Tsunami Evacuation Building Research Articles

Tsunami evacuation buildings and evacuation planning in Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Indonesia, a country of more than 17,000 islands, is exposed to many hazards. A magnitude 9.1 earthquake struck off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, on December 26, 2004. It triggered a series of tsunami waves that spread across the Indian Ocean causing damage in 11 countries. Banda Aceh, the capital city of Aceh Province, was among the most damaged. More than 31,000 people were killed. At the time, there were no early warning systems nor evacuation buildings that could provide safe refuge for residents. Since then, four tsunami evacuation buildings (TEBs) have been constructed in the Meuraxa subdistrict of Banda Aceh. Based on analysis of evacuation routes and travel times, the capacity of existing TEBs is examined. Existing TEBs would not be able to shelter all of the at-risk population. In this study, additional buildings and locations for TEBs are proposed and residents are assigned to the closest TEBs. While TEBs may be part of a larger system of tsunami mitigation efforts, other strategies and approaches need to be considered. In addition to TEBs, robust detection, warning and alert systems, land use planning, training, exercises, and other preparedness strategies are essential to tsunami risk reduction.

Influence of Openings and Orientation on Tsunami Generated Forces on Buildings

Using coastal buildings for the emergency evacuation process in an unexpected tsunami event is an effective measure in flat widespread coastal areas. This is especially true in countries such as Japan located adjacent to the faults of tectonic plates, and having only a very limited time frame for evacuation following a tsunami warning. Well-constructed tsunami evacuation buildings can play a vital role under such circumstances. This makes proper understanding of tsunami force and its variation in different building configurations vital in the engineering design of such buildings. In this study, we assessed tsunami force estimation methods for buildings consisting of openings. We also discuss the influence of their internal configurations and orientations for incoming tsunami flow based on physical model experiments and numerical simulation and analysis. Results indicated that the arrangement of internal building configurations with large openings is important in estimating tsunami force, and that building orientation related to the direction in which the tsunami approaches also affects tsunami force, mainly due to the change in effective area directly facing the tsunami.

新規整備された津波避難ビルに見る空間構成と避難機能の位相関係

The number of Tsunami Evacuation Buildings is increasing after the Great East Japan Earthquake. However, a fact-finding for Tsunami Evacuation Buildings doesn't continue by Japanese government. Moreover, the guideline for Tsunami Evacuation Buildings was updated focus on structural requirements or positional requirements. For this reason, An actual decision of constructions of Tsunami Evacuation Buildings is left to the municipality's discretion. In this situation, constructions of Tsunami Evacuation Buildings have been improved without due thought or consideration for evacuation action because it's in the first stage that designate institution satisfied structural requirements for Tsunami Evacuation Building. So in this study, to elucidate concepts of Tsunami Evacuation Building planning that is going to effectively utilize, we focus on newly built Tsunami Evacuation Building and analyze the relation between spatial composition and function as evacuation facilities from there. For survey method, we used E-mail as questionnaire survey for 643 municipalities along the shore. And then, we contact them again for get information of building plan especially inside a building (like a floor plan or a cross section plan etc.) if they have newly built Tsunami Evacuation Buildings. The result of this study is as follow: 1. Confirmed 9,103 Tsunami Evacuation Buildings from municipalities along the shore. 2. Grasped tendencies of construction of Tsunami Evacuation Buildings by comparison with past surveys. 3. Confirmed 77 newly built Tsunami Evacuation Buildings and grasped distributions, attributions and necessary conditions for constructions of newly built Tsunami Evacuation Buildings. 4. Grasped patterns of spatial composition of inside a building from the formation of the architecture and volumes of staircase. 5. Grasped functions as evacuation facilities in the newly built Tsunami Evacuation Building. 6. Newly built Tsunami Evacuation Buildings may be divided into 2 types by organizing the relation between spatial compositions and function as evacuation facilities. Consequently, to grasp characteristics of newly built Tsunami Evacuation Buildings will help building new constructions.

Evaluation of Tsunami Wave Loads Acting on Walls of Confined-Masonry-Brick and Concrete-Block Houses

Damage to confined-masonry-brick or concrete-block house was assessed for being subjected to a tsunami wave load. This study was prompted by recent three tsunamis – one during 2001 on the Near Coast of Peru, one in 2009 in the Samoa Islands, and one in 2010 in Maule, Chile. We analyzed 13 damaged walls from 10 single-storey houses located near the coastline. We focused on evaluating the tsunami wave pressure distribution on house walls. Based on the formula proposed by Asakura et al. (2000) to evaluate tsunami wave pressure distribution on a structural component located on land behind on-shore structures, which is used for designing a tsunami evacuation building, we identify the values of horizontal wave pressure indexain Asakura’s formula for walls and discuss the boundary value ofaat which a wall presents structural damage, such as in collapse and cracking failure modes.

