Drip Irrigation Research Articles

Assessing Water Demands and Allocation Strategies Using the Water Evaluation and Planning System—A Case Study of the Ghrib Basin, Algeria

The Ghrib Basin is currently encountering water-related challenges due to population growth and growing competition among water users. Therefore, assessing the current water situation is essential for the anticipation of future needs in the region. This paper assesses water demand and allocation strategies in the Ghrib Basin, Algeria, using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system. The simulation is based on five scenarios: “Increase in population and agricultural activity”, “Improving agricultural activity”, “Minimum domestic consumption”, “Enhancing Water Resources”, and “Best practice”, (which is a combination of two scenarios, i.e., “Improving agricultural activity” and ”Minimum domestic consumption”). The simulation outcomes indicate that the “Best practice” scenario represents the most advantageous and beneficial scenario by which the problem of the unmet demand can be solved. The resulting simulations indicated the need for the employment of water-efficient irrigation systems as well as the encouragement of sustainable water use, such as drip irrigation, which necessitates coordinated efforts and particular infrastructural investments. The derived outcomes are highly convincing and have the potential to serve as a decision support system for the effective governance of water resources in the Ghrib Basin. The methodology utilized in this study has the potential to be implemented in any basin across the globe.

Irrigation Regime Optimization Plays a Critically Important Role in Plastic-Shed Vegetable Production to Mitigate Short-Term and Future N Leaching Pollution

In northern China, plastic-shed vegetable production significantly contributes to nitrogen (N)-induced groundwater eutrophication due to excessive fertilization and irrigation. However, the impact of optimized farming practices on N leaching has seldom been systematically examined. We conducted a four-season field study to evaluate the impacts of optimal farming measures on tomato yield, water percolation, N concentration in leachate, and total N (TN) leaching. The treatments included conventional fertilization and flood irrigation (CON), fertilization decreased by 20% and flood irrigation (OPT1) or drip fertigation (OPT2), fertilization decreased by 30% and drip fertigation (OPT3), and no fertilization with flood irrigation (CK). Compared with the CON treatment, the optimal treatments significantly reduced annual TN leaching by 9.92–50.7% without affecting tomato yield (57.1–98.2 t ha−1 for CON and 48.1–106 t ha−1 for three optimal treatments). Drip irrigation contributed 73.8–79.0% to the mitigation of TN leaching. The N originating from soil and irrigation water exhibited a similar contribution to TN leaching (45.4–58.6%) to that of fertilizer N. The daily TN leaching at the basal fertilization stage was much greater than that at the top-dressing stage, due to over-fertilization. Optimizing fertilization, particularly basal fertilization, in combination with drip irrigation could substantially reduce N leaching in plastic-shed vegetable production. Other optimal practices, such as decision support systems (DSSs) and fertilizer amendments, could also be investigated to further mitigate the N leaching.

Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer for improved root growth, nitrogen utilization, and yield of cotton under mulched drip irrigation in southern Xinjiang, China

The root system plays a crucial role in water and nutrient absorption, making it a significant factor affected by nitrogen (N) availability in the soil. However, the intricate dynamics and distribution patterns of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) root density and N nutrient under varying N supplies in Southern Xinjiang, China, have not been thoroughly understood. A two-year experiment (2021 and 2022) was conducted to determine the effects of five N rates (0, 150, 225, 300, and 450 kg N ha−1) on the root system, shoot growth, N uptake and distribution, and cotton yield. Compared to the N0 treatment (0 kg N ha−1), the application of N fertilizer at a rate of 300 kg N ha−1 resulted in consistent and higher seed cotton yields of 5875 kg ha−1 and 6815 kg ha−1 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. This N fertilization also led to a significant improvement in dry matter weight and N uptake by 32.4% and 53.7%, respectively. Furthermore, applying N fertilizer at a rate of 225 kg N ha−1 significantly increased root length density (RLD), root surface density (RSD), and root volume density (RVD) by 49.6–113.3%, 29.1–95.1%, and 42.2–64.4%, respectively, compared to the treatment without N fertilization (0 kg N ha−1). Notably, the roots in the 0–20 cm soil layers exhibited a stronger response to N fertilization compared to the roots distributed in the 20–40 cm soil layers. The root morphology parameters (RLD, RSD, and RVD) at specific soil depths (0–10 cm in the seedling stage, 10–25 cm in the bud stage, and 20–40 cm in the peak boll stage) were significantly associated with N uptake and seed cotton yield. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer supply within the range of 225–300 kg N ha−1 can enhance root foraging, thereby promoting the interaction between roots and shoots and ultimately improving cotton production in arid areas.

