Tubules In Group Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Er: YAG Laser, Diode Laser, and Novamin Technology for Dentinal Tubule Occlusion: An In-Vitro Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) Study.

Dentinal hypersensitivity is a brief and painful oral condition that is characterized by an abrupt shooting sensation. Stimulation occurs when hot, cold, sweet, or sour food comes into contact with exposed dentinal tubules. The present study used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) to investigate the efficacy of Er: YAG, 810 nm diode LASER, and NovaMin Technology in obstructing dentinal tubules. We extracted the outer layers of 30 human teeth to expose the tubulesand then treated the surfaces with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to create an etched effect. Three cohorts were created from the portions. Group A was subjected to the application of Erbium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet(Er: YAG) laser with a power output of 2W in the non-contact mode for 1 minute. Group B was subjected to the application of an 810nm diode laser with a power output of 1W in continuous mode for 30 seconds. Group C was subjected to the application of NovaMin paste, which contains a 927 ppm fluoride content. Following the therapy, occluded dentinal tubules were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for both quantitative and qualitative examination. The data analysis was conducted using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test, with a significance threshold of 0.05. The average percentages of complete blockage of dentinal tubules in Groups A, B, and C were evaluated using the number of entirely unobstructed dentinal tubules at magnifications of 2000X (F = 3.05, p = 0.064), 5000X (F = 5.33, p = 0.011), and 10000X (F = 8.63, p = 0.001). The count of partially open dentinal tubules seen at magnifications of 2000X, 5000X, and 10000X was F = 10.15 (P < 0.001), F = 5.97 (p = 0.007), and F = 2.12 (p = 0.140) accordingly. NovaMin technology has demonstrated more effectiveness in blocking dentinal tubules compared to 810nm diodes and Er: YAG lasers.

Evaluation and Comparison for the Efficacy of 810 nm Diode Laser, Nano Carbonate Apatite and Their Combination Over Dentinal Tubules Occlusion: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) involves sensitive symptoms, because ofexposure of the dentinal tubules. Various materials have been utilized to occlude dentinal tubules for the treatment of DH. Here is a comparative evaluation of nano-carbonate apatite (n-CAP), diode laser, and their combination over the occlusion of dentinal tubules. Ten intact first premolars were used in this study, out of which 40 dentin disk specimens were obtained by hard tissue microtomy. Four study groups were formulated out of which one was the control group and the remaining three were test groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to evaluate the diameter of the dentinal tubules in each group. On examining data, it was observed that the mean diameter of dentinal tubules in four study groups of control, laser, n-CAP, and n-CAP + laser was found to be 3.40, 2.00, 0.46, and 0.02 respectively. This shows the significant reduction in the diameter of dentinal tubules in the test groups when compared with the control group. Among all the measures used to see for a reduction in the diameter of dentinal tubules, the combination group was found to be most occluding, though each of the groups also had a significant reduction in the diameter of dentinal tubules. The present study showed that combination therapy offers a promising means of treating DH in a clinical setting when compared with the treatment of DH n-CAP containing dentifrice or laser irradiation alone.

Expression and distribution of GPR55 and GPR119 during the development of rat testis

G Protein-Coupled Receptors, GPR55 and GPR119 are widely distributed throughout the body and exert important biological functions. However, little is known about their roles in testis. This study aimed to examine the expression and distribution of GPR55 and GPR119 during the development of the rat testis. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats (180–240 g) were divided into 10 groups as 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, and 70 postnatal days of age (PND) (six animals per group). The testicular expression of GPR55 and GPR119 has been investigated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and quantitative RT-PCR methods. We observed that GPR55 and GPR119 are expressed throughout the rat testis development from PND 7 to 70. However, no difference was observed between the groups in terms of expression levels, except for GPR55 mRNA expression in the group of PND 7. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that GPR55 is expressed in spermatids and spermatocytes in the mid-term tubules and spermatocytes in the late-stage tubules in groups of PND 56, 63, and 70. For GPR119, very intense positivity was observed only in spermatids in the mid-term (stage VII-VIII) tubules in the groups of PND 56, 63, and 70. No significant difference was observed in the number of GPR55 and GPR119 positive cells in testes from PND 56 through PND 70. Taken together, both GPR55 and GPR119 receptors are expressed throughout the rat testis development (PND 7 to 70). These results suggest that GPR55 and GPR119 are involved in the modulation of male reproductive function.

