Source Of Trouble Research Articles

Oh, How the Mighty Have Fallen: The Bank Failures and Near Failures that Started America's Greatest Financial Panics

This is my presidential address to the Economic History Association that was delivered in September 2020. It examines the failures or in some cases near-failures, of financial institutions that started the 12 most severe peacetime financial panics in the United States, beginning with the Panic of 1819 and ending with the Panic of 2008. The following generalizations were true in most cases, although not in all. (1) Panics were triggered by a short series of failures or near-failures; (2) many of the failing institutions were what we would now call shadow banks; (3) typically, the source of trouble was an excessive investment in real estate; and (4) typically, they had outstanding reputations for trustworthiness, prudence, and financial acumen—before they failed. It appears that in these respects the Panic of 2008 was an old-school panic.

Marginalized Selfhood of Women in Tehmina Durrani's Blasphemy

This paper investigates into Durrani’s Blasphemy to scrutinize Heer's marginalized individuality. Heer is forced to marry a man, Pir Sain, with a high position in the society. Hermarriage proves a source of troubles and repression of self-satisfaction. When Heer fails to tolerate severe torture and exploitation, she revolts against patriarchy that pushes the female sex to the margin in the name of religious norms and values. Hence, this article exposes the desperate condition of women and their sufferings in Pakistan as depicted in the novel. The paper questions the system that does not allow women like Heer to make decisions in either household chore, not in the public affairs.

The impact of co-occurring communicative impairments on the understandability of atypical speakers’ talk

Contributing to conversation analytic research into ‘atypical interaction’ (i.e. naturally-occurring interactions involving one or more participants with a communication disorder), this paper focuses on talk by individuals who present with both aphasic (language) impairments and other communicative impairments (motor, motor programming or cognitive in nature). It shows how, in three such cases, the co-occurring impairments may each contribute to turns at talk by the atypical speaker which are particularly problematic in terms of their understandability. In each case these trouble source turns result in (1) the production of other-initiations of repair by the recipient which are ‘off track’, and (2) repair sequences which are notably prolonged. This type of investigation fills a gap in existing atypical interaction research where most analysis has focused on the impact of individual communicative impairments on talk-in-interaction.

Multiple Other-Initiations of Repair in Norwegian Sign Language

AbstractNot all other-initiations of repair (OIR) are instantly followed by a functional self-repair that restores the progress of the conversation. Despite previous observations of OIRs generally leading to restored progress after one single-repair initiation, data from a multiperson conversational corpus of Norwegian Sign Language (NTS) show that 68% of 112 individual repair initiations occur in multiple OIR sequences. This article identifies three different trajectories of multiple OIR sequences in the NTS data, which are as follows: (1) a trouble source being targeted by more than one repair initiation, (2) the self-repair becomes a new trouble source, or (3) the repair initiation becomes a new trouble source. The high frequency of multiple OIR sequences provides an opportunity to quantitatively investigate how the various formats of repair initiation are distributed in single- and multiple-OIR sequences, how they occur as first or subsequent, and whether they restore the progress of the conversation or are followed by another repair initiation.

A Conversation Analysis of Repair Trouble Sources, Inadequacy and Positions in the Iraqi University Viva Discussions in English

