Background: The growing concerns regarding the adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants, coupled with documented detrimental outcomes of adverse drug reactions, such as increased morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization, as highlighted by several studies, have emphasized the necessity of natural alternatives. Therefore, medicinal compounds derived from plants are increasingly advocated for the management of various diseases, due to their perceived minimal side effects and extensive health benefits. Aims: The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds as a natural source of bioactive compounds by assessing their antioxidant activity employing various in vitro assays. Additionally, this study aimed to determine the total phenolic, falconoid, and tannin contents in both hydroethanolic (50% v/v) and hydromethanolic (50% v/v) extracts. Furthermore, phytochemical profiling of the fenugreek seed extract was performed utilizing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Materials and Methods: Following the extraction and quantification of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins from hydroethanolic and hydromethanolic extracts, antioxidant activity was assessed employing three in vitro assays: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay. Phenolic compounds were separated and identified using HPLC with Diode Array Detection (DAD). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that the hydroethanolic extract exhibited a higher total polyphenol content (50.5 mg GAE/g) compared to the hydromethanolic extract (47.33 mgGAE/g). However, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity demonstrated that the hydromethanolic extract displayed the highest reducing power, as evidenced by the DPPH (IC50=314,53 mg/L), FRAP (21.49 mg AAE/g), and TAC (74.53 mg AAE/g) assays. Chromatographic characterization by HPLC identified six phytochemical compounds in the hydromethanolic extract of T. foenum graecum powder, which was obtained through maceration. Conclusions: In conclusion, Trigonella foenum graecum seeds represent a promising natural resource possessing significant biological activity. Their potent antioxidant properties render them valuable candidates for incorporation in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations to promote health and reduce damage induced by oxidative stress. Keywords: Trigonella foenum-graecum, Polyphenols, Antioxidant activity, Chromatography.

Background: Aluminum is an element that affects the functions of living organisms. It enters the body in several ways and has negative effects. Various nanoparticles are widely used in the field of industry and medical materials, especially metal oxides. Fenugreek (T. foenum graecum) is an herbal medicine that can reduce genotoxicity, the effects of inflammatory cells, and reduce oxidative stress because it contains beneficial chemical compounds, including sugars, saponins, flavonoids, fiber, choline, and trigonelline. However, their impact on public health is still not completely clear. Objective: Identify the extent of the effect of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in causing DNA- fragmentation in the male reproductive system and specific damage to testicular tissue and determine the effective preventive role of the action of the plant extract of fenugreek seeds in treating the condition and improving the results in all groups treated with aluminum oxide nanoparticles for two periods after the end of the period of dosing them with the nanoparticle, and then giving them aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds only for 14 days. Methodology: The study was conducted on 70 male albino rats divided into 14 groups including the control group, who took oral doses of the nanomaterial solution Al₂O₃ NPs in two different concentrations (70 mg/kg and 140 mg /kg) for two periods (21 days and 35 days) while the aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds was given in concentrations ( 2 gm/kg 4 gm /kg ) for 14 days and the end of each experiment was followed by weighing the animals, blood sample of each animal was collected by heart puncture then directly centrifuged and the serum was kept at -80 ◦C for biochemical analysis and some histological standards, the animals were dissected then testes were excised and fixed in neutral buffered 10% formalin for histological preparation and evaluated the levels of DNA fragmentation by examining the Acridin Orange that take part in the Reproductive pathologies. Results: showed that Al₂O₃-NPs caused Testes sections to show seminiferous tubules with certain degeneration and necrosis of spermatogonia cells besides necrotic debris inside the lumen, no sperms appearing inside the lumen, as well as a significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in DNA fragmentation in sperms, fenugreek seed aqueous extract, on the other hand, improved testicular tissue and dramatically decreased DNA fragmentation. Conclusions: The current study concluded that Al₂O₃ caused through oral administration in high concentrations and for long terms causes tissue testicular damage and an increase the DNA fragmentation by generating oxidative stress and aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds succeeded in alleviating the harmful effects of Al₂O₃ and by curbing DNA- fragmentation.

