True Taste Research Articles

The Ancient Greek Utopia of C. A. Ehrensvärd’s Drawings of His Life

The late-eighteenth-century Swedish intellectual C. A. Ehrensvärd visualised his life and relationships in drawings that often represent their modern protagonists as ideal figures from classical art. In his literary works Ehrensvärd argued that ancient Greeks had led their lives in accordance with human nature and had thereby acquired objectively true taste as displayed in their art. In the drawings discussed in this article Ehrensvärd reveals the discrepancy between his vision of the perfect, masculine, virtuous Greeks, and the allegedly corrupt, feminised Northern Europe of his own time. This conflict is often represented humorously, making use of the abundant iconographic layers of classical art, which could load an image with misogynistic, comic, or heroic overtones. These allusions were expected to be recognised and appreciated by the drawings’ intended audience, Ehrensvärd’s friends, such as the sculptor J. T. Sergel. Ehrensvärd’s view of the empirical truth of human nature, embodied in ancient art, left little room for artistic individuality and subjective choice. Yet, by appropriating the authority of the classical nude, Ehrensvärd could portray himself as an individual in defence of real human potential, as opposed to its modern travesty.

A Better Understanding of the True Taste of the World—A Study of Dongpo Cuisine

A Better Understanding of the True Taste of the World—A Study of Dongpo Cuisine

Graph gating-mixer for sequential recommendation

Recent Transformer-based architectures have achieved encouraging performance for sequential recommendation, whereas their computational complexity is quadratic to the sequence length. MLP4Rec is a promising solution to settle this issue, which captures item transition patterns by a MLP-Mixer layer. Despite effectiveness, we argue that it still faces two critical limitations. On the one hand, it employs the one-hot ID technique to generate each user/item embedding, which has no specific semantics apart from being an identifier. In this case, given these ID embeddings as the original input of a MLP-Mixer layer, it is non-trivial to distill the useful information for other layers. On the other hand, it fails to explicitly differentiate the significance of different factors of an item, which is unrealistic to capture the user’s true taste in a short context; meanwhile, it also does not discriminate the importance of each item instance given the recent actions of a user. To overcome such two limitations, we propose a new solution for sequential recommendation, namely a graph Gating-Mixer Recommender (GMRec). Our solution decomposes the sequential recommendation workflow into three steps. First, by means of graph neural networks, we embed a linear graph propagation module to produce high-quality user and item embeddings. Afterwards, we replace the MLP-Mixer layer in MLP4Rec with a devised dual gating block, which could dynamically control what features and which items can be passed to the downstream layers. Lastly, we devise a user-specific gating strategy to adaptively integrate two components in GMRec. Extensive experiments are performed on the Beauty, Cellphone, Gowalla, and ML-10M datasets, demonstrating the rationality and effectiveness of our solution. Specifically, when Precision@10, Recall@10, MAP@10, and NDCG@10 are adopted as evaluation metrics, the performance gains of GMRec over recent state-of-the-art methods on four datasets are 11.91%, 19.46%, 9.56%, and 13.01%, respectively. Our implemented codes and datasets are available via https://github.com/wubinzzu/GMRec.

Connotation and mitigation of polyphenolic astringency in Chinese medicine

Taste is one of the important factors in the design of oral drug preparations. Polyphenols are the secondary metabolites produced in the growth process of Chinese medicine with a variety of physiological activities. However, astringency perceived from polyphenols tastes uncomfortable. As one of the true taste of Chinese medicine, astringency with drying, rough, and wrinkled sensation, seriously affects the texture of Chinese medicine and the compliance of patients. Due to the universality of polyphenolic astringency in Chinese medicine and the weakness of modern research, this study systematically reviewed and summarized the latest research on the mechanism of polyphenolic astringency, the astringency evaluation method, and the astringency-mitigation technology. Through comprehensively analyzing the quantification methods, such as sensory evaluation, animal preference evaluation, chemical evaluation, bionic evaluation, and polyphenol-protein interaction evaluation, the direction of overall astringency assessment with "unified dimension" was proposed. Since the characteristics of Chinese medicine and the mechanism of polyphenolic astringency did not reach a consensus, this study proposed the idea of astringency mitigation suitable for Chinese medicine. This study is intended to deepen the understanding of astringency associated with Chinese medicine, and establish a real and objective astringency evaluation method for Chinese medicine, thus promoting the technique of astringency mitigation of polyphenolic Chinese medicine preparations from trial and error to science.