Optimization and performance analysis of a novel automatic planting-irrigating integrated robot

Soil desertification is a severe environmental problem that seriously threatens the ecological environment and sustainable development. Traditional tree-planting methods face challenges such as insufficient labor force and low efficiency. Based on these problems, this study designed a novel automatic planting-irrigation integrated robot with automatic planting, irrigating, and monitoring functions. The robot obtains land information through laser triangle ranging technology, the camera, and other sensors. Machine vision and deep learning algorithms are applied for image processing and identification to identify the areas suitable for tree planting accurately. The drip irrigation module adopts the DHT11 digital temperature and humidity sensor control switch, which can realize efficient tree planting and watering operation, and ensure the growth of saplings and has a broad application prospect. Our design is meaningful in restraining soil desertification, maintaining the ecological environment, and realizing a sustainable economy.

Impact of Different Drip Emitter Types on Hydraulic Performance and Wetted Zone Characteristics in Okra Cultivation

Drip irrigation system is the most efficient and economical method for irrigation vegetable production. The study aimed to design and evaluate the hydraulic performance of three different types of emitter namely Regular gauge (RG), Compensating pressure (CP) and non-compensating pressure (NCP) using okra as a test of a crop. This study was conducted at the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Science, Zamzam University in 2023. The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Parameters of hydraulic performance of drip emitters were average discharge (Qavg %), discharge variation (Qvar), coefficient uniformity (CU %), coefficient of manufacture variation (CV), emission uniformity (EU %) and statistical uniformity (US %). The results showed that the values of (CU%), (CV), (EU%), (US%) and percentage emitters clogging (Pclog%) were 99.52%, 0.49, 68.01%, 74.14%, 2.8% and 99.32%, 0.36, 52.06%, 63.47%, 1.65% and 99.09%, 0.26, 40.07%, 51.05%, 0.85% for non-compensating pressure (NCP), compensating pressure (CP) and regular gauge (RG respectively. It is considered coefficient uniformity (CU %), was good and found to be within the excellent range while discharge variation (Qvar) was found to be within the desirable range, emission uniformity (EU %), coefficient of manufacture variation (CV), and statistical uniformity (Us %) were found to be within the range of poor, low, acceptable and unacceptable. Thus, the study recommended the best type of emitter was regular gauge (RG), because it has the highest crop yield and water productivity as compared to other emitters, non-compensating pressure emitters (NCP) and compensating pressure emitters (CP)

Modulating phytoremediation: How drip irrigation system affect performance of active green wall and microbial community changes

A recent innovation in air phytoremediation is active green walls, which utilises biofiltration technology with airflow from mechanical ventilation. While this novel technology is gaining traction, the influence of irrigation on soil moisture, and subsequently the microbial communities that play a role in air filtration is untested. In this study, the application of drip irrigation techniques in active green walls were investigated for their influence on system performance. A modular green wall system was tested, with tests across 7 different plant species, as well as a substrate only control. Water distribution across the modules, the water-carrying capacity and airflow through the substrate were measured. The microbial community present, which is critical to the phytoremediation process, was quantified by identifying individual microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) within the substrate. Results demonstrated that the lower-speed drip irrigation reduced water consumption compared to the rapid system, and had generally more uniform moisture distribution. High flow drip irrigation resulted in a water pathway phenomenon, leading to uneven moisture distribution within the green wall, and this effect was accentuated with fibrous root plant species. Drip irrigation did not change microbial community composition across planted modules, apart from increasing fungi by 6%, but did wash out bacteria at the high flow rate used (−56.67%), thus low flow rate irrigation rate is more beneficial for both plant growth and microbial community composition. The current work provides evidence that drip irrigation has considerable effects on both substrate airflow rate and substrate microbial density: both key to system air cleaning performance.