Oral interaction is sometimes not articulated by its participants as perfect as they project. The unsuccessful instances of talk in exchange may cause serious communicative breakdowns between the involved partners of the interactive activity. Conversation analysis (CA) is privileged to have a powerful mechanism, which is called repair organization that is exploited in interaction to prevent and fix any variety of troubles in talk. This strategic organization of repair is then operated to capacitate talkers of unavoidable interactive breakdowns of talk.
 Accordingly, this study aims at observing, describing, analyzing and identifying the trouble sources of repair strategies which exist in the Iraqi university viva discussions in English, and investigating their repair positions and inadequacies. Likewise, it is hypothesized that misunderstanding errors is the most frequent trouble source of repairs in the Iraqi university viva discussions in English, non-repair is the most frequent repair inadequacy, and that the fourth position of repair is the most frequent position type.
 The procedure adopted to fulfil the aims and to verify the hypotheses include collecting data which consists of four hours and ten minutes of audiotaped oral interactions in the MA and Ph.D. viva discussions, developing a model for repair strategies from various theories in CA, observing and collecting the data by recording audiotaped samples of those interactions in viva discussions as sample of the study, putting the datasets into orthography, calculating and describing by the use of the model, and analyzing the dataset of the study qualitatively and quantitatively.
 The study concludes that the eclectic model suggested and applied in the study gives a multi- faceted description of the different repair study. It is found that repair sources of trouble include grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, discourse, factual information, channel, processing, misunderstanding errors, repair of no errors. It also exposes that there are zero occurrence of miss-repair, self-repair and other-repair failures, that pronunciation trouble source of repair results in the highest occurrences and that factual information and repair of no errors are the least frequent trouble sources. The study reveals that non-repair is the most frequent repair inadequacy and same turn repair position is the most frequent one.

Managing trouble spots in conversation

AbstractThis study examines other-initiated repair sequences in everyday conversations between a bilingual youth with autism and his family members. The analysis is centered on the types of repair initiators produced by the youth, the targets of his repair elicitations, and his family members’ subsequent actions. Findings include two dominant patterns in the data that indicate marked differences in the ways the youth’s parents interact with him. The discussion highlights the youth’s ability to shift the participation framework to facilitate his understanding of a previous utterance; the analysis also reveals the strategies employed by some of his family members to encourage interactional progressivity. The concluding section addresses implications of the study for understanding how bilingual youth with autism target trouble sources, enact alignment, and draw from their bilingual proficiencies in everyday conversations.

Denying, Qualifying, or Diverting with “meishier” in Open-Class Repair in Mandarin Chinese Talk

When engaging in a conversation, interact ants frequently encounter problems of hearing, speaking and understanding. Under such circumstances repair is usually resorted to ensure the progressivity of the talk. With the methodology of Conversation Analysis, one specific repair procedure has been investigated in this paper which is open-class repair initiated by the recipient with “huh?” or “what?” followed by the speaker denying the existence of the previous action, qualifying or diverting the previous action in the trouble source turn (the turn with the problem) with “meishier”. And in these three situations “meishier” can be probably translated respectively into “nothing”, “nothing serious” and “I’m ok”. Therefore, this research would provide a profound knowledge about the actions conducted by “meishier” as well as a specific guidance to the translation of “meishier” into English.

AN ANALYSIS ON THE SELF-INITIATION SELF REPAIR STRATEGIES OF THE THIRD SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM IN THE ORAL INTERACTION WITH THEIR LECTURER AT WIDYA MANDIRA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY KUPANG IN ACADEMIC

This article studies self-initiation self-repair employed by the third semester students of English study program of Widya Mandira catholic university Kupang on speaking class, aims at finding out whether or not the third semester students of English study program do the self-repair initiation toward the trouble source they produce on the interaction they are engaged. The main purposes are to discover the types of trouble source that trigger the students’ self-initiation self-repair, the self-repair strategies performed by the students on the interaction with their lecturer, and identify the way how the students produce the self-initiation self-repair. The qualitative method and CA approach were employed as a theoretical framework. The results indicated that; types of trouble sources that trigger students’ self-initiation self-repair in the interaction with their lecturer on speaking class were vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. The self-initiation self-repair strategies performed by the students in their interaction with their lecturer on the speaking class were replacement, partial repetition of pronunciation, completion, correction, repetition by modifying intonation, modification, and rearranging. The self-initiation self-repair strategies are done in six ways namely repeating, replacing, modifying, correcting, completing, and rearranging.

Patterns of Conversation Trouble Source and Repair as Indices of Improved Conversation in Aphasia: A Multiple-Case Study Using Conversation Analysis.

