnancy, and lactation: a systematic literature review informing the 2024 update of the EULAR recommendations.

Sequential central retinal artery occlusion in two brothers: a fight to prevent blindness.

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is typically associated with older patients with cardiovascular risk factors. However, its occurrence in younger patients without these risk factors suggests the need to explore rare genetic conditions. Identifying genetic disorders like adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency (DADA2), a vasculitic disease, can be critical in such cases to prevent further complications. To report the challenging diagnosis of two cases of CRAO in brothers under the age of 40, leading to the diagnosis of DADA2, a rare genetic vasculitic disorder. A 34-year-old man and his 32-year-old brother, both without significant medical histories, presented with CRAO eight years apart. Extensive diagnostic evaluations, including blood tests, imaging, and autoimmunity panels, failed to identify common causes. Progressive neurological symptoms in the older brother and the similar presentation in his sibling led to further investigation, including genetic testing. A homozygous mutation c.752C > T p.(Pro251Leu) in the CECR1 gene confirmed the diagnosis of DADA2 in both brothers. These cases underscore the importance of considering genetic disorders like DADA2 in young patients presenting with unexplained vascular occlusions. DADA2, characterized by vasculitis, immune dysregulation, and hematologic disorders, can manifest variably, complicating early diagnosis. Effective treatment with TNF inhibitors can prevent further vision loss and mitigate systemic complications. To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of DADA2 with CRAO as the initial manifestation without prior clinical findings.

Neutrophils in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium: Implications on Disease Activity and Inflammation State.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation driven by immune cell infiltration. While neutrophils have traditionally been associated with acute inflammation, emerging evidence suggests their significant role in chronic RA synovitis. Synovial pathology reports from our center reveal lymphocyte-predominant infiltration in most RA cases, with synovial neutrophils (SNs) observed in only 30% of patients. This finding suggests that neutrophil involvement in RA pathogenesis is not universal but subtype-specific, potentially linked to distinct clinical phenotypes. We performed a retrospective analysis of synovial pathology and clinical data from 55 RA patients collected during 2023. Using both Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining and single-cell RNA sequencing, we analyzed the synovial tissue samples. Based on neutrophil counts, patients were classified into two groups: neutrophil-absent (<10 neutrophils) and neutrophil-present (≥10 neutrophils). In this cohort of 55 RA patients, the synovial neutrophil (SN) group demonstrated significantly elevated disease activity markers, including Disease Activity Score in 28 joints based on C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP), swollen joint count (SJC28), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores, and tender joint count (TJC28) (p < 0.05 for all parameters). Synovial inflammatory infiltration and neovascularization were markedly increased in the SNs group (P < 0.05). Patients with SNs maintained higher disease activity and showed poorer therapeutic responses despite treatment with methotrexate and targeted biologics (TNF inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors, or JAK inhibitors). Analysis revealed a positive correlation between lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, while multivariate analysis identified DAS28-CRP, synovial inflammation, and CD3+/CD68+ cell counts as predictors of SN infiltration. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed their significant presence in synovial tissue, supporting neutrophils' role in refractory disease. Elevated neutrophil presence in RA synovium correlates with heightened clinical disease activity and an exacerbated inflammatory state. These findings underscore the potential significance of SNs in the pathology of RA.

Cardiovascular safety profile of JAK inhibitors and ethnic factors in Asians: A signal detection study using the Global ICSR (WHO-UMC VigBase) database.

This study aimed to detect cardiovascular disease-related signals using Global Individual Case Safety Report data on JAK inhibitors. A signal detection study was conducted using the WHO-UMC VigiBase. This study identified four cardiovascular adverse event signals associated with JAK inhibitors in Asian populations, including pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, thrombosis, and cerebrovascular accidents. Analysis of Asian populations revealed a higher risk of thromboembolic events associated with JAK inhibitors than with TNF inhibitors. However, unlike in the Western populations, no myocardial infarction signal was detected in the Asian populations.

Impact of clinical subtype and sex on first-line biologic therapy discontinuation in axial spondyloarthritis.

Impact of clinical subtype and sex on first-line biologic therapy discontinuation in axial spondyloarthritis.

The effect of biological treatment on female fertility: A cohort study of women with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.

The effect of biological treatment on female fertility: A cohort study of women with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.

Lack of neuroprotection after systemic administration of the soluble TNF inhibitor XPro1595 in an rAAV6-α-Syn+PFFs-induced rat model for Parkinson's disease.

Lack of neuroprotection after systemic administration of the soluble TNF inhibitor XPro1595 in an rAAV6-α-Syn+PFFs-induced rat model for Parkinson's disease.