Electrical resistivity tomography: A reliable tool to monitor the efficiency of different irrigation systems in horticulture field

Water management in agricultural systems is essential for optimal crop yields without incurring excessive water costs and wastage. The choice of irrigation method is crucial for better water management and distribution. The drip system appears to be among the best methods in the field of precision agriculture. In addition to the irrigation system, mulching with ridge plastic film to drain excess water is widely used to increase crop yields in terms of plant water availability. In this study, the time-lapse Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), a not-invasive geophysical technique, is proposed as a simple and reliable method to evaluate the effectiveness of the irrigation systems and to monitor the changes in water content over time and over a volume of soil. ERTs data were compared to moisture ones retrieved from sensors that record continuously over time, but punctually. The ERT investigations were conducted in melon-growing lands in southern Tuscany (Italy). Measurements were carried out on two different fields in two periods: spring and summer. The aim of the work was to evaluate, by means of volumetric measures of the soil conductivity, the effectiveness of three different drip systems and of the mulch ridge. In both the monitored fields the ridge was created in a half portion of the field itself, while the other part of the land was left plat. Geoelectrical investigations associated with humidity sensors have shown that in the summer a too high mulch ridge quickly drains the irrigation water, bringing the root zone into a water deficit. The ERTs also provided good results relating to the irrigation system, demonstrating that a three-lines drip irrigation system, compared to a two-lines one, manages to distribute the irrigation water homogeneously, guaranteeing a constant water content for the plants over time.

Targeted opportunities to mitigate water scarcity, inequality, and inequity embedded in international food trade for vulnerable countries

International food trade reshapes regional water scarcity through virtual water transfers (VWT), influencing water use equality and equity. This study examines eight populous yet impoverished countries in Africa and Asia, representing 30 % of the global poor population and contributing 20 % to agricultural VWT. Despite their significant role, these countries have been understudied due to a lack of data or attention. By integrating multiple datasets and models, we assess how international food trade impacts water scarcity, inequality, and inequity within these countries and identify the driving factors. Our findings reveal varied outcomes: Uganda and Ethiopia benefit from reduced water scarcity (∼40 % and ∼7 %) and improved equality and equity (∼90 % and ∼68 %), while India and Pakistan face exacerbated scarcity (∼4 % and ∼2 %) and widening inequality and inequity (∼4 % and ∼7 %). The effects are largely driven by critical trade flows of staple and cash crops like rice, sugar cane, and cotton among developing countries, propelled by comparative advantages in agricultural production, econo-geography, food demand, and water endowment between importers and exporters. Addressing these water challenges involves diversifying import channels to reduce reliance on detrimental trade flows, such as India's rice exports to Iran, while promoting beneficial flows, like Bangladesh's cotton imports from India, through trade agreements. Additionally, implementing pro-poor water policies (e.g., providing water subsidies) and water-saving techniques (e.g., adopting drip irrigation) is crucial, though caution is needed to avoid unintendedly marginalizing vulnerable groups through large-scale water projects.

Optimized irrigation practices with fertilizer utilization strategies to improve photo-fluorescence efficiency, vascular bundles and maize production in semi-arid regions

The mechanism of irrigation models combined with fertilizer utilization strategies under the biodegradable film mulching could greatly promote crop photosynthesis, vascular bundles structure; resource utilization and maize production are unclear in semi-arid areas. Unfortunately, this mechanism provides a scientific basis for improving irrigation and fertilizer utilization. A field study was carried out during 2021–2022 years. Seven treatments were established: two nitrogen levels: low-N (150 kg N ha−1) and high-N (300 kg N ha−1) combined with three different irrigation models: drip irrigation (DI), ridge irrigation (RI) and border irrigation (BI) under the biodegradable film mulching with (CK) treatment have no irrigation, fertilizer and mulching. Our results revealed that DIH treatment considerably increased soil water storage, enhanced photosynthesis rate (Pn) of maize by mainly to facilitate stomatal opening compared to the rest of all treatments. In addition, it also enhances the differentiation of the vascular bundle system and maintains its post silk function under better environmental conditions, greatly improving nitrogen storage in soil and plants, and enhancing maize productivity. DIH and RIH treatments significantly increased net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and yield were observed, but evapotranspiration (ET) decreased at different growth stages. The results showed that DIH treatment was an effective tillage strategy, which increased biomass yield by 32.6 %, grain yield by 46.0 %, water use efficiency (WUE) by 46.2 %, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 86.4 % compared to other treatments. Given these results, thus we recommend the drip irrigation combined with a high-N level under a biodegradable film mulching increase photo-fluorescence efficiency, maize production and resource utilization efficiency in semi-arid regions.