Effect of 940 nm diode laser irradiation and dentin bonding agent on permeability of furcation area in primary molars.

Multiple accessory canals make furcation area of primary molars the most common port of entry of bacterial endotoxins to periradicular area. Reduction in permeability can improve prognosis of these teeth. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the effect of 940 nm diode laser and dentin bonding agent on the dye penetration of furcation area in primary molars. Thirty teeth were divided into three groups, that is, Group 1 (control group), Group 2 (dentin bonding agent applied over floor of pulp chamber), and Group 3 (diode laser irradiated over floor of pulp chamber). The samples were prepared and seven from each group were tested by dye penetration and three were sent for scanning electron microscopy. Rise in temperature in the perifurcal area was also recorded at the time of laser irradiation. Dunn's pair-wise comparison analysis was used for the analysis for the difference in dye penetration among the group. : The maximum rise in temperature recorded postirradiation was 6.90C. Dye penetration was significantly reduced in Group 2 Dentin bonding group (DBG) as compared to control group (P = 0.0025). Reduction in permeability was observed in Group 3 Laser group (LG) but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.197). Scanning electron microscope revealed open dentinal tubules in Group 1. There were no open dentinal tubules in Group 2, while Group 3 had sealed dentinal tubules with glass-like surface over the region. Dentin bonding agent led to substantial decrease in dye penetration of furcation area of primary molars. This method should be evaluated clinically to improve successful pulpectomy procedures of primary molars.

Effect of 35% sodium ascorbate on calcium and phosphorus loss in dentin bleached by 35% hydrogen peroxide

Post bleaching procedures often have free radicals trapped in dentin tubule and interprismatic enamel, leading to demineralization and denaturation. Sodium ascorbate is an antioxidant substance known to bind residual free radicals to stop demineralization and denaturation. The purpose of the study was to assess the calcium and phosphorus loss from the dentin surface following bleaching by 35% hydrogen peroxide and reversal by 35% sodium ascorbate andthe surface structure of the dentin. Six sound premolars were divided into their crown and root sections, with the crown subsequently being cut into four equal parts to obtain 24 samples. The calcium and phosphorus contents as well as the surface structure of the dentin were assessed using SEM-EDX. These were then divided into four groups, each containing six samples. Group A (control): the samples were bleached by 35% hydrogen peroxide, immersed in an artificial saliva, stored in an incubator at 37 °C for seven days. Group B: the samples were bleached by 35% hydrogen peroxide followed by the application of 35% sodium ascorbate for 5 minutes (once). Group C: the samples were bleached by 35% hydrogen peroxide followed by the applications of 35% sodium ascorbate (twice). Group D: the samples were bleached by 35% hydrogen peroxide followed by the applications of 35% sodium ascorbate (threetimes). The calcium and phosphorus contents as well as the surface structure of the dentin were re-assessed using SEM-EDX at the same locations. The results of one-way ANOVA indicated a difference in the calcium loss in the four treatment groups (p&lt;0.05), but there was no difference in the phosphorus loss. An LSD test showed that there was a difference in the calcium loss between group A and groups C and D or between group B and groups C and D. The dentin tubules in group A were larger than group B, C and D. The frequency of 35% sodium ascorbate application had an effect on the calcium loss and the surface structure in the dentin bleached by 35% hydrogen peroxide.

NEPHROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ACACIA SENEGAL (GUM ARABIC) AGAINST GENTAMICIN INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN RATS

Objective: To explore the effects of Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) aqueous extract in contradiction of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Forty rats were randomly separated into 4 groups (n=10). Group A (negative control) received standard diet and water while group B (positive control) received gentamicin 80 mg/kg b. wt. /day via intra peritoneal (IP) route for six days. Groups C and D received Gum Arabic extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg b. wt. via oral route respectively for 10 days and concurrently with gentamicin 80 mg/kg b. wt. IP from day 5 for six days. The nephroprotective activity of Gum Arabic extract was evaluated by measuring the serum and urine biochemical parameters (creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, sodium and potassium) and examining the histopathological sections of kidney specimen. The serum and urine data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: In both serum and urine, the biochemical parameters in groups C and D were significantly improved compared to group B. The histopathological analysis of kidneys showed slight necrosis of glomeruli and tubules in group C compared to group B, while group D showed only hemorrhage and congestion in the glomeruli. Conclusion: These findings suggest that, Gum Arabic extract may possess a nephroprotective activity.

