Knowledge Of Tuberculosis Research Articles

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Tuberculosis Infection Control Practices among Health Care Workers at Tertiary Care Centre, Rajnandgaon

Tuberculosis infectious disease owns highest burden of respiratory infection. India being the largest contributor to global Tuberculosis cases. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mode of transmission by respiratory route require airborne precautions to be strictly followed in healthcare settings to minimize the transmission. Research was plan to assess fundamentals of Tuberculosis infection control among healthcare workers. Questionnaire based cross-sectional study which included sociodemographic characteristics, with twenty-five questions on knowledge of Tuberculosis, attitude and practices for Tuberculosis infection control was conducted in Bharat Ratna Late Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Memorial Medical College, Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh from April 2023 to May 2023. 156 HCWs with mean age group 36 ± 9.7 (18-59) years participated in the study. Healthcare workers included were nurses (55.1%) and technicians (44.8%). Knowledge and attitude score observed in our study is 90.3% and 92.3% levelled as good to moderate but at the same time good to moderate practice observed is 59.6%. Certain deficiencies regarding some areas of preventive measures of tuberculosis was observed among participants which require improvement by conducting training sessions.

Percentage and Absolute CD4+ Count and Factors Influencing Their Levels in Tuberculosis Patients in a Tetiary Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria

Background: The role of CD4+ T cells in immunity against tuberculosis have been widely acknowledged. This study determined CD4+ absolute, CD4 percentage and haemoglobin (HB) levels in tuberculosis (TB) patients undergoing TB treatment and compared these levels with presence of some factors which could modify the quantities of CD4+, CD4% and HB in TB patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study of eighty-five persons attending TB DOTS clinic in tertiary hospital between 2020 to 2021. Multicolour fluorescence imaging and absorbance spectrometry microscopy was used to enumerate CD4+ absolute count, CD4+ percentage and HB concentration in whole blood. Questionnaire and interviews were used to determine history, demographic data, BCG vaccination, BCG scar, vitamin A supplementation, awareness of zoonotic diseases and zoonotic TB, maternal BCG vaccination status, maternal BCG scar and undernutrition for each respondent. Results: CD4% significantly differed between forty-seven males (mean age: 33.5) and thirty-eight females (mean age: 32.2) (p <0.05). T-test indicated no significant difference in CD4+ count, CD4% and HB compared with BCG vaccination status, presence of BCG scar, knowledge of zoonotic diseases, knowledge of zoonotic TB and with vitamin A supplementation (p <0.05). There was also significant difference in CD4% compared with undernutrition and in absolute CD4+ counts compared with drug resistance (p <0.05). Conversely, there was significant difference in CD4% and absolute CD4+ count when compared with maternal BCG vaccination, presence of maternal BCG Scar. Pearson correlation coefficient indicated weak negative relationship between CD4%, absolute CD4+ count and age. Also, weak positive relationship between HB and age. Both relationships were not significant (p <0.05). Conclusion: Undernutrition, gender, maternal BCG vaccination (with or without scaring) and age influence levels of CD4+ in TB patients.

The magnitude of health care seeking delay and associated factors for tuberculosis suggestive symptoms in Sidama Region Ethiopia: Community-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundHealth care seeking delay for tuberculosis suggestive symptoms is a great challenge for controlling the disease. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the magnitude and identify factors associated with delayed healthcare seeking among presumptive tuberculosis cases for suggestive tuberculosis symptoms. MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 476 subjects with symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, entered into Epi-data software version 3.1, and exported to SPSS software version 25.0 for analysis. The multivariable logistic regression models included variables like sex, marital status, knowledge, education level, and distance from health facility that show a significant association with health care seeking delay in the binary logistic regression at a P value 0.25. Tables, graphs, and charts were then used to display the results. ResultThe proportion of delayed health care seeking was found to be 46.7 % (95 % CI, 43.5–48.9). The study also revealed that being married, not attending formal education, having a lower monthly income, and having poor knowledge of tuberculosis were significantly associated with delayed tuberculosis-suggestive symptoms. ConclusionIn this study, delays in health care seeking among TB-suspected patients were high compared to the Ethiopian Ministry of Health target. Different systems should be built to increase community awareness of health care.