Trigonella foenum graecum leaves have been used as antidiabetic remedies in many cultures for thousands of years. The aim of this review is to address the existing evidence on antidiabetic effects of the Trigonella foenum graecum. The hypoglycaemic effects, antidyslipidaemics, antioxidative effects and the safety of the Trigonella foenum graecum leaves have been scientifically validated by using in vitro and in vivo studies. Multiple cell regeneration, insulin b mechanisms responsible for hypoglycaemic effects of Trigonella foenum graecum including release and insulin like actions of some compounds isolated were identified. Epicatechin, a cell regeneration and b flavonoid isolated from the leaves has shown insulin-like effects, effects on insulin release. Several compounds including pterostilbene and marsupsin isolated from the Trigonella foenum graecum leaves were identified as compounds with hypoglycaemic effects.Few investigations focused on the antidiabetic effects of Trigonella foenum graecum latex have demonstrated strong inhibitory effects of the latex on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities and on protein glycation. Investigations focusing on the antidiabetic effects and possible toxicity of the Trigonella foenum graecum are essential to validate its efficacy and safety.

The present study is aimed to explore the therapeutic attributes of diosgenin against atherosclerosis and associated health disorder. Side effects associated with synthetic drugs for the treatment and management of diseases worldwide have necessitated scientists to investigate and evaluate the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals and their pharmacological activities. Plants including Smilax China, Dioscorea alata, and the Trigonella foenum graecum are rich sources of diosgenin. In addition to being a crucial component in the creation of several steroidal medications, this bioactive phytochemical has shown great promise in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including cancer, hypercholesterolemia, inflammation, and multiple infections. Diosgenin can reduce hyperlipidemia by lowering the amount of low-density lipoproteins, interfering with the absorption of cholesterol and increasing its excretion. Diosgenin inhibits the expression of NPCIL1 receptor, LXR-alpha, HMG CoA and SRB1, increases expression of ABC G5/G8 transporters to prevent dietary cholesterol accumulation in the body. Diosgenin exhibits antithrombotic activity by inhibiting platelet activation, and modulating anti coagulation by significantly decreasing factor Viii activity. Diosgenin inhibits the oxidation of LDLs, hence preventing atherosclerosis. It also possesses antithrombotic activity by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. Diosgenin provides anti-inflammatory benefits to the human body. It inhibits inflammatory markers including Interlukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor – alpha (TNF-α), Nitric Oxide and cytokines. Moreover, it promotes the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. By modifying the IKKβ pathway, it reduces endothelial damage linked to insulin resistance. This review discusses the recent advancements to explore diosgenin potential in reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, inflammation, clinical application, pharmacokinetics underlying mechanism with existing scientific evidences.

In current work, we studied hairy root induction in Trigonella foenum graecum, which is an important medicinal plant, and examined the impact of different elicitors on some phytochemical characteristics and metabolites production in hairy root cultures. Accordingly, some factors such as five strain types of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (1724, 15834, A4, A13 and MSU) and three different explants, namely leaf, cotyledon and hypocotyl were studied. The results showed that different A. rhizogenes strains exhibited different infection efficiency. MSU and 15834 had highest efficiency of hairy root induction than other strains. Also, hairy root induction frequency in leaf explants was higher than in other explants. Salicylic acid (SA), nitric oxide (NO), CaCl2 and penconazole (PEN) were used in elicitation process. Hairy roots were treated with SA (0.1 and 0.5 mM), NO (10 and 50 µM), CaCl2 (5 and 10 mM) and PEN (5 and 10 mg/L). Applied elicitors enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities and reduced oxidative stress markers; this observation might be ascribed to regulation of the oxidative status of the elicited cells. Significant increase of antioxidant metabolites (total phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin) in PEN-treated hairy roots was associated to phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, indicating an up-regulation of phenylpropanoid/flavonoid metabolism. PEN and CaCl2 treatment enhanced steroidal sapogenin in hairy root cultures. These results suggested that use of elicitors can enhance the production of secondary metabolites in transformed hairy roots. Among the elicitors applied, CaCl2 and PEN were the most effective in increasing secondary metabolite production in transformed hairy roots of T. foenum graecum.