Purpose Social approaches to intervention for aphasia are being increasingly employed to address the functional communication barriers experienced by persons with aphasia. One specific approach is the use of conversation-based treatment in both group and two-person dyads. Although there are several methods to measure improvement for stimulation and cognitive neurolinguistic approaches, researchers have consistently indicated a need for outcome measures that can objectively demonstrate improved communication following conversation treatment. This study aims to demonstrate the utility for examining the patterns of conversation trouble source and repair as indices for improved communication as a positive response to intervention. Method The conversations of 20 consecutive participants, before and after 3 months, or 40 hr, of group and individual conversation-based treatment, were transcribed using conventions of conversation analysis, and sociolinguistic discourse analysis was applied. Measures of trouble source and repair were aggregated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results Persons with aphasia demonstrated statistically significant improvement in patterns of conversation trouble source and repair posttreatment for the rate of conversation trouble source and the length of repair. However, measures of self-initiation and self-completion of repair did not reach significance. Conclusion The study indicates that, following conversation-based treatment, the conversations of persons with aphasias were more efficient, experiencing fewer trouble sources and shorter repair sequences. These findings suggest that measures of conversation for the rate of trouble source and length of the repair sequence are valid indices of improved conversation.

教師―生徒による解釈のせめぎあい ―ある生徒間トラブルをめぐる生徒指導実践に着目して―

教師―生徒による解釈のせめぎあい ―ある生徒間トラブルをめぐる生徒指導実践に着目して―

Code‐switching in conversation‐for‐learning: Creating opportunities for learning while on study abroad

AbstractThis article evaluates the use of audio‐recorded conversations and reflections for assisting study abroad participants in critically analyzing conversational interactions. The participants recorded a series of conversations with native speakers of Japanese using digital audio recorders, and, subsequently, analyzed the recordings in a journal and a final paper. After noticing the use of code‐switching by native speakers of Japanese, the participants concluded that the use of English code‐switching was disadvantageous to their learning process. This article explores code‐switching in conversations recorded on study abroad to examine if code‐switching creates opportunities for learning and, if so, what conclusions learners/researchers made based on their observations and analysis. The native speakers used code‐switching for various purposes: repairing a source of trouble, indexing their identities as speakers of another language, and marking opportunities for learning. The results exposed the participants’ misconceptions and demonstrated that code‐switching offered opportunities for learning.

PRAGMATIC MARKERS “WELL” AND “SO” IN FINDING NEMO AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN "ĐI TÌM NEMO"

Pragmatic markers, considered as one of the best-known sources of troubles in translation, have received considerable attention from researchers. This study therefore, offers a contrastive analysis of “well” and “so” occurring in an extract of the film Finding Nemo and their translation in the Vietnamese dubbed and subtitled versions. The occurrences of "well and "so" in the data were analyzed according to a functional classification framework and compared with their translation equivalents by contrastive analysis (CA) to find out the translation strategies applied and to evaluate translation effectiveness. The findings reveal that "well" tendsto be omitted more often than "so" in the Vietnamese translations while "so" appears to be the easier item whose functions are usually well captured by single-word equivalents. The study also shows how carefulanalysis may help the translators achieve effective and natural translation. Implications for EFL teaching and translating tasks as well as suggestions for further research are also discussed.