Analysis of the Effect of Legendary Taste on Buying Interest at Purnama Coffee Shop, Bandung City

A taste is one of the key elements in attracting and improving buying interest of a coffee shop. More over if the taste is perceived as legendary. Purnama coffee shop, which is located in the heart of municipality of Bandung has this added value in perceiving a legendary taste of their menus. Is it true taste that is perceived legendary directly correlated to the improvement of buying interest? This research is aimed to know and analyze the effect of taste that is perceived legendary in improving the buying interest at Purnama Restaurant, in Bandung. This research uses multiple regression analysis by applying SPSS 24.0. This is a descriptive explanatory research form. The result of this research shows that the taste variable has a positive and significant effect toward the variable of buying interest of a coffee shop.

In the Spotlight-Established Researcher.

Tamara Franz-Odendaal holds the NSERC Chair Women in Science and Engineering (Atlantic Canada) and is a Fellow of the American Association of Anatomists Tamara is a Guest Co-Editor of this special issue on Cavefish Website: www.bonedevelopmentlab.ca With whom and where did you study? I completed my undergraduate, MSc and PhD degrees at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. For my MSc degree, I studied gene expression during eye development in chicken embryos under the supervision of Dr. Susan Kidson. My PhD thesis explored paleopathologies and paleodiets of 5 million-year-old fossil herbivores from a South African locality called Langebaanweg. My PhD supervisors were paleontologist Dr. Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan and archaeologist Dr. Julia Lee-Thorpe. Notably, these three supervisors are top female scientists, two of whom had families when I was in their research groups. I completed a short-term DAAD scholarship to pursue a post-doc with Dr. Thomas Kaiser at the University of Greifswald (Germany) and then conducted a 3.5-year post-doc with Dr. Brian Hall (Dalhousie University, Canada), where I got my first true taste of the EvoDevo field. What got you interested in Biology? When did you know EvoDevo was for you? I have been interested in animals and the natural world from a young age. My MSc degree was in developmental biology and I branched out into paleontology for my PhD. Therefore, merging my fascination with embryos and fossils was a natural fit for my post-doc. To have the opportunity to do this with such a remarkable scientist as Dr. Hall was a wonderful experience. If you are amazed at animal diversity then EvoDevo may be for you too since how can you not wonder how that diversity arose both over evolutionary and over developmental time scales. What has been your biggest challenge in getting to your position? My biggest challenge to getting to my position was job searching while having a toddler, being a permanent resident of Canada, and having a degree from a university that was not well known in Canada. I received my first faculty position as an NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Canada) University Faculty Award recipient. This program provided me the mechanism for establishing my research program at Mount Saint Vincent University by giving me a reduced teaching load in my first three-years. As an active and productive researcher in Canada, I often have to justify why I chose a primarily undergraduate institution as my home. There are many benefits to teaching at a smaller university such as closer interactions with students and a sense of community. The first time I was exposed to research was during my undergraduate degree and it was an immensely rewarding experience. I view training undergraduates in research methods and analysis as incredibly important since these are the students that become our graduate students and future scientists. Or alternatively, they become our doctors, dentists, and veterinarians; professions that require an understanding of the scientific process. What advice do you have for junior EvoDevo researchers? My advice for graduate students and post-docs interested in EvoDevo is to thoroughly learn as many different techniques as possible, work on different organisms (this will become important if you need to teach EvoDevo or Developmental Biology), and pick your advisors based on how they treat their trainees and their productivity. It is okay (and the norm) to randomly email PI's to ask if they are taking on new students rather than waiting for a graduate position announcement. Do your homework though, and make sure you have read about their research and that you really want to work with them. We established PI's receive numerous applications from students for positions and are very adept at picking out the students who have done some homework about our research. Your first email to us should be to introduce yourself and tell us why your interests or past experiences align with our research group's interests. Always attach your CV or resumé.