The necessity for enhancing awareness of tuberculosis starting from the early college semesters: empirical evidence from a cross-sectional research.

College students, especially those in the lower grades, constitute the main high-risk population for tuberculosis (TB). Insufficient knowledge about TB among college students contributes to an increased risk of TB infection. In Zhejiang Province, China, limited research has been conducted recently on the awareness of TB in schools among college students. Therefore, this study aims to gain insight into TB knowledge among low-grade college students in Zhejiang Province and develop effective strategies for TB education targeted at this specific population. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 1st and 20th May 2022 in 20 colleges in Zhejiang Province, southeastern China. The survey aimed to assess the level of TB awareness among 1st and 2nd-year college students. Chi-square tests were performed to compare the rates, while multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors influencing the overall awareness level of students' regarding key knowledge about TB. A total of 4,414 lower-grade students participated in the study. The total awareness rate and entire awareness rate of key TB knowledge were 81.6 and 25.3%, respectively. Participants who demonstrated a relatively poor understanding of the definition were (51.0%), curable outcomes (75.7%), and preventive measures of TB (76.1%). Female participants [adjusted odds ratio (aOR):1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.25-1.65], medical students (aOR:2.00; 95%CI:1.63-2.64), had a high level of monthly expenditures (aOR:2.50; 95%CI:1.49-4.19), had prior TB health education (aOR:1.95; 95%CI:1.68-2.25) and previous exposure to TB patients (aOR:2.13; 95% CI:1.48-3.08) indicating a better level of awareness of key knowledge about TB. Among the students, 58.5% expressed their willingness to acquire TB knowledge through "broadcasting, television, films, and audiovisual materials." The total awareness rate of key knowledge among low-grade college students in Zhejiang did not meet the national requirements. To effectively prevent TB in schools, it is crucial to develop a comprehensive understanding of the disease among college students. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance TB awareness through theoretical and practical education, starting from the early semesters of college.

Internalized social stigma and its determinants among drug-sensitive tuberculosis patients in Armenia

Abstract Background Internalized social stigma (ISS) is still an issue among tuberculosis (TB) patients, exacerbating their suffering and affecting their treatment compliance. Quantitative studies of TB-related ISS are scarce. This study sought to measure ISS and identify its predictors among primary drug-sensitive TB patients in Armenia. Methods All patients throughout Armenia diagnosed with drug-sensitive TB from Apr, 2019 through Feb, 2021 were targeted for baseline and follow-up interviews at the start of their TB treatment and shortly after completing it, respectively. The instrument included domains on patient's social support, TB knowledge, health, and stigma. ISS was measured via a 10-item scale previously used in Armenia, with the total score ranging from 10 to 50. Fitted linear regression models identified predictors of ISS at each assessment. Results Overall, 401 patients were interviewed at the baseline and 285 at the follow-up. Between the assessments, patient's ISS score decreased from 27.4 to 23.8 (p < 0.01). Factors related to higher stigma at the baseline included age (B = 0.13, p < 0.01), rural residence (B = 1.56, p < 0.05), depression (B = 2.46, p < 0.01), frequent alcohol use (B = 2.67, p < 0.01), and higher stigma in the family (B = 0.55, p < 0.01), while socioeconomic status score was protective against ISS (B = (-0.74), p < 0.01). The fitted model explained 33.4% of the ISS score variance. Age and depression were related to higher ISS score at the follow-up as well, while quality of life score (B = (-5.27), p < 0.01), family support score (B = (-0.53), p < 0.01), and receiving psychological counseling/education (B = (-2.04), p < 0.05) were protective against ISS. Conclusions This study found rather high levels of ISS both at the time of TB diagnosis and after the treatment course. It also pointed out several factors that could be targeted to reduce ISS, including educating TB patients and their family members, providing them timely psychological counseling and financial support. Key messages • During TB treatment, ISS decreased significantly. Modifiable factors protective against ISS included more support in the family and family's satisfactory financial status. • After the treatment, ISS score was significantly lower among those patients who received psychological counseling and education on TB at the treatment start compared to those who did not receive it.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Tuberculosis among Taif University Students.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern worldwide. Given the dense living and interactive nature of university environments, students may be at higher risk. This cross-sectional study assessed tuberculosis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among students at Taif University (TU) from November 2022 to May 2023. Using a self-administered online questionnaire with 40 items, 1155 students participated. Key demographics: 68.2% females, 96.9% Saudi citizens, 94.5% unmarried, and 87.5% non-smokers. Of the respondents, 26.5% had no knowledge of TB. The TB-related KAP scores among the aware students were 64.9%, 74.8%, and 81%, respectively. Medical college students exhibited significantly higher TB-related knowledge and attitudes than their non-medical peers (p < 0.001). The findings indicate a commendable level of TB-awareness among TU students, but there remains a substantial uninformed segment. Campaigns to enhance TB knowledge among TU students are suggested.