Sink Strength Dynamics Based on Potential Growth and Carbohydrate Accumulation in Strawberry Fruit

Fruit size and sugar content are key determinants of fruit quality, influenced by environmental factors and agronomic practices and sink strength provided by the genetic potential. Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) produces fruits arranged in inflorescences, whose growth is affected by carbon competition between them. The competitive ability is termed as sink strength, which can be quantified as the potential growth rate under sufficient resource supply and/or no carbon competition among sinks, referred to as non-limiting conditions. Most previous studies did not observe potential growth, thereby failing to adequately evaluate sink strength and to assess the influence of environmental factors and agronomic practices on fruit growth. This study aimed to investigate the potential growth of strawberry fruits and analyze its sink strength dynamics. Non-limiting conditions were established by removing flowers to one fruit per inflorescence in a greenhouse experiment with plants grown in soil and given water and nutrients through drip irrigation. Fruits were harvested every 5 days from 5 to 55 days after anthesis (DAA), measuring the size, weight, and concentrations of major soluble carbohydrates in strawberry (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and starch. Sink strength was represented by absolute growth rate based on fruit weight, and its components, sink size and sink activity, were represented by weight and relative growth rate, respectively. Fruit volume and weight showed a gradual linear increase at 5 DAA and then rapidly increased, following a single sigmoid curve between 30 and 55 DAA. Fruits primarily accumulated glucose and fructose during early growth, shifting to sucrose after 35 DAA. Starch concentration peaked at 5 DAA and then exponentially decreased. Sink strength exhibited a single peak between 40 DAA and 45 DAA. Sink strength gradually increased with sink size until 30 DAA, whereas sink activity significantly decreased until 30 DAA. Thereafter, sink strength and sink activity exhibited a peak, whereas sink size continued to increase. These results suggest that the major determinant of sink strength was sink size during early fruit growth, shifting to sink activity during late growth.

CULTIVATION OF ALOE (ALOE ARBORÉSCENS) MEDICINAL PLANT IN OUTDOOR AND INDOOR CONDITIONS WITH SPRINKLER AND DRIP IRRIGATION METHODS

The article presents the results of scientific research on the cultivation of aloe medicinal plant (Aloe drevovidnoe (lat. Alóe arboréscens .)) in the conditions of Uzbekistan under sprinkler and drip irrigation methods in outdoor and indoor conditions. It was found that 2.039 kg/bush of green leaves can be obtained when grown in a mixture of substrates with manure-50%, sand-20%, soil-30% for 4 years under sprinkler irrigation.

Maximum Lateral Expansion of Wetting Bulbs from Buried and Surface Point Sources: Implications for Drip Irrigation Design

Maximum Lateral Expansion of Wetting Bulbs from Buried and Surface Point Sources: Implications for Drip Irrigation Design

Socio-economic characteristics of onion growers using drip irrigation system in Tamil Nadu

Socio-economic characteristics of onion growers using drip irrigation system in Tamil Nadu

Yields and Bioactive Substances of Selected European Asparagus Cultivars Grown for Green Spear Production as Influenced by of Post-Harvest Drip Irrigation on Sandy Soil in Central Poland

Yields and Bioactive Substances of Selected European Asparagus Cultivars Grown for Green Spear Production as Influenced by of Post-Harvest Drip Irrigation on Sandy Soil in Central Poland

Maximizing Growth and Yield Components: Comparative Analysis of Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation in Intensively Farmed Rice Systems