Liquid Power: Advanced Orientalism and True Taste in Japanese Whiskies

Liquid Power: Advanced Orientalism and True Taste in Japanese Whiskies

Chapter 14 - Health histories and medical evaluations of patients with complaints of chemosensory dysfunction

Key elements for understanding, assessing, and treating a patient with a complaint of chemosensory dysfunction include establishing a relevant medical history and performing a focused medical examination. This age-old medical approach combines the utilization of associated tests and the results of chemosensory testing to establish a diagnosis and plan for medical management. Chemosensory testing is critical to establish the degree of dysfunction, the veracity and accuracy of a patient's self-report, the efficacy of treatments, and the degree to which spontaneous recovery occurs. In common with most medical disorders, it is incumbent upon the physician to determine, as best as possible, the time of onset of the symptom, its severity, precipitating factors, comorbidities, and fluctuations over time to understand the underlying pathophysiology. Importantly, distinguishing between "taste" loss due to decreased flavor sensations secondary to olfactory system compromise and "taste" loss due to true taste bud-mediated sensory alterations is critical. Unfortunately, this distinction is often underappreciated by medical professionals and laypersons alike, resulting in needless referrals within the medical community, including those related to imaging and gastroenterological testing. This chapter outlines the basic elements of the medical history and assessment of patients with complaints of chemosensory dysfunction, including a discussion on how to detect malingering.

O DISCURSO MUSICAL DO SÉCULO XVIII

Na literatura dos séculos XVII e XVIII, centenas de tratados dedicados à composição, interpretação, ensino e reflexão musicais foram publicados e difundidos por todo o continente Europeu. Tais obras, que variam enormemente em relação à metodologia abordada por seus autores, costumam, frequentemente, trazer consigo a noção de que a música é análoga ao discurso verbal, ambos guiados pelas regras da retórica, e que sua finalidade seja ensinar, deleitar e mover o ouvinte. No caso de Francesco Geminiani (1687-1762), esta mesma ideia pode ser lida em sua obra tratadística. Neste artigo, pretende-se discorrer sobre diversas emulações retóricas almejadas por Geminiani (1687-1762) em sua obra tratadística, sobretudo nas Regras para tocar com verdadeiro gosto (c.1748), Tratado sobre o bom gosto na arte da música (1749) e A arte de tocar violino (1751). Nesses tratados, o autor não apenas alinhou-se às correntes de pensamento de sua época, representadas por Batteux, Hume e Montesquieu – na filosofia – e por Quantz, C. P. E. Bach e L. Mozart – na música –, mas também recuperou acepções do discurso falado, escrito e proferido, presentes nas retóricas clássicas De Oratore, de Cícero, e Institutio Oratoria, de Quintiliano. Observaremos que, no tocante à discussão filosófico-musical setecentista em torno da tópica do Gosto – lugar-comum no conjunto total de sua tratadística –, Geminiani apoia-se na recuperação e no debate de diversos preceitos sobre imaginação, juízo, decoro, ornamentação, performance e recepção, abordados pelos autores mencionados, tornando, assim, evidente sua visão da composição musical espelhada no discurso retórico.

Mary Wollstonecraft’s conception of ‘true taste’ and its role in egalitarian education and citizenship

Is the possession of taste relevant to the practice of moral and political judgement? For Mary Wollstonecraft and many of her contemporaries, the formation of taste was increasingly significant for both ethics and politics. In fact, some of the key contributors to the debate, which I have termed the ‘politics of taste’, believed that fostering existing standards of taste promised a palliative to modern democratic ills that they diagnosed. Wollstonecraft is an immanent critic of such positions. Although she shares some of Edmund Burke’s and David Hume’s assumptions, she proposes dramatic revision of the extant model of refined taste driven by the spread of rational education. In this way, she attempts to rescue ‘true taste’ from its sentimental context – one permeated by false assumptions about femininity and class. For Wollstonecraft, ‘true taste’ must be the product of refined understanding. Only then can it be deemed a support rather than a hindrance to the practice of moral and political judgement. Although recent Wollstonecraft scholarship has emphasised the depth of her engagement with Scottish Enlightenment thought, using Hume as a primary interlocutor with Wollstonecraft, especially on the question of taste, is yet unprecedented. This approach, Wollstonecraft’s immanent critique of taste, yields arguments about taste that are especially complex and philosophically interesting, both in her time and ours.