A comparative analysis of the profile and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis patients managed at the community and primary health care facilities in Botswana

BackgroundSuccessful treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) is necessary for mitigating and averting millions of deaths annually. This study compared the profiles and measured the association between patients, health system-related factors, and TB treatment outcomes of patients managed through the community tuberculosis care model with those managed in primary health care settings. MethodsA retrospective multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in six districts in Botswana. Patient’s records were reviewed using a data extraction sheet, and data not captured on registers were obtained using a structured questionnaire. ResultsThree hundred and twenty-four TB patients were sampled. Most participants (84 %; n = 273) were receiving community-based DOT. Patients with moderate TB knowledge (OR 5.3,955 CI 1.01–27.7), good perception of TB care (OR 11, 95 % CI 1.29–94.0), were more likely to enroll for community DOT and achieve treatment cure. Those in businesses (OR 3.85 95 %CI 1.10–22.6), always had treatment available (OR 3.66, 95 % CI 1.12–11.4), never drank alcohol (OR 2.11, 95 %CI 1.06–4.19), used their vehicle (OR 2.11.95 %CI 0.99–4.48) were likely to enroll for community DOT. ConclusionA patient-specific education program and continuous improvement practices to increase patient TB knowledge and satisfaction should be implemented at all levels to improve treatment outcomes.

Facilitators and barriers for tuberculosis preventive treatment among patients with latent tuberculosis infection: a qualitative study

BackgroundVarious factors influence tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) decisions thus it is important to understand the health beliefs and concerns of patients before starting TPT to ensure treatment compliance. This study aims to explore facilitators and barriers for TPT among patients diagnosed with Latent Tuberculosis infection (LTBI) attending six primary healthcare clinics in Selangor, Malaysia.MethodIn-depth interviews were conducted face-to-face or via telephone among patients with a clinical diagnosis of LTBI using a semi-structured topic guide developed based on the common-sense model of self-regulation and literature review. Audio recordings of interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.ResultsWe conducted 26 In-depth interviews; Good knowledge of active tuberculosis (TB) and its associated complications, including the perceived seriousness and transmissibility of active TB, facilitates treatment. LTBI is viewed as a concern when immune status is compromised, thus fostering TPT. However, optimal health is a barrier for TPT. Owing to the lack of knowledge, patients rely on healthcare practitioners (HCPs) to determine their treatment paths. HCPs possessing comprehensive knowledge play a role in facilitating TPT whereas barriers to TPT encompass misinterpretation of tuberculin skin test (TST), inadequate explanation of TST, and apprehensions about potential medication side effects.ConclusionsKnowledge of LTBI can influence TPT uptake and patients often entrust their HCPs for treatment decisions. Improving knowledge of LTBI both among patients and HCPs can lead to more effective doctor-patient consultation and consequently boost the acceptance of TPT. Quality assurance should be enhanced to ensure the effective usage of TST as a screening tool.

A Transcriptional Analysis of Cattle Immune Cells Reveals a Central Role of Type 1 Interferon in the In Vitro Innate Immune Response against Mycobacterium bovis.

Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a bacterium that affects cattle and other mammals, including humans. Despite the availability of vast research about the immune response mechanisms of human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the knowledge of bovine tuberculosis's immunology, particularly regarding the innate immune response, still remains scarce. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of cell cultures containing lymphocytes and M. bovis infected-macrophages with two strains of variable virulence, the virulent Mb04-303 strain and the attenuated Mb534. To that end, we infected bovine macrophages at a multiplicity of infection of one, and co-cultured the infections with autologous lymphocytes. RNA obtained from the co-cultures was sequenced to identify differentially expressed gene pathways by using the database Reactome. The RNA-seq analysis showed that the Mb04-303 infection upregulated the type 1 interferon signalling pathway, while it downregulated the KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway. According to the literature, this last pathway is involved in the activation of antioxidant genes and inflammasome. In addition, the macrophages infected with Mb04-303 recruited more Galectin 8 than those infected with Mb534. This result indicates that Mb04-303 induced higher phagosome membrane damage, with the possible concomitant release of bacterial compounds into the cytoplasm that activates the type I signalling pathway. Altogether, Mb04-303 repressed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, likely impairing interleukin-1β activation, and trigged the canonical type 1 interferon signalling. Although these responses led to the control of bacterial replication during early infection, the virulent strain eventually managed to establish a successful infection.

A qualitative exploration of factors that influence the uptake of tuberculosis services by low-skilled migrant workers in Singapore

IntroductionSingapore relies heavily on migrant workers to build its country and harbours a relatively large population of these workers. Importantly, tuberculosis (TB) remains a pernicious threat to the health of these workers and in line with the United Nations High-Level Meeting in 2023, this paper aims to uncover the qualitative discourse facing migrant workers’ uptake of TB services and provide policy recommendations to enable more equitable access to TB services for this population.MethodsIn-depth interviews were carried out with the migrant worker population recruited from a non-governmental organisation in Singapore that serves migrant workers through the provision of primary healthcare services, counselling, and social assistance. Interviews stopped once thematic saturation was achieved and no new themes and subthemes were found.ResultsA total of 29 participants were interviewed, including 16 Bangladeshis and 13 Chinese, aged between 22 and 54 years old, all worked in the construction sector. Four key themes emerged. They are (1) General TB knowledge: Misconceptions are prevalent, where we found that participants were aware of the disease but did not possess a clear understanding of its pathophysiology and associated health effects, (2) Contextual knowledge and perception of associated policies related to TB in Singapore: low awareness among migrant workers as participants’ accounts depicted a lack of information sources in Singapore especially on issues related to healthcare including TB, (3) Attitude to towards TB: Motivation to seek treatment is underpinned by ability to continue working and (4) Stigma: mixed perception of how society views TB patients. The gaps identified in migrant workers’ TB knowledge, their attitude towards the disease and their perception of the availability of TB-related services is despite Singapore’s efforts to curb community spread of TB and its proactive initiatives to reduce the prevalence.ConclusionOur study illuminates the various aspects that policymakers need to home in on to ensure this vulnerable group is sufficiently supported and equitably cared for if they develop active TB during their stay in Singapore as they contribute to the nation’s economy. Leveraging the COVID-19 pandemic as a window of opportunity to improve overall healthcare access for vulnerable groups in Singapore can be a starting point.

Knowledge, attitude and preventative practice of tuberculosis in rural communities of Dikgale, Mamabolo and Mothiba health and demographic surveillance system in Limpopo province, South Africa

BackgroundTuberculosis continues to be a serious public health issue. To reduce the transmission of the disease, it is imperative to address the major obstacle of inadequate understanding regarding the causes, risk factors, treatments, and prevention of pulmonary TB. The study assessed knowledge, attitude, and preventative practices of tuberculosis among community members in Dikgale, Mamabolo and Mothiba (DIMAMO) Health Demographic Surveillance system, Limpopo Province South Africa.MethodsA cross-sectional clinic-based survey involving 360 participants was conducted at clinics at Dikgale, Mamabolo and Mothiba (DIMAMO) Health and Demographic Surveillance System. A standardised questionnaire on socio-demographic, knowledge, attitude and preventative practices towards tuberculosis based on (WHO) KAP-TB template guidelines was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0 was used to analyse data.ResultsThe results of the cross-sectional survey on KAP-TB illustrated that the participants have good knowledge, attitude, and perception of TB. Majority of the participants (n = 270, 75%) had good general knowledge, while (n = 90, 25%) had poor knowledge about TB. However, the study reports (n = 57, 15.6%) having knowledge of causative agents of TB. Participants showed a favourable attitude toward people who are infected with TB. 87% showed a favourable attitude while only 12.46% showed an unfavourable attitude towards TB. Participants showed a good practice of (71.7%) while (28.3%) of participants had poor practice towards TB.ConclusionHealth education interventions programme on TB needs to be intensified among the community members to improve TB awareness and reduce transmission. Focused educational interventions on TB aetiology and mode of transmission are required to increase TB preventative practices and improve health-seeking behaviour among community members.