Phytochemical, phase transition, FTIR, and antimicrobial characterization of defatted Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract as affected by solvent polarity

Isolation of alkaloidal and glycosidal fractions from leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. cv. Desi indigenous to Pakistan for antiprostaglandin evaluation as substitute of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Withania coagulans is commonly known as Paneer Dodi belonging to family Solanaceae is a well -known plant in herbal medicinal systems having great potential against diabetic disease by improving the secretion of insulin. In addition, Trigonella Foenum Graecum plant is also known as a Methi or fenugreek which is used as ayurvedic medicines for antidiabetic, anti hypercholesterolemic, anti-toxic and immunomodulatory activity. It was though worthwhile to explore its application into our body to treat type-2 diabetes, it acts on the insulin receptors for the better consumption of insulin. The objective of present study was to formulate a dosage form of antidiabetic herbal capsule dosage form having higher efficacy, less side effect and dose accuracy. Our study focuses on preparation of herbal capsule that consist of antidiabetic activity by combination of Paneer Dodi with Fenugreek. The equal proportion of Paneer Dodi and Fenugreek powder (Biherbal powder) is dried & triturate for increase the surface area of powder during dissolution. The Biherbal powder prepared have lack of dose accuracy and bitter taste during consumption thus to overcome this both limitations Powder is filled in Capsule shell which can retain the 300mg of powder. To achieve 1gm dose per day the capsule is given thrice a day. The capsule is disintegrated in 3.5 to 4 minutes and the drug is released and dissolve within a period of 1 hour. KEY WORDS: Anti-diabetic, Withania coagulans, Trigonella Foenum Graecum

Effect of annealing temperature on the green synthesis of NiO-CNT nanocomposites

Development of silver nanoparticles using trigonella foenum graecum leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial and noncytotoxic efficacy for dental applications

Abstract Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) is an annual plant belonging to the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae. The seeds of fenugreek contain 26.8% soluble fiber chemically identified as galactomannans with properties similar to soluble fiber of guar seeds and psyllium husk and so on. Galactomannans are biopolymers consisting of linear core poly (1,4)‐β‐D‐mannan backbone having varying degrees of D‐galactosyl substituents attached by 1,6‐glycosidic linkages. Different galactomannans derived from various legumes usually differ in molecular weight, ratio of mannose to galactose, and the mode and place of linkages of galactose moieties to the mannan backbone. Fenugreek gum has a galactose to mannose ratio of 1:1, showing the highest amount of galactose resulting in its highest water solubility compared with guar and locust bean gum. It suggested that the galactose and mannose moieties are linked uniformly in fenugreek gum resulting in maximum hydration and solubility. This M/G ratio affects the physicochemical properties of galactomannans and is inversely related to the solubility of gum. Galactomannans sterically stabilize the emulsions against flocculation and coalescence by getting adsorbed onto oil droplets. In addition to this, galactomannans are all found to exhibit some surface, interfacial, and emulsification activities. Because of these properties, it is preferred over other natural hydrocolloids as an excellent ingredient for various food applications. As a hydrocolloid, fenugreek gum provides texture, appeal, gelling, thickening, emulsifying, stabilizing, and encapsulating properties. In the present review, we summarized the extraction, purification, chemical, functional properties, molecular structure, thermal and rheological behavior of gum isolated from fenugreek seeds, and then vital application of this traditional source of hydrocolloids in food, pharmaceutical, and other industries.