Alle Grenzen sind Verträge, die man überschreiten kann : die Filme von Wachowski, das Tranhumanismus und die existenzielle Begegnung

Humanity is now affected by unprecedented changes, whose acceleration proves to be prodigious and destabilizing at the same time. But these changes don’t come without an increase in misery (material, social, existential), a ruin of ideals (hopes for a better, more tolerant, more sensitive, more free humanity), suffering and death. There is a number of currents of thought in the world which belong to trans- or post-humanism. “Transhumanism” means that present-day humanity is merely transitional, and, by means of new technologies, will tomorrow be “outdated”, to a “post-humanity”, a techno-sapiens. It is through the perspective of a certain transhumanism that we will read Wachowski’s cinema, particularly the Matrix trilogy and Cloud Atlas, by examining their foundations, even their infancy. At the core of this inquiry is the question of the sensitive body, claimed by some “transhumanists” to be obsolete, and with it, that of the encounter, of an existence that is attentive to what comes to surprise it, to fluster it, to give it a meaning and a rare, intense and true taste: to trans-form us.

Fielding and the Morality of Music

Music was more than simply a form of entertainment to Fielding; it was an instrument of morality as well. Not only did he frequently include an instructive message in his own songs, but he viewed the appreciation of music as a hallmark of the good and deafness to it as suggesting a dangerous lack of humanity. So closely tied were ethics and aesthetics for him that he believed “true Virtue is…nothing else but true Taste.” As a result, the type of music his characters prefer helps define them morally with a professed love of opera implying an ethical deficiency and an attachment to Handel denoting a sound and sophisticated moral sense. Still, while cherishing music, Fielding saw it as not without its moral hazards. Given its strong sensory appeal, he feared its power over the passions could override reason with potentially harmful results. In fact, he regarded it as an intensifier that could amplify our existing inclinations for better or for worse. Therefore, he embraced the neoclassical precept that it should be governed by lyrics that direct our feelings toward a rational and ethical end. Indeed, if used wisely and well, he deemed music to be a uniquely potent and positive force that could elevate our souls almost to heaven.

Taste Matters

One has no taste if one has a one-sided taste. True taste is universal. The nobility is alien to the nation, firstly from the standpoint of principle, since it does not derive its powers from the people; secondly from the standpoint of its objectives since these involve defending, not the general interest, but the private one. Those of us who concern ourselves with modern and contemporary art have a customary narrative of loss. Long ago we dispensed with the old measure that Lessing held so high – the ‘Christianity of Reason’, he called it – and we gave up the capacity to recast that measure as a moral ultimatum in the once revolutionary form of the great cleric, Abbé Sieyès. Our secularisation has always meant giving up the rule-bearing god of Abraham, but more recently it has also meant giving...

Rose Sees Red (review)

Reviewed by: Rose Sees Red Karen Coats Castellucci, Cecil. Rose Sees Red. Scholastic, 2010. [208p.] ISBN 978-0-545-06079-0 $17.99 Reviewed from galleys Ad Gr. 7-10. Rose is a dance student at New York's High School of Performing Arts in the 1980s, even though she doesn't think she's that good; she's decided, after a bad friendship bustup, that friends aren't worth the heartache, even when some girls from her class invite her into their circle. She is, however, mildly fascinated by Yrena, the Russian girl who lives in an apartment compound next door to Rose's house. As it turns out, Yrena is interested in Rose as well, and one night the two girls decide to go out for ice cream, followed of course by the ubiquitous KGB and CIA agents that monitor Yrena's family; when Yrena impulsively slips her guards, Rose has no choice but to follow. One thing leads to another until they've stayed out all night, attended the famous 1982 anti-nuclear protest rally in Central Park, and created an international incident. Rose is a credible if sometimes tedious character, given to whining introspection until Yrena's emergence catapults her out of herself into considering what it must be like to be confined to a world without personal freedoms. The night-long sightseeing jaunt through New York City, coupled with Rose's developing friendships with her classmates, sparkles, but the book then loses a lot of its luster in an extended dialogue about the Cold War, nuclear arms, and the way personal friendships such as the one they have created overnight could solve all of the world's problems; it's probably exactly the kind of conversation that took place at the rally among the younger participants, but it's heavy-handed nonetheless. Context clues regarding the year are very stingy, with the first hint being a mention of the recent bicentennial halfway through the book, so readers not familiar with recent American history may be somewhat at sea with all the Cold War references. However, the details are authentic, so that readers will be given a true taste of what kinds of issues concerned teens thirty years ago. Copyright © 2010 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Taste dysfunction: a practical guide for oral medicine