Askorbik Asit ve Sodyum Selenitin Renal İskemi-Reperfüzyon Hasarında İnflamatuar Cevap ve Apoptoz Üzerine Etkileri

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and sodium selenite (SS) administration in renal ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight Wistar-albino rats were divided into four groups. Group I; Control group, Group II; IR group, Group III; IR+0.25mg/kg SS and 100mg/kg AA and Group IV; IR+0.50mg/kg SS and 200mg/kg AA. In the control group, only surgical stress was created. In the IR group, 60 minutes of ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion were applied in the left kidney after right nephrectomy. SS and AA were administered to Groups III and IV at doses determined 5 days before the IR procedure. Results: In comparison of Group II with Group I, Group III and Group IV; severe damage was observed in the morphological structures of the glomerulus and renal tubules in Group II (p&amp;lt;0.05). Compared to Group I, Group III and Group IV the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2 and the percentage of positive cells increased statistically in Group II (p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion: This study determined that prophylactic administration of ascorbic acid and sodium selenite showed protective effects against acute kidney injury.

Extra Virgin Olive Oil Protects the Testis and Blood from the Toxicity of Paracetamol (Overdose) in Adult Male Rats.

Simple SummaryIn rats, as in humans, paracetamol drug is used for analgesic and antipyretic therapy. Overdoses or long-term use of paracetamol cause toxicity effects in the body organs. Extra virgin olive oil has beneficial effects on health, offering protection against immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity. This study investigates the protective effect of Extra virgin olive oil against blood toxicity and testis toxicity induced by paracetamol overdose in rats. The histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical results obtained in the present study showed the protected effect of the antioxidant and phenolic components in Extra virgin olive oil against toxicity induced by Paracetamol overdose.Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is important in people’s daily diets. Paracetamol is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of EVOO against hematotoxicity and testicular toxicity induced by paracetamol overdose in rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 rats were given water (control), Group 2 rats were given oral EVOO daily (2 mL/kg b.wt.), Group 3 rats were given oral paracetamol daily (650 mg/kg b.wt.), and Group 4 rats were given paracetamol and EVOO daily. After 15 days, blood and testis samples were collected for biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural studies. The results show that paracetamol decreased the PCV, Hb, and RBC counts relative to the control, and significantly increased the WBC counts and stab cells in Group 3. A significant decrease in blood testosterone was found in Group 3 compared to the control, while a significant increase in testosterone levels was observed in Group 4 compared to Group 3. Light and electron microscopy showed disorganized seminiferous tubules in Group 3. The testis in Group 4 appeared in normal shape. In conclusion, the results indicate that EVOO protects the testis and blood from paracetamol toxicity and may also increase fertility in male rats.

VEGF-C and podoplanin, as biomarkers of sepsis. An experimental study

Abstract Background: Sepsis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. This study explored the possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and podoplanin (PDPN) in sepsis. Methods: 22 Wistar rats were divided into three groups: two experimental (Group A and B, n=8/8) and a control (Group C, n=6). Sepsis was induced with intraperitoneal injection of ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases)-producing E-coli live bacteria for group A and with lipopolysaccharide for group B. Sterile saline solution was injected for group C. Blood samples were collected after 24 hours to determine the serum level of VEGF-C, and PDPN expression was examined in liver, kidney, and lung tissues. Bacteremia was assessed for group A. Results: Higher serum levels of VEGF-C were found in Group A vs C (p=0.05) and group B vs. C (p=0.004), respectively.VEGF-C was also increased in animals with negative- vs. positive blood cultures from group A (p=0.04) and from group B vs. those with positive blood cultures from group A (p=0.03). High intensity of PDPN tissue expression was observed in the pulmonary alveolocytes from Group A and epithelium of the proximal renal tubules in groups B and C, compared to group A. Conclusions: Circulating VEGF-C can be succesfuly used as a biomarker of sepsis with negative blood cultures and high risk of renal failure, whereas PDPN seems to exert a protective role against lung injuries in live bacteria-induced sepsis.

Effect of Different Dosage Frequency of Polymyxin B on Rat Nephrotoxicity.