Challenges in engaging the private sector for tuberculosis prevention and care in Nigeria: a mixed methods study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the practices of private practitioners regarding tuberculosis (TB), and to ascertain factors related to the low contribution of private healthcare providers to TB prevention and...

Knowledge is the most powerful tool in the fight against tuberculosis.

In October 2022, after almost two years, tuberculosis reclaimed its first place as the world's deadliest infectious disease, replacing COVID-19. Since knowledge is the most powerful tool to combat any disease, the primary goal of our study was to assess patients' knowledge of tuberculosis and its relationship to their socio-demographic status. This cross-sectional study included 1,067 respiratory patients who were surveyed between November 2021 and June 2022 at the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina (Serbia). They completed a questionnaire designed for this study. The majority of patients (53.7%) were female; over two-thirds (70.8%) were ≥ 60 years; every fifth (23.2%) was either with or without primary school; every third (33.3%) was financially poor. Although the majority of patients (97.8%) were aware that tuberculosis is an infectious disease, only 44.2% knew the etiology. Around 3/4 (72.6%) were aware of a tuberculosis vaccine. Hospitalized patients had better knowledge that the vaccine helps prevent tuberculosis than ambulatory patients (p = 0.047). Only 16% of patients in both groups knew that tuberculosis incidence is decreasing in Serbia (p = 0.074). Good knowledge about tuberculosis was reported by 71.5%. Hospitalized patients showed better knowledge than ambulatory patients (p = 0.032). Patients with a higher level of education and higher monthly income were independent predictors of better knowledge of tuberculosis. The study underlines the need to promote knowledge about tuberculosis, particularly among chronic patients, socially vulnerable and refugees, especially in light of the pandemic and emerging economic problems in the region.

Factors influencing women’s decision choosing a public or private health facility for tuberculosis (TB) services: An analysis of Nepal demographic and health survey data 2016

BACKGROUND: Nepal is committed to providing reliable and free Tuberculosis (TB) services through public health facilities, but a considerable number of TB cases seek services from the private sector. There have been no previously published studies investigating factors that influence women's decision to choose a public or private health facility for TB services. Therefore, we aimed to examine how women's socio-demographic characteristics influence this decision. METHODS: We conducted an analysis using data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016. The NDHS 2016 was a nationally representative cross-sectional study. A descriptive, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression method was used in the analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 88% of women chose a public health facility as their preferred place for the diagnosis and treatment of TB. Women having good TB knowledge (aOR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.52-2.39), women aged 45-49 years (aOR: 3.98, CI: 2.68-5.91), and women living in the mountain region (aOR: 3.16, CI: 1.78-5.61) were more likely to prefer a public health facility. Women belonging to the richest category (aOR: 0.54, CI: 0.38-0.78), and being of Muslim (aOR: 0.42, CI: 0.28-0.64) were less likely to choose a public health facility for diagnosis and treatment of TB. CONCLUSION: This study indicates a considerable number of women have an insufficient level of access to quality TB services from a public health facility in Nepal. Inadequate TB knowledge, younger age, unemployment, and social stigma were all associated with women not preferring the public health facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of TB. We believe the findings of the analysis will help policy makers and program managers to fine-tune an intervention plan focusing on these women who are less likely to prefer public health facilities for TB services.