Trigonella foenum-graecum is an important leguminous plant used in medicine and human health since ancient times, and the various civilizations of the world, as the Egyptian, Greek, and Indian civilizations, have been used in traditional medicine. Trigonella foenum-graecum contains a wide range of pharmacological effects because of the presence of several beneficial plant secondary metabolites. However, the resistant nature of this plant causes major challenges in in vitro multiplication, emphasizing the need to assess novel approaches for the propagation of this plant. As a result, this study reports on the effects of BAP, NAA, and 2,4-D on T. foenum graecum seed germination in vitro. The germination percentage recorded every week for 4 weeks, the parameter's last mean was calculated. The results showed that 2.0 mg/L BAP created the best effect in the parameter studied. The results revealed that 2.0 mg/l BAP provided the greatest response germination percentage (86 ±2.357%). These results highlight the optimum value of growth hormones producing T. foenum graecum plant with a minimum germination rate in a large scale.

Medicinal plants have been used for treatment of human ailments since ancient times. New alternative anticoagulant molecules can be obtained from plants which are rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. This study was designed to evaluate phytochemical constituents and the anticoagulant effect of T. foenum graecum L. and C. cassia L. ethanolic extracts. The quantitative analysis by the colorimetric method showed that ethanolic extracts of these species were found to be rich in bioactive molecules such as polyphenols, alkaloids, concentrated tannins, mucilage, flavonoids, saponosides, amino acids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones that can be used as phytomedicine for various diseases. The anticoagulant activity of ethanolic extracts of these species was also evaluated in vitro using the Quick time test (TQ). The results of the analysis of variance showed that the two extracts had a very highly significant effect on the rate of Quick time. It appears from the results found during the evaluation of the in vitro anticoagulant activity of various extracts of that species should be prescribed with care to patients on anticoagulant therapy.

The plant Trigonella foenum graecum, also known as fenugreek, has been shown to have anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In this study, the hepatoprotective effect of fenugreek seed extract (FSE) against ethanol-induced cell death was investigated in human liver cells (HepG2 and Huh7). The cytotoxic effect of FSE and ethanol on cells was evaluated by exposing the cells at different concentrations. Following that, the cells were pre-incubated with 5-25μg/ml FSE, followed by a cytotoxic concentration (0.5mM) of ethanol. MTT and neutral red uptake assays were performed in treated cells to assess the ability of FSE to protect cells from the cytotoxic effects of ethanol. When compared to controls, ethanol treatment significantly reduced the viability of HepG2 and Huh7 cells and altered the cell morphology, whereas treatment with FSE significantly increased cell viability and reversed ethanol-induced morphological changes. Furthermore, pretreatment with FSE dose-dependently reduced lactate dehydrogenate (LDH) leakage, lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, and catalase activities while increasing glutathione (GSH) level induced by ethanol. Pretreatment with FSE also reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase enzyme activities, and protein expression of caspase-3 and -9. In HepG2 cells, ethanol-induced apoptosis was observed, whereas FSE treatment reduced apoptosis by downregulating the expression of pro-apoptotic marker genes and upregulating the antiapoptotic gene. In conclusion, this study reports on the mechanistic details of the hepatoprotective potential of FSE. The results also suggest that fenugreek seeds may be useful in preventing liver diseases caused by toxicants such as ethanol.

Trigonelline is a plant alkaloid and Andrographolide is a diterpene lactone, both exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of the above said compounds in Dimethylnitrosamine induced toxicity in albino rats. Extraction of Trigonella foenum and Andrographis lineata was carried out by using methanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol assisted with suitable temperature, followed by DPPH scavenging activity (IC-50) of these extracts.Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, CL, Vd and AUC were evaluated as pharmacokinetic parameters by using calibration curves of Andrographolide and Trigonelline. Extracts of T. foenum-graecum and A. lineate have antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH (IC50 value was 69.04±3.65% and 71.76±6.99%, respectively) comparable with ascorbic acid (53.99±4.88%). Phytochemical analysis of T. foenum-graecum and A. lineate was found with maximum number of phenols in them, with least recovery in the ethyl acetate extract while maximum phenols were found in T. foenum graecum. All the pharmacokinetic parameters of trigonelline and andrographolide administered in low dose (200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg respectively) confirmed the better antioxidative activity than that of ascorbic acid used as a potent antioxidant.