BackgroundPolymyxin B, as the final treatment against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, is widely used in clinical practice. However, little is known about the nephrotoxicity of polymyxin B. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between polymyxin B nephrotoxicity and daily administration frequency.MethodsSprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: 18 mg/kg/q24 h group (Group A, once daily), 9 mg/kg/q12 h group (Group B, twice daily), and normal saline control group (Group C). The rats were injected subcutaneously for 5 consecutive days with the same daily total dose and different frequency of administration. The serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of each group before administration (0 h), and 8 and 24 h after administration, were measured by tail vein blood sampling. On the sixth day, the rats in each group were killed, the left kidney was taken for pathological section observation, and the results of each group were compared.ResultsAfter 96 h of administrated polymyxin B, the total average level of SCr in Group A was 56.98±12.42 μmol/L, that of Group B was 52.02±8.68 μmol/L, and that of Group C was 34.36±5.39 μmol/L. BUN was 9.86±4.58, 10.54±4.08, and 3.55±0.73 mmol/L in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. The daily urinary protein excretion was 5004.45±1333.84 μg in Group A, 4608.04±1444.42 μg in Group B, and 2096.33±215.28 μg in Group C. In addition, according to the observation of pathological slices, compared with Group A, the number of exfoliated and necrotic cells of renal tubules in Group B was higher, and the morphological changes were more serious.ConclusionThe experimental results showed that the renal toxicity in rats treated with a twice-daily subcutaneous dose of polymyxin B was higher than that in rats treated with once-daily dose of polymyxin B.

Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Sperm Quality in the Db/Db Mouse Model and the Role of the FoxO1 Pathway.

BackgroundStudies have shown that diabetes mellitus (DM) has a negative impact on male reproductive function, which may lead to changes in the testis and epididymis and a decline in semen quality.Material/MethodsWe performed animal experiments with 6 diabetic db/db mice as the model group (group B) and 6 C57BL/6J mice as the control group (group A). After adaptive feeding for 7 days, the sperm quality of each group was measured. Concurrently, the morphology of the mouse testis was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The expression of the PI3K, Akt, FoxO1, FasL, IL-6, and Stat3 proteins and mRNAs in the testicular tissue was detected by western blotting and RT-qPCR.ResultsThe number of spermatozoa and sperm motility of group A was significantly higher than that of group B (P<0.05). H&E staining of the testicular tissue showed the seminiferous tubules in group B mice were damaged to varying degrees and the seminiferous tubules were sparsely arranged. Compared with those of group A, the expression levels of PI3K, Akt, and Stat3 proteins and mRNAs in group B were significantly lower (P<0.05), while the expression levels of FoxO1, FasL, and IL-6 proteins and mRNAs in group B mice were significantly higher (P<0.05).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that DM inhibited the expression of PI3K, Akt, and Stat3 proteins and mRNAs in the FoxO1 pathway and promoted the expression of FoxO1, FasL, and IL-6 proteins and mRNAs, leading to abnormal apoptosis of testicular tissue cells and functional damage, and eventually spermatogenic dysfunction.

Testicular biometry, ultrastructure, cellular cytometry and hormonal profile in relation to age in Egyptian buffaloes.

This study was conducted on a number of (30) buffaloes in Qalubia. The age ranged from 12 to 36 month. There were divided into two groups: group (I) and group (II), their ages ranged from <18 month and ≥18 till 36 months, respectively. Testosterone levels in the blood, testicular biometry by the optical and the electronic microscope, and finally flow cytometry of the testicular cells were estimated. it was concluded that: The testosterone hormone level in the blood in group (I) and in group (II) was 1.9 ± 0.48 and 1.07 ± 0.35 ng/ ml serum prospectively, weight, length and width of the testicle in group (I) was 75± 13.8 gm., 7.3 ± 0.48cm and 4.22 ± 0.31 cm, respectively, and in group (II) was 118.38 ± 11.29 gm., 8.12 ± o.63 cm, and 5.0 ± 0.23 cm, respectively. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules in group (I) was 99.90 ± 17.4µm, while in group (II) was 104.6 ± 15.82 µm. The number of Leydig cells in group (I) was 40.14 ± 15.52, and in group (II) was 49.16 ± 27.99. The lining epithelium thickness of the seminiferous tubules in group (I) was 26.06 ± 5.51 µm, and in group (II) was 27.64 ±5.52 µm, while degree of cell degeneration in group (I) was 6.12±0.79 and in group (II) was 4.62±0.66. By using flow cytometer there was difference between 2 age group in the testicular cell and apoptosis. An electron micrograph showing difference in the testicular cells’ ultrastructure