Water scarcity is a critical issue in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide, necessitating efficient irrigation methods in agriculture. This study evaluated the effectiveness of surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems in direct-seeded rice (DSR) followed by zero-till wheat or maize, compared to conventional puddled transplanted rice (PTR) systems. The two-year experiment, conducted at the International Rice Research Institute's South Asia Regional Centre in Varanasi, India, employed a randomized complete block design with eight treatments. Results showed that DSR followed by zero-till wheat with subsurface drip irrigation at 60-cm spacing significantly outperformed other treatments. This system increased rice grain yield by 6.52% and 18.82%, straw yield by 7.68% and 13.45%, and total biomass by 8.30% and 9.73% in 2020 and 2021, respectively, compared to PTR followed by zero-till wheat. Subsurface drip irrigation also led to improved plant growth parameters, including plant height and number of tillers, and enhanced yield attributes such as number of panicles and filled grains per panicle. The study concludes that subsurface drip irrigation in DSR systems offers a promising solution for sustainable intensification and efficient use of water and energy in rice-based cropping systems. However, long-term, multi-location trials are recommended to establish precise water and energy savings under various conditions.

Drip Irrigation of Tomatoes in Biskra: Water Saving and Economic Profitability

A field survey of thirty tomato growing greenhouses in Biskara region of Algeria was undertaken to find out the kind of the irrigation method being used and to assess their water productivity and economics. 30% of the greenhouses employed drip irrigation (9 farms), 20% (6 farms) utilized furrow irrigation, while the rest used the mixed irrigation. The sowing/transplantation of tomato in greenhouses in the region was carried out from August to October. The production started from March and ended in June. The selling price per kilogram of tomatoes ranged between 25 and 105 Algerian Dinar (DA). Results revealed that greenhouses using drip irrigation had higher water productivity and lower total water requirements. Greenhouses using drip irrigation produced 71.7 tons tomatoes ha-1, which is 33.7% higher than that using furrow irrigation. Drip irrigated greenhouses exhibited maximum water productivity of 20.4 kg m3. Total water consumption in the greenhouses using drip was 3722.2 m3 ha-1 while it was 10248 m3 ha-1 in the furrow irrigated. Average financial returns from the drip irrigated greenhouses were about 36% higher than farms using furrow irrigation.

Применение комбинированного орошения при возделывании сои на мелкоконтурных участках в условиях аридной зоны Поволжья

The purpose of the work was to improve the soybean irrigation system during cultivation in small-contour areas, based on the dynamics of moisture reserves in the root soil layer in the conditions of an arid growing season in the arid zone of the Volga region using combined (drip + sprinkler) irrigation, including differentiation of the timing and norms of irrigation by phases of culture development. The article describes the use of drip irrigation in a dry year, when cultivating soybeans in areas of incorrect configuration, having small contours, on which it is impossible to install wide-reach sprinklers. For cultivation in arid conditions of the Volga region, soybeans of the moisture-loving variety "Pokrovskaya" were selected. A description of the use of combined (drip + sprinkler) irrigation of soybeans is given. The dynamics of the moisture supply of crops during drip irrigation and irrigation with sprinklers was analyzed according to the phases of soybean vegetation in the conditions of the arid year of the arid zone, with GTC < 0.4. The use of drip irrigation technology in these conditions will make it possible to additionally introduce land plots into agricultural circulation, which will ensure an increase in the coefficient of land use of agricultural land and an additional yield of soybeans up to 3.4 tons/ha.

Enhancing Capsicum Cultivation under Polyhouse, Shadenet House and Open Field Conditions with Drip Fertigation