Dysarthria and other-initiated repair in everyday conversation

ABSTRACT Dysarthria is commonly understood as a motor speech disorder characterized by symptoms that are framed as physiologically or acoustically measurable. The effects of dysarthria on social interaction through conversation have been reported but, in comparison with physical measures, remain relatively unexplored. Other-initiated repair sequences are particularly common in dysarthria-in-interaction, drawing attention to the actions of both participants in managing (un)intelligibility, rather than the behavior(s) of the person with dysarthric speech in isolation. These sequences merit detailed and ongoing investigation as they enable us to understand how dysarthria impacts on conversation and, critically, how participants attempt to manage difficulties when they arise. This study explores the organization of other-initiated repair sequences in a dyad where one participant has severe dysarthria arising from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also known as MND. Two hours of recordings were collected on four dates over a 12-month period with the data presented here from recording two. The evidence shows that the participants were able to resolve their troubles, but it required extensive work to both identify the trouble sources and to unravel the problems to reach a satisfactory understanding. The interactions presented in this paper reveal an important limitation of other initiation of repair. Physical restrictions were seen to play an important part in the dysarthric speaker’s ability to position his talk in sequential context and successfully accomplish self-repair; particularly, third-turn repair. The present study has offered a depiction of layered conversational problems that other-initiation of repair may not completely resolve or, in some cases, multiply.

A Step Toward the Elucidation of Quantitative Laws of Nature

When we mathematically model natural phenomena, there is an assumption concerning how the mathematics relates to the actual phenomenon in question. This assumption is that mathematics represents the world by “mapping on” to it. I argue that this assumption of mapping, or correspondence between mathematics and natural phenomena, breaks down when we ignore the fine grain of our physical concepts. I show that this is a source of trouble for the mapping account of applied mathematics, using the case of Prandtl’s Boundary Layer solution to the Navier-Stokes equations.

LA CLASSE INVERSÉE A L’ISSAE-CNAM DE L’UNIVERSITÉ LIBANAISE : ENTRE ACTION, RÉFLEXION ET MÉMORISATION

THE FLIPPED CLASSROOM AT ISSAE-CNAM OF THE LEBANESE UNIVERSITY: BETWEEN ACTION, REFLECTION AND MEMORIZATION This article aims to report on an experiment of the flipped classroom in language learning at the ISSAE-Cnam of the Lebanese University. It was to realize three macro-tasks: a capsule, an HTML page, a presentation via Google Slides, by following three steps: the discovery phase (distance-learning), the analysis and deepening phase (face-to-face and as a group) and the production, evaluation and readjustment phase (face-to-face and distance-learning individually and in groups).The results are conclusive: the students are involved in the project. They became aware of how they learned and carried out tasks in a spirit of sharing and collaboration. These observations, however, do not prevent us from deducing that the flipped classroom is a double-edged sword: it can motivate young people curious about novelties, addicted to new technologies, but it can also be a source of trouble if it is poorly prepared. and misused. Indeed, the investment in energy and time from the protagonists is hardly neglected. Therefore, the conventional class can not be substituted by the flipped classroom, it is the right balance between these two approaches that will make all the difference. Keywords: flipped classroom, experimentation, collaboration, autonomy, memorization, perceptual memory

Right hemisphere damage and other-initiated repair in everyday conversation

ABSTRACT Right hemisphere damage causes communication problems in conversation, but its precise effects have been challenging to study. As such, there are few clinical assessments focused on right hemisphere damage and conversation, and essentially no evidence-based interventions. Other-initiated repair sequences (i.e. moments when a problem of hearing or understanding are indicated and addressed) are a well-described aspect of interaction, with a large body of empirical research evidencing their organisation. Because of the communicative activities they implicate, these sequences may also be a site in which the symptoms of right hemisphere communication disorder become salient. This study explores the organisation of other-initiated repair sequences in interactions involving people with right hemisphere communication disorder using conversation analysis. Two people with right hemisphere communication disorder caused by stroke and four of their familiar conversation partners were recorded in triadic interactions; 104 minutes of recordings were collected, and 28 other-initiated repair sequences were subjected to analysis. This included other-initiations of repair produced by participants with right hemisphere communication disorder, and other-initiations of repair addressed to them. Participants with right hemisphere communication disorder were found to implement efficacious other-initiations of repair, to recognise core aspects of the trouble sources indicated in their own turns, and to design suitable repair solutions. That is, their inferences about communication problems were successful. However, one participant with right hemisphere communication disorder displayed difficulty managing aspects of the repair sequences, with her conversation partners also orienting towards her difficulties. It is argued that her difficulties were driven by problems dealing with multifaceted and ambiguous conversational moments. These observed difficulties suggest that other-initiated repair sequences may be valuable for detecting right hemisphere communication disorder, and highlight the possible role of conversational sampling in clinical assessment.