Effect of erosive challenge and cigarette smoke on dentin microhardness, surface morphology and bond strength

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the surface microhardness and morphology, as well as the microshear bond strength of a self-etching adhesive (Clearfil SE, Kuraray) to eroded dentin, exposed or not to cigarette smoke. Forty dental crowns were divided into 4 groups (n = 10): no treatment (control) (C); erosion (E); erosion + cigarette smoke exposure (ES); cigarette smoke exposure (S). Samples were prepared through third molars polishing until dentin exposure, followed by crown section. Erosive cycles were performed 5 times/day for 30 s at 60 min intervals. Cigarette smoke was produced with twenty cigarettes/day, during 5 days. Microhardness was evaluated initially and after the treatments. Microshear bond strength was tested after the treatments and dentin restoration with flow composite. Failure patterns and dentin morphology was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Microshear bond strength data was submitted to two-way ANOVA, microharness test was adjusted by gamma distribution to be a non-parametric analyses (p=0.05), and surface morphology as qualitative analyses. Loss percentage of microhardness was observed only in groups submitted to erosion. Bond strength was statistically similar between all groups. The most prevalent failure pattern was of adhesive type. Morphological analysis of dentin showed obliterated tubules in groups submitted to cigarette smoke exposure. Cigarette smoke exposure did not promote any effect in the percentage of microhardness loss, as in sound dentin as in eroded dentin. Cigarette smoke, erosion, and association of both, did not alter the bond strength of self-etching adhesives to dentin.KeywordsBond strength; Cigarette Smoke; Dental erosion; Microhardness; Self-etching adhesives.

The effect of selective carious tissue removal and cavity treatments on the residual intratubular bacteria in coronal dentine

Background/purposeThe use of cavity treatments may help in the reduction of bacteria remaining in dentinal tubules after selective carious tissue removal. This study aimed to investigate the effect of selective carious tissue removal and treatment with either 35% phosphoric acid +0.12% chlorhexidine or dentine conditioner on the residual intratubular bacteria in coronal dentine of deep carious lesions. Materials and methodsThirty carious human molars were randomly divided into three groups; group 1: untreated carious teeth (positive control), group 2: carious teeth treated with 35% phosphoric acid and chlorhexidine disinfectant after selective carious tissue removal and group 3: carious teeth treated with dentine conditioner after selective carious tissue removal. Another six non-carious teeth was used as negative control. The presence of bacteria and depth of bacteria remaining in dentinal tubules were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chi square test and one-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. ResultsUsing SEM, coronal dentine of group 1, 2 and 3 revealed cocci, rod and filamentous bacteria within dentinal tubules. Positive rates of bacteria detection in coronal dentine of group 1 were significant higher than those of group 2 and 3 (P < 0.05). The distance of bacteria remaining in the dentinal tubules in group 1, 2 and 3 were 1149.14 ± 384.44, 707.98 ± 357.19 and 869.25 ± 470.75 μm, respectively. ConclusionBoth treatment groups had similar ability to reduce the number of intratubular bacteria in coronal dentine of carious teeth, but not complete elimination.

Histoprotective effects of Curcumin on Bisphenol- A induced testicular toxicity in adult albino rats.

Endocrine Disrupting chemicals including bisphenols have contaminated the environment significantly and is known to damage spermatogenesis via increase in oxidative stress. The anti-oxidant properties of naturally occurring substances like curcumin have been well established. Objectives: To evaluate the protective effects of curcumin against bisphenol-A induced testicular damage. Study Design: Experimental Study. Setting: Department of Anatomy, University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Period: From March 2015 to December 2015. Material &amp; Methods: Thirty six rats were divided into four groups A, B, C and D of 9 animals each. Group A (control) was given 5ml/kg/day of corn oil orally for 10 days. Group B (Bisphenol-A) was given 100mg/kg/day of Bisphenol-A dissolved in corn oil orally for 10 days. Group C (recovery) was given 100mg/kg/day of BPA dissolved in corn oil orally for 10 days and left untreated for 10 days. Group D (Curcumin + BPA) was given 100mg/kg/day of BPA and 100mg/kg/day of Curcumin, dissolved in corn oil orally for 10 days. Rats of group A, B and D were sacrificed on day 11 and those of group C on day 21. After weighing the euthanized rats, testes were removed, processed and tissue sections were stained with H&amp;E for Johnson scoring and with PAS stain for assessment of basement membrane integrity. Results: Bisphenol-A administration caused a significant decrease in weight of animals, a significantly low Johnson score of seminiferous tubules and high frequency of disrupted basement membranes of the tubules in Group B as compared to control. The weight gain of animals improved in the with-drawl group C while no self-recovery was observed in other parameters. Curcumin co-administration improved the body weight gain of animals, increased the Johnson scoring of tubules significantly and partially restored the basement membrane integrity in group D, comparable to the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that co-administration of a potent antioxidant curcumin causes a significant antagonism of the histo-toxicity of testis produced by Bisphenol-A in albino rats.