EFFECT OF SPACE CONFIGURATION OF BUILDING ON TSUNAMI FORCE ON IT

Tsunami evacuation building is an important countermeasure in saving lives from tsunami inundation in coastal area. In the design of tsunami evacuation building, it is important to evaluate its stability against tsunami impact. However, openings like windows or pilotis may affect the tsunami force significantly and therefore it is important to discuss the effect of space configuration of the buildings on acting tsunami force. In this study, hydraulic model experiments and numerical simulation have been conducted to investigate on that aspect. Results show that spatial configuration of the building affects the total tsunami force acting on the structure. Numerical results also provided a good estimation of pressure distribution which agrees with experimental results.

建物ビルに作用する津波力に及ぼす建物形状および津波作用方向の影響に関する研究

Tsunami evacuation buildings are considered as effective countermeasures against tsunami. The openings of buildings may reduce the tsunami force acting them, however, its effect may be influenced by inner configuration of buildings. Moreover, a tsunami direction is another important factor for tsunami forces. In this study, based on hydraulic experiments and numerical calculations, their effects on tsunami forces are investigated. The tsunami force after impact is found to be estimated by hydraulic pressure in different ways according to the size of openings, and for the buildings with large openings, it is confirmed to be considered forces acting on inner walls. In investigation of tsunami direction, the force due to obliquely incident tsunami can be determined by the tsunami acting area and effect of parry the tsunami.

Tsunami Evacuation Plan in Consideration of Tsunami Evacuation Building Capacity for Katase-Nishihama and Kugenuma District, Fujisawa City

Tsunami Evacuation Plan in Consideration of Tsunami Evacuation Building Capacity for Katase-Nishihama and Kugenuma District, Fujisawa City

The Analysis of Tsunami Vertical Shelter in Padang City

Padang is a coastal city, which is located opposite to the Indian Ocean. Just across Padang city there are areas of subduction, which can trigger a powerful earthquake and generate tsunami. Geologists have to say that the city of Padang is the area that is highly vulnerable to tsunamis in the near future.Several studies have been conducted to prepare Padang city for tsunamis. Through the research, maps of tsunami inundation area has been successfully designed. So that the tsunami-prone areas, and tsunami safe area can be clearly identified.According to Singh (2008), the time interval between the first powerful earthquake and tsunami to hit the coast of Padang is about 20-30 minutes. While residents have to walk 3-5 km to the safe area. It can be said that the time for tsunami evacuation in Padang city is very short. Therefore the choice of conducting vertical evacuation is urgent for the majority of the population rather than walking along the horizontal evacuation.Padang city government with the aid of the international donors has built buildings for the shelter. Some of them are schools that have a strong structure, three storeys in which the roof are served as a tsunami evacuation. Data from the BPBDs office (Disaster Management Agency), stated that there are 13 tsunami evacuation buildings at this time with a total capacity of 30.550 people and the capacity for each building is varied between 1,000 - 3,000 people (BPBDs, 2013). This amount is very far from enough when compared to the potential loss of life as many as 400,000 people or more, or as only 7.64% of the total amount. And the location of the shelter buildings are not evenly distributed in tsunamis prone areas.Places for vertical tsunami evacuation in Padang are called TES (Temporary Evacuation Shelter). There have been 13 shelters established by the Government of Padang and BPBDs, and there is only one TES found in the study area. It really is not enough as it is seen in the range of services. Therefore the existing buildings and multi-storey structure is another alternate places to rescue in which they are expected to withstand earthquakes and tsunamis. This alternative building called Potential TES (P-TES)and there are 14 shelters for the study area.By using GIS analysis as well as buffer analysis method, a measurement against a range of services from 1 TES and 14 P-TES is conducted. Buffer radius service area in this analysis, are 450m, 900m, and 1350m. It means that the community who are in the circle will be able to reach shelter in time. As it is seen, the 15 shelters can accommodate refugees within a radius of 450m and 900m, and only few refuges can be accommodated within a radius of 1350m.

津波避難ビル内部の空間形状に着目した作用津波力に関する実験的考察

津波避難ビル内部の空間形状に着目した作用津波力に関する実験的考察

鉄筋コンクリート造建築物の津波被害と津波避難ビルに係わる検討

鉄筋コンクリート造建築物の津波被害と津波避難ビルに係わる検討