Fenugreek is one of the most commonly used herbal medicinal plants. Another benefit of fenugreek seedsis that it is used to enhance the flavor, color and texture of fruit. Fenugrek comprises a number of chemicalcomponents such as trigonellines, choline, flavonoids and fixed oils. SSCP –PCR is useful to reach rare andendemic species’ genetic diversity and also to resolve genetic links between populations. . PCR amplificationof DNA. Genotyping of ITS4 was performed using a polymerase chain reaction technique, followed by singlestrandconformation polymorphism. Accordingly, these DNA polymorphisms were confirmed using DNAsequencing. The results appeared that the presence of three different haplotype patterns named accordingto the number of bands were 4-bands, 3-bands, 2 –bands using SSCP –PCR technique. The pattern of allresolved SSCP bands can however be difficult to establish using gel visualisation alone. This polymorphismsof DNA must then be verified by the use of DNA sequencing. The findings of the sequence shown that thehaplotypes of the ITS region have been identified by several SNPs.Conclusion: our findings indicated that SSCP-PCR technique is more informative for evaluation of geneticdiversity and relationships among fenugreek populations.

Evaluation of saponin-rich extracts as natural alternative emulsifiers: A comparative study with pure Quillaja Bark saponin

Metabolic disorder diabetes results from an alteration of the secretion or action of insulin. Trigonella foenum-graecum is a traditionally used specimen since ancient times. We aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic potential of ethanolic extract of T. foenum-graecum seed powder solution both in a dose and source-dependent manner as well as to fathom out its safety profile so that this plant can be used to ameliorate diabetes. Diabetes was induced in the rat model via intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg). Ethanolic extract of T. foenum-graecum was administered to rats’ belonged to different groups. Blood glucose levels were assessed periodically and the safety profiles were evaluated through assessment of SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, and lipid profiles after sacrificing the animals. It has been evidenced that T. foenum-graecum possesses anti-diabetic activity. Furthermore, the extract is capable of reversing the disturbed pathological state towards a healthy status. Besides, these therapeutic consequences possess dose-dependent potentiality (p<0.05), further a noteworthy source dependent (p<0.01) response were experienced. It may confer that the inconsistency associated with the remedial impacts between 2 same doses belonged to two distinct sources are due to accuracy of lab-based preparation, geographic area of cultivation, and also the season of collection. Apart from that, the visual and statistical inspections have evidence that the medium and the high dose are imparting almost indistinguishable therapeutic effects. Presumably, the reason lies beneath the receptor saturation issue.

Abstract: Aim: To standardize Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Seeds by developing QbD based HPLC method for identification and quantification of trigonelline in T. foenum graecum L. seeds, along with evaluation of various quality control parameters. Methods: The Analytical Target Profile and Critical Quality Attributes were determined followed by optimization of HPLC method by using 22 factorial design for designing the experiments for selected independent factors. Method Operable Design Region was developed for finding out the optimized chromatographic conditions. Further quality control parameters such as macroscopic and microscopic characters, physicochemical and phytochemical characterization including determination of toxic elements were carried out on the herb. Results: By application of QbD approach the optimized mobile phase was identified as water with 0.01% Hydrochloric acid and Methanol in the ratio of 70:30, with the flow rate of 1 mL/ min and UV detection at 263 nm. The linear model was established in the range of 2-10μg/mL with R2 value 0.998. The retention time of Trigonelline was found to be 2.877 min and the amount of Trigonelline in T. foenum-graecum L. Seeds was found to be 0.58%. The inter-day and intra-day precision were less than 2%, with accuracies between 96.6-110% of the true values. The quality control parameters showed the results within specified limits and the seeds showed absence of toxic elements in it. Conclusion: From the above finding we can conclude that the application of QbD approach for standardization of herbal drug can serve as an important tool for development of herbal drugs with desired quality. Key words: Quality by Design, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Trigonelline, Standardization, HPLC.

Effect of an Aqueous Extract of Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum Graecum) seeds on Hyperglycemia Induced with Alloxan