Effect of tenofovir Administration And Withdrawl On The Kidney Tissues Of Adult Male Albino Rats And The Protective Role Of Vitamin E

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is one of antiretroviral drugs used to treat chronic hepatitis B and HIV. In recent studies many Tenofovir problems were recorded; acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and Fanconi syndrome. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that reduce free radical damage. Vitamin E supplementation can protect kidney tissues and enhances their regeneration if it is added to Tenofovir treatment. The aim of the present study is to describe the changes which occur in the kidney tissues of the adult male albino rats after Tenofovir administration and determine whether these changes are reversible or not after drug withdrawal, Also, whether vitamin E has a protective role or not. A total number of 40 adult male albino rats weighting 200-250 grams were used. Rats were divided into four groups, 10 rats in each group. The first group I (control group), The second group II which was treated with Tenofovir 10 mg/kg/day for two months, the third group III which was treated with Tenofovir10 mg/kg/day for two months, vitamin E also was given 100mg/kg/day for two months. The fourth group IV which was treated with Tenofovir 10 mg/kg/day for two months then withdrawal of Tenofovir for one month. There was a marked degeneration of renal glomeruli and tubules in group II which was highly statistically significant than control group (P< 0.001), while in group III there was marked improvement of renal glomeruli and tubules which was highly statistically significant than group II (P<0.001). while in group IV these changes were moderately significant when compared with group II (P<0.01). Therefore, Vitamin E has a protective role if it is added to Tenofovir treatment, also vitamin E enhances regeneration of renal tissues after Tenofovir withdrawal.

Alexidine versus chlorhexidine for endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite.

Objective:The objective of this study was to chemically evaluate precipitate formation on irrigation by different concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) and alexidine (ALX) with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).Materials and Methods:Six test tubes were prepared with 1 ml of 4% NaOCl. One milliliter of 2%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25% ALX was added to the first four, and in the last two, 1 ml of 2% CHX and 0.2% CHX was added, respectively. Samples were observed for color changes or precipitates at multiple time intervals. All solutions were then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min and re-examined for precipitates. This process was repeated twice. Fifty freshly extracted premolars were biomechanically prepared, dried, divided into two groups, and irrigated with 10 ml of 4% NaOCl and 10 ml of 2% ALX (Group 1) and 10 ml of 4% NaOCl and 10 ml of 2% CHX (Group 2). These samples were sectioned and observed for precipitates on the dentinal surfaces by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results:The color of the solution of ALX and NaOCl stayed transparent and no precipitate was observed. A color change was noted immediately on mixing CHX and NaOCl which did not change with time. Precipitates were only observed in the solutions of CHX with NaOCl and after centrifuging them. SEM views also showed dense precipitates covering the dentinal surface and occluding the dentinal tubules in Group 2.Conclusion:The interaction of ALX and NaOCl does not produce precipitates which together with its better antimicrobial action make ALX a more effective and safer replacement for CHX as an adjunctive endodontic irrigant.