Dental practitioners are often the first clinicians to be presented with complaints about changes in taste. This raises a problem in terms of appropriate evaluative response. It is a difficult issue both because of the common confusion between smell and taste problems (with smell being the more vulnerable sense and contributing substantially to the flavor of food that most patients equate with 'taste'), and because of the lack of widely accepted standardized techniques to assess true taste function. This brief review provides a summary of some of the problems associated with assessing taste function in a clinical setting and of patient management options available to the practitioner of oral medicine.

Assessment of User Benefits in Presence of Random Taste Heterogeneity

The ultimate objective of most practical transport modeling is the evaluation of the economic impacts of alternative policy measures. During the past decade, significant advances have been made in the ability of operational models to accommodate flexible patterns of taste heterogeneity. The majority of applications use parametric distributions in which the parameters of the distribution are specified a priori. However, in reality individual tastes rarely follow a standard distribution, especially in the extremes of the distribution in which behavior is likely to differ substantially from that of the rest of the population. The major problem in these cases is the suitability of estimated models for determining economic welfare because they may yield erroneous or counterintuitive results. Recent research proposes using nonparametric models to capture randomness in individuals’ tastes, in which the shape of the unknown distribution is defined as part of the estimation process. But there is still no evidence regarding the implication of using these more advanced model structures for determining economic welfare. The aim of this paper is to investigate to what extent imposing a well-shaped distribution of individual tastes affects the appraisal of transport policy measures. In particular the focus is on random taste heterogeneity. With the use of simulated data, an investigation is done on how parametric and non-parametric models perform under different assumptions for true taste distributions. Finally, implications of the accuracy of alternative methods of computing benefit measures are critically analyzed.

Accuracy of Self‐Report in Detecting Taste Dysfunction

To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of responses to the following questionnaire statements in detecting taste loss: "I can detect salt in chips, pretzels, or salted nuts," "I can detect sourness in vinegar, pickles, or lemon," "I can detect sweetness in soda, cookies, or ice cream," and "I can detect bitterness, in coffee, beer, or tonic water." Responses to an additional item, "I can detect chocolate in cocoa, cake or candy," was examined to determine whether patients clearly differentiate between taste loss and flavor loss secondary to olfactory dysfunction. A total of 469 patients (207 men, mean age = 54 years, standard deviation = 15 years; and 262 women, mean age = 54 years, standard deviation = 14 years) were administered a questionnaire containing these questions with the response categories of "easily," "somewhat," and "not at all," followed by a comprehensive taste and smell test battery. The questionnaire items poorly detected bona fide taste problems. However, they were sensitive in detecting persons without such problems (i.e., they exhibited low positive but high negative predictive value). Dysfunction categories of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) were not meaningfully related to subjects' responses to the questionnaire statements. Both sex and age influenced performance on most of the taste tests, with older persons performing more poorly than younger ones and women typically outperforming men. Although it is commonly assumed that straight-forward questions concerning taste may be useful in detecting taste disorders, this study suggests this is not the case. However, patients who specifically report having no problems with taste perception usually do not exhibit taste dysfunction. The difficulty in detecting true taste problems by focused questionnaire items likely reflects a combination of factors. These include the relatively low prevalence of taste deficits in the general population and the tendency of patients to confuse loss of olfaction-related flavor sensations with taste-bud mediated deficits.

A career in ophthalmology

Few medical students have a true taste of ophthalmology. Amar Alwitry and Rakesh Jayasawal describe the work and career path of this diverse specialty