Factors influencing women’s decision choosing a public or private health facility for tuberculosis (TB) services: An analysis of Nepal demographic and health survey data 2016

BACKGROUND: Nepal is committed to providing reliable and free Tuberculosis (TB) services through public health facilities, but a considerable number of TB cases seek services from the private sector. There have been no previously published studies investigating factors that influence women's decision to choose a public or private health facility for TB services. Therefore, we aimed to examine how women's socio-demographic characteristics influence this decision. METHODS: We conducted an analysis using data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016. The NDHS 2016 was a nationally representative cross-sectional study. A descriptive, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression method was used in the analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 88% of women chose a public health facility as their preferred place for the diagnosis and treatment of TB. Women having good TB knowledge (aOR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.52-2.39), women aged 45-49 years (aOR: 3.98, CI: 2.68-5.91), and women living in the mountain region (aOR: 3.16, CI: 1.78-5.61) were more likely to prefer a public health facility. Women belonging to the richest category (aOR: 0.54, CI: 0.38-0.78), and being of Muslim (aOR: 0.42, CI: 0.28-0.64) were less likely to choose a public health facility for diagnosis and treatment of TB. CONCLUSION: This study indicates a considerable number of women have an insufficient level of access to quality TB services from a public health facility in Nepal. Inadequate TB knowledge, younger age, unemployment, and social stigma were all associated with women not preferring the public health facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of TB. We believe the findings of the analysis will help policy makers and program managers to fine-tune an intervention plan focusing on these women who are less likely to prefer public health facilities for TB services.

Exploring stakeholders perspectives on TB contact investigation in Cali, Colombia: a qualitative study.

Contact investigation is a proven intervention for tuberculosis (TB) case finding and prevention. Although widely endorsed by national public health authorities and the World Health Organization, many countries struggle to implement it effectively. The objective of the study is to describe and characterize the barriers and facilitators of TB contact investigation in Cali, Colombia from the perspective and experience of the key stakeholders involved. We collected data from group discussions during two workshop sessions with clinic and public health staff involved in TB contact investigation (June 2019 and March 2020 respectively) and semi-structured interviews with TB cases and their household contacts (July 2019 to April 2020). We undertook an inductive thematic analysis with the RADaR technique to characterize the barriers and facilitators of the TB contact investigation process. The two workshops included 21 clinics and 12 public health staff. We also conducted 26 semi-structured interviews with TB cases and their household contacts. Using thematic analysis, we identified four common themes: Healthcare Operations, Essential Knowledge, Time Limitations and Competing Responsibilities, and Interpersonal Interactions. The main barriers to conducting household visits were low data quality, stigma and mistrust, safety concerns for health workers, and limited resources. The main barriers to TB uptake by contacts were competing responsibilities, low TB risk perceptions among contacts, and difficulty accessing diagnostic tests for contacts. In contrast, good communication and social skills among health workers and accurate TB knowledge facilitated successful household visits and TB test uptake, according to key stakeholders. This study provides a deeper understanding of TB contact investigation barriers and facilitators in a high-prevalence urban setting in a middle-income country from the perspective and experience of key stakeholders. The study shed light on the barriers that hinder household contacts engagement and TB test uptake such as issues of systemic capacity and TB knowledge. Also, highlighted facilitators such as the importance of interpersonal communication skills among health workers in the public and private sector. The insights from this study can serve as a valuable resource for public health organizations seeking to enhance their contact investigation efforts and improve TB control in similar settings.

Unity3D FPS TB CARE Game for Tuberculosis Awareness among Digital Native Children

The present study focuses on the development of the TB CARE game, with the aim of addressing the limited knowledge about tuberculosis (TB) in the community, particularly among children. Considering the digital native nature of generation Z, games are adopted as an appropriate medium for dissemination. Employing the observation method, specifically blackbox testing, the study evaluates the game's performance through tests and questionnaires. The findings indicate a significant success rate of approximately 93.5%, signifying the game's efficacy in accordance with the projected outcomes. The TB CARE game exhibits promising potential for future advancements in line with evolving science and technology&#x0D; Highlights:&#x0D; &#x0D; Development of engaging Unity3D FPS TB CARE game to address TB knowledge gap among children.&#x0D; Successful implementation of blackbox testing, with approximately 93.5% game feasibility.&#x0D; Promising potential for future advancements in line with evolving science and technology.&#x0D;