Acute and subchronic interaction between metformin and meloxicam in mice

Acute and subchronic interaction and assessment of some biochemical parameters of metformine (antidiabetic agent) and meloxicam (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent), were investigated in male Balb-C mice. Fifteen male mice were in-volved for studying acute toxicity and their interaction, further fifteen mice also were em-ployed for calculation LD50 after subchronic exposure to both medicines alone and their co-mbination, up and down method had been carried out for evaluating the LD50 after acute and subchronic exposure. Twenty male mice divided equally into four groups for studying orally subchronic exposure and assigned as, group 1(G1) 14 mg/Kg.BW metformine, group2(G2) meloxicam 0.2 mg/Kg.BW group 3(G3) combination of metformine) 14 mg/Kg-.BW metformine plus meloxicam 0.2 mg/Kg.BW group 3, while group 4 (C) dosed distilled waterand considered control group. The results revealed that LD50 of metformine, melox-icam and their combination were 1511, 343.04 and 694.5 plus 110 mg/Kg. BW respectively, while the LD50 of them after subchronic exposure were 1611, 343.03 and 897.5 plus 228.3 mg/Kg.BW respectively. Regarding to toxiclogical aspect the interaction sorts of both medicines were synergism and antagonism after acute and subchronic exposure respecti-vely. The results of subchronic exposure revealed/there were significant p<0.05 decrease in blood glucose, serum cholesterol in all treated groups, increase in triglyceride of group2, ALT and AST activity of group 2 and 3, decrease in serum uric acid of gro-up1 and 3, serum creatinine of group 2 and BUN of group3 incomparison to the cont-rol group, but the changes in the all these biochemical parameters, being in the ran-ge of the normal values regarding to literatures, except BUN in mice of group2 which exceeded. The histopathological changes in both liver and kidney could be sumarized as, monnuclear infiltration (MNCs), multiple foci of necrotic area in live of group1. Degeneration, swollen of hepatic cells and MNCs infiltration in group2.Multiple ne-crosis, severe perivascular cuffing of MNCs surrounded blood vessels in group3. The kidney lesions were represented by necrosis, inflammatory cells infiltration, nephritis, depletion of many glomerular tufts and hyaline cast filled many dilated renal tubules of group 1. Thickening of pelvis epithelium. pylitis ,atrophy of glomeruls and vacuolar degeneration in group2. Vacoular degeneration of renal epithelium, subcapsular and interlobular hemorrhage, enlargement of glomruler tuft and infiltration of MNCs in group3.

Histological Changes in Epididymis of Albino Rats by Graded Doses of Cyclophosphamide

Background: Cyclophosphamide is widely used in the treatment of various neoplastic diseases and diseases associated with altered immunity. Higher doses used for longer duration effects many organs like urinary bladder, lungs, liver, heart and male reproductive organs. Methods: To study the effect of cyclophosphamide on the micro anatomy of epididymis, sixty eight Albino rats were taken and divided into three groups, group A (control group) of 20 animals, were fed with routine diet, group B (low dose group) of 24 animals, were given cyclophosphamide at the dose of 0.5 mg/100 gms in addition to the routine diet and group C (high dose group) of 24 animals, were given high dose of cyclophosphamide at the dose of 0.7 mg/100 gms of weight of animal in addition to the routine diet. The animals were sacrificed at intervals of 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks, sections of the tissue from the epididymis were prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results: In both low dose and high dose groups there was no apparent histological change at 3 weeks of drug administration, however there were absent sperm whorls in some of the tubules of the epididymis of both low dose and high dose groups at this stage. At 6 weeks there was increase in the number of clear cells in the tubules of epididymis of both the groups. While as at 9 weeks there were some atrophic changes in the tubules of group C rats. Conclusion: In present study we observed certain histological changes in the epididymis of cyclophosphamide treated albino rats. These were in the form of absent sperms, increase in number of clear cells, increase in peritubular space and atrophic changes.

Histological study on the effect of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on the testis of chemically induced castration model by calcium chloride in adult albino rats

Background: Male infertility is considered a major cause of couple infertility as it represents 25-50% of infertility cases. In addition, non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) represents 10% of all infertile men. There is no definite curable treatment for such cases.Aim of the work: To evaluate the therapeutic role of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in the treatment of CaCl2 castration model in adult male albino rats.Materials and Methods: Forty five adult male albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Group I (control group), Group II (CaCl2 group), Group III (stem cell treated group), Group IV (recovery group). Testes were dissected out and processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Sperm count and testosterone hormonal assay were done. Morphometric and statistical analysis were performed.Results: Histological examination of the testes of both groups II and IV revealed severe degeneration of seminiferous tubules with sloughing of spermatogenic cells. Inflammatory cells and multinucleated giant cells were obvious in group II while macrophages were detected more clearly in group IV. Collagen fibers deposition was detected in the interstitium and inside seminiferous tubules in group IV. Sperm count and serum testosterone levels were significantly decreased in both groups comparable with that of the control group. Intratesticular injection of ADMSCs in group III resulted in improvement of the histological architecture of testicular tissue which was documented by non significant changes in sperm count and serum testosterone when compared to that of the control group.Conclusions: Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) could be considered an effective treatment in NOA.