Capsicum cultivation is a highly challenging task in open field conditions because of the extreme climatic conditions and poor input delivery system. Hence, the protected cultivation of capsicum is catching up. The present study evaluates the comparative performance of polyhouse, shadenet house and opens field conditions on the biometric, yield, fruit quality and economics of capsicum using drip and fertigation system. The study also determines the optimum dose of irrigation water and fertilizer application using drip irrigation methods under different protected cultivation structures. The study was conducted at Precision Farming Development Centre, IIT Kharagpur, for two consecutive years during 2022 and 2023. The irrigation water requirement of capsicum under polyhouse, shadenet house and open field conditions was estimated using FAO-56 Penman Monteith approach. When compared to open field cultivation, drip irrigated capsicum requires approximately 35.2% less water under polyhouse conditions and 25.5% less under shade net houses. The study also found that biometric parameters, yield and quality of capsicum are superior under polyhouse in comparison to the capsicum grown under shadenet and in open field conditions. Polyhouse treatments, particularly 100% RDF with 80% WR, demonstrated superior biometric parameters, quality metrics, and water productivity compared to other treatments. Capsicum grown under shadenet house conditions with 120% RDF with 80% WR also showed enhanced yield and quality over open field conditions. Economic analysis revealed that polyhouse cultivation, despite higher initial costs, yielded the highest net profit and benefit-cost ratio, followed by shadenet house and open field conditions. These findings underscore the importance of controlled environments in improving capsicum production and economic returns, highlighting the potential of polyhouses and shadenet houses in optimizing crop performance and resource use efficiency.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ОПТИМАЛЬНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ КАПЕЛЬНОЙ ЛЕНТЫ ДЛЯ МЕХАНИЗИРОВАННОЙ УКЛАДКИ

The introduction of drip irrigation systems in irrigated areas is impossible without the creation of special machines for laying drip tape. The advantage of in-soil laying of the tape is the absence of losses due to evaporation of irrigation water and the inadmissibility of its heating to temperatures dangerous for the plant in the hot season. To ensure high-quality laying of the drip tape in the soil, constant tension of the tape is required when the speed of the machine fluctuates or it suddenly stops. The absence of constant tension will lead to jamming of the tape in the laying pipe or its twisting, which will make further operation of the drip irrigation system impossible and will require repair work that requires additional labor costs. Constant tension of the tape ensures its precise location in the soil, which will eliminate additional pressure losses when the position of the tape changes during operation of the drip irrigation system. To maintain constant tension, a permanent brake is required. This creates additional tensile forces applied to the tape. The tape is also affected by the resistance of laying it in the soil. The research was aimed at establishing the numerical values of the forces acting on the drip tape to assess their impact. The most popular tapes on farms are those with a thickness of 0.15...0.25 mm due to their low cost. Research has established that for underground installation it is desirable to use a tape with a thickness of at least 0.2 mm. When using a tape with a thickness of 0.15 mm, tensile forces can lead to dangerous deformations of the tape, making it impossible to further use

Modern Drip Irrigation Technology on Tomato and Head Cabbage Production and Its Economic Feasibility at Misrak Silti District, Siltie Zone, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia various techniques were applied to improve on-farm irrigation water management under surface irrigation, especially on furrow irrigation system for last many years, however, it was very difficult to achieve threshold limit of water use efficiency, wisely use of scarce water resources in irrigated field, crop water productivity, precisely controlled application of irrigation water to plant roots, uniform water delivery to all plants, crop yield and its quality, regulate flow, deliver optimum crop water requirement, field water losses, groundwater withdrawal and save labor. It is great practical significance and series of measures using drip irrigation system to solve mentioned problems in irrigated field, because the irrigated agriculture is largest water-consuming sector in this area. This study was aimed to demonstrate drip irrigation technology, prove its economic feasibility and create skills of farmers and extension experts on implementation of the drip system on tomato (Galila 555) and head cabbage (Copen Hagen) productions within groundwater source area on Balo koriso main station in Misrak Silti woreda, Siltie zone, southern Ethiopia. The activity was done for four consecutive years (2019 to 2022 G. C) on fixed plot of 2500 square meter area in collaboration with Agricultural Research Institute and Techno serve project. During demonstration all the costs were considered to economic feasibility including initial investment cost. The study found that the use of drip irrigation saved 3690 m<sup>3</sup>/ha of water compared with use of furrow irrigation. This saved water may irrigate additional 2ha area of land by drip irrigation. This study also revealed that, a net income of 313066.04 ETB/ha in single irrigation season was obtained using modern drip irrigation technology. The farmers and local experts recognized noticeable saving water, fuel cost, irrigating time and labour, good crop performance from demonstrated drip irrigation system and shown interest to use the technology abundantly. Therefore, scaling up locally manageable drip irrigation system around the study area through comprehensive training of farmers and supportive staffs and allowing sufficient local market for drip kits and incentives or loan will be economically feasible and affordable to increase income and saves irrigation water.