Development and validation of questionnaire regarding KAP survey on pulmonary and systemic TB

Background and aim: A high level of awareness on tuberculosis (TB) is crucial for the success of the prevention and treatment among the high risk populations. Having a good knowledge, positive attitude and excellent level of practice towards tuberculosis may increase the acceptance of the control measures and decreasing the risk of contracting the disease.&#x0D; Aim of this study. was to develop and validate a questionnaire about knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among the nurses working in TB centres in Libya. Methodology: A Cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 randomly selected nurses working in tuberculosis centers in Libya. This study used a self-administrated questionnaire that takes approximately 15 minutes to complete and was generally well received by the respondent’s. The validation involved content validity and internal consistency for reliability.&#x0D; Results: A total of 384 nurses in tuberculosis centers comprising of 84 (21.9%) were male nurses and 300 (78.1%) were female nurse. The ICC was in the range of 0.63–0.961, P&lt;0.001, while for the attitude component items it was in the range of 0.682–8.99, p&lt;0.001 and for the practice component items it ranged from 0.659–0.981, p&lt;0.001.Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, used to assess internal consistency for knowledge, attitude and practice was.0.702, 0.776 and 0.752; respectively.&#x0D; Conclusions: The questionnaire on TB knowledge, attitude, and practice was valid and reliable with good items that enable its use for assessing TB –KAP survey among the TB nurses.

Development and validation of a questionnaire on the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding tuberculosis among nurses working in tuberculosis centers in Libya

Background and aim: A high level of awareness on tuberculosis (TB) is crucial for the success of the prevention and treatment among the high risk populations. Having a good knowledge, positive attitude and excellent level of practice towards tuberculosis may increase the acceptance of the control measures and decreasing the risk of contracting the disease. Aim of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire about knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among the nurses working in TB centres in Libya. Methodology: A Cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 randomly selected nurses working in tuberculosis centers in Libya. This study used a self-administrated questionnaire that takes approximately 15 minutes to complete and was generally well received by the respondent’s. The validation involved content validity and internal consistency for reliability. Results: A total of 384 nurses in tuberculosis centers comprising of 84 (21.9%) were male nurses and 300 (78.1%) were female nurse. The ICC was in the range of 0.63–0.961, P&lt;0.001, while for the attitude component items it was in the range of 0.682–8.99, p&lt;0.001 and for the practice component items it ranged from 0.659–0.981, p&lt;0.001.Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, used to assess internal consistency for knowledge, attitude and practice was.0.702, 0.776 and 0.752; respectively. Conclusions: The questionnaire on TB knowledge, attitude, and practice was valid and reliable with good items that enable its use for assessing TB –KAP survey among the TB nurses.

Effective Visual Media to Increase Knowledge and Comprehension of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Among Patients and Their Caregivers

Indonesia ranks thirdamong countries with the largest number of TB cases after India and China. Globally, more than 3-4% of all TB cases are Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB). MDR TB is a more complicated TB that needs extra treatments, which extend treatment time and increase adverse effects. Thus, MDR TB patients and their families often feel demotivated about completing treatment, leading to loss to follow up, which contributes to the never-ending transmission and greatly affects the success rate of the national TB control program. Thus, better knowledge and perception on MDR treatment for patients and families plays a crucial role in dealing with this issue. A cross-sectional study was performed from April to June 2019 to evaluate the effectiveness of visual educational media for TB patients and their caregivers. Participants consisted of 144 patients diagnosed with MDR TB and their caregivers or family members (n=22). A pre-test was administered before an education session by a nurse and visual media were used as the educational material. At the end of the session, a post-test was performed. The post-test score was then compared to the pre-test score to evaluate the session’s effectiveness using the paired t-test. Result showed significant increase in the post-test score (t= 3.249, df=3, p=0.04), with the caregivers attained a higher score, showing better improvement in knowledge after the session compared to the patient group. Hence, the MDR TB educational intervention using visual media is considered effective to increase participants ‘understanding of MDR TB. It is expected that with increased knowledge on MDR TB, the treatment success rate will increase and becomes the catalyst for the nationwide TB control strategy.