Wordsworth and Charlotte Smith: 1970

The Dove Cottage Library in Grasmere owns copy of the fifth edition of Charlotte Smith's Elegiac Sonnets, printed in London in 1789, which Wordsworth owned and read as an undergraduate at Cambridge. The book contains few marks and annotations by Wordsworth, his autograph signature in several places, and dated inscription in his hand, St. John's Cambridge '89. Two later sonnets by Charlotte Smith, copied out in Wordsworth's clearest early hand, are preserved on the rear fly-leaf. In themselves, the annotations are of no special significance but they call attention to an important early influence on Wordsworth which has not been exlored up to now. (1) Though nearly forgotten today, Charlotte Turner Smith (1749-1806) became for brief period at the close of the eighteenth century one of the most popular writers of her time. Her Elegiac Sonnets and Other Essays, which first appeared in 1784, went through nine editions by 1800. (2) She wrote two other volumes of verse: long poem on the miseries of the French Revolution, called The Emigrants (1793); and posthumous collection, Beachy Head and Other Poems (1807). After disastrously unhappy marriage she supported her large family by writing novels: Emmeline (1788), Ethelinde (1789), Celestina (1791), Desmond (1792), The Old Manor House (1793), and five others. She also published children's stories, play, some Conversations introducing poetry, and various miscellaneous pieces including translations from the French. She achieved considerable critical reputation; Coleridge and Southey admired her work, as did Scott. (3) Sir Samuel Egerton Brydges, recording the impression which Charlotte Smith created in the early seventeen-nineties, in Censura Literaria (1807) noted that the public had received her enchanting fiction with a new kind of delight: It displayed such simple energy of language, such an accurate and lively delineation of character, such purity of sentiment, and such exquisite scenery of picturesque and rich, yet most unaffected, imagination, as gave it hold upon all readers of true taste, of new and captivating kind. (Hilbish, 131) The outward aspects of Wordsworth's relationship to Charlotte Smith are fairly clear, with one exception: certain obscure business dealings with her by his family. (4) Charlotte Smith's husband Benjamin Smith, feckless and unsuccessful West Indian merchant from whom she separated, was imprisoned for debt in 1783, and the following year Wordsworth's cousin, John Robinson, M.P., managed to get Smith out of jail by agreeing to become trustee of Smith's tangled affairs. A co-trustee was Anthony Parkin, cousin of Wordsworth's father, and employer of Wordsworth's older brother, Richard Wordsworth, in London. (5) In 1793 one of Charlotte Smith's sons brought suit against Robinson, apparently for failure to administer their affairs. The result was that Charlotte Smith satirized Robinson in several of her novels, notably in the person of Sir Appulby Gorges in The Young Philosopher (1798). Exactly when the troubles between Robinson and the Smiths began, and to what extent Wordsworth was aware of it, we have no way of telling. In any case, the imbroglio had not proceeded far enough to prevent Wordsworth from acquiring her Elegiac Sonnets at Cambridge, or from visiting her home at Brighton, on the way to France, in the autumn of 1791. was detained, he wrote shortly afterwards from Orleans to his brother Richard. at Brighthelmstone from Tuesday till Saturday Evening which time must have past in manner extremely disagreeable, if I had not bethought me of introducing myself to Mrs. Charlotte Smith, she received me in the politest manner, and shewed me every possible civility. This with my best affection you will be so good as to mention to Captn. and Mrs. Wordsworth.... Mrs. Smith who was so good as to give me Letters for Paris furnished me with one for Miss [Helen Maria] Williams, an English Lady who resided here lately. …

Odor-taste mixtures.

A solution with both an odor and a taste may be considered to be a mixture that involves two sensory modalities. Estimates of the intensity of such mixtures appear to be additive. If the overall intensity of each of the unmixed components is compared with the overall intensity of the mixture, the additivity approaches 100%. If the intensities of the smell and taste of the unmixed components are compared with the overall intensity of the mixture, the additivity is less than 100%. Thus, the specific question that is given to the subjects influences the magnitude of the estimations. This suggests that the additive process involves a central (cognitive) mechanism. Considering that the perception of complex flavors also involves sensory information of touch, temperature, and possibly vision and hearing, a central interpretation seems appropriate. The influences of smell on the perception of taste also appear to involve a cognitive mechanism. These smell-taste confusions appear to be stimulus specific and are usually resolved in favor of taste. This may be true because the sensations of pressure, movement, and resistance are usually localized in the mouth. These accompanying sensations then suggest that the taste organs are active in determining the result even when no true taste is present. The influences of taste on the perception of smell are most pronounced when the tastant contains an odor. This suggests that the effect may be peripheral. That is, odorant molecules may be moving from the pharynx, through the posterior nares, to the olfactory receptors. If this interpretation is correct, the influences of taste on smell may be an odor-odor mixture involving "retronasal" and "nasal" olfaction.