“Context collapse” on a small island

Abstract Commentators and analysts in new media studies have taken inspiration from Goffman’s ‘dramaturgical’ approach to interaction as performance, as well as his concepts of ‘face’ and ‘impression management’. Goffman is specifically invoked in discussions of a particular source of interactional trouble that is seen as generated in and by the structure of mediated communication in digital spaces: so-called “context collapse.” Context collapse represents “a crisis of self-presentation” (Wesch, 2008) that is brought about by the ability of digital platforms like Twitter and Facebook to “flatten multiple audiences into one” (Marwick & boyd, 2010, p. 9). Returning to Goffman’s unpublished PhD dissertation (Goffman, 1953) – based on fieldwork on the remote island of Unst in the Shetlands – presents an opportunity to understand more fully both the online phenomenon of “context collapse” and the promise and limitations of Goffman’s work for the study of interaction in digital environments.

Clearing up the oxygen dip in HPAEC–PAD sugar analysis: Sodium sulfite as an oxygen scavenger

A baseline dip caused by the reduction of dissolved oxygen in samples has been a source of trouble in the analysis of major monosaccharides (galactose, glucose, mannose, and fructose) in the high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection system. This study attempted three different methods to remove the baseline dip from the resulting chromatograms, and among the approaches, sodium sulfite was found to act as the best oxygen scavenger. Clean chromatograms were obtained by adding at least 3 mg/mL sodium sulfite to samples, which removed the baseline dip and improved the accuracy of sugar analysis. Although sodium sulfite does not influence analytical sensitivity, it can cause a reduction of sugar retention; however, retention time can be recovered by washing with 200 mM sodium hydroxide solution. Results demonstrated that sodium sulfite is an effective means either to remove the baseline dip for low concentration analysis under 1 mg/L, or to separate the target sugar from the baseline dip by retention time rearrangement.

Ulva lactuca, A Source of Troubles and Potential Riches

Ulva lactuca is a green macro alga involved in devastating green tides observed worldwide. These green tides or blooms are a consequence of human activities. Ulva blooms occur mainly in shallow waters and the decomposition of this alga can produce dangerous vapors. Ulva lactuca is a species usually resembling lettuce, but genetic analyses demonstrated that other green algae with tubular phenotypes were U. lactuca clades although previously described as different species or even genera. The capacity for U. lactuca to adopt different phenotypes can be due to environment parameters, such as the degree of water salinity or symbiosis with bacteria. No efficient ways have been discovered to control these green tides, but the Mediterranean seas appear to be protected from blooms, which disappear rapidly in springtime. Ulva contains commercially valuable components, such as bioactive compounds, food or biofuel. The biomass due to this alga collected on beaches every year is beginning to be valorized to produce valuable compounds. This review describes different processes and strategies developed to extract these different valuable components.

How to make the Perron eigenvector simple

Multiple Perron eigenvectors of non-negative matrices occur in applications, where they often become a source of trouble. A usual way to avoid it and to make the Perron eigenvector simple is a regularization of matrix: an initial non-negative matrix A is replaced by $$A + \varepsilon M$$ , where M is a strictly positive matrix and $$\varepsilon > 0$$ is small. However, this operation is numerically unstable and may lead to a significant increase of the Perron eigenvalue, especially in high dimensions. We define a selected Perron eigenvector of A as the limit of normalized Perron eigenvectors of the regularizations $$A + \varepsilon M$$ as $$\varepsilon \rightarrow 0$$ . It is shown that if the matrix M is rank-one, then the limit eigenvector can be found by an explicit formula and, moreover, is efficiently computed by the power method. The role of the rank-